Ghana is one of the earliest and most serious examples of the build up of foreign debt by a developing country to support its policies for economic growth. This study, first published in 1974 in conjunction with the Overseas Development Institute, analyses Ghana's economy over twenty years and highlights the problems of the debtor/creditor relationship between developed and developing countries. The study concludes with an assessment of the creditors' contribution to Ghana's critical debt position through their readiness to supply funds without adequately analysing the viability of the programmes they supported and through the repayment and interest terms they offered - terms which were too heavy for Ghana to meet.

First published in 1988, this work provides a comprehensive picture of the range of physical environments in Africa, focusing upon those characteristics and issues central to the management of environmental resources. Beginning with an overview of the geographical and environmental history of Africa, the authors also provide to the evolution of the management of resources and then details a broadly defined ecosystem approach, in which major environmental resource issues are identified and addressed in the tropical rainforest, the Savannah dry-forest, the arid and semi-arid areas, the highlands, and the extra-tropical zones of Northern and Southern Africa. The book is designed to contribute to a better understanding of African environmental and resource-management problems and this reissue should be welcomed by students of Africa and of environmental resource management problems in general.

This groundbreaking work from the hugely influential economist P. T. Bauer, first published in 1954 and reissued with a new introduction in 1963, is a thorough and detailed analysis of the findings of the Colonial Economic Research Committee, from their investigation into the structure of West African Trade and especially the monopolistic tendencies inherent within it. Materials for the study were collected and analysed between 1949 and 1952, offering an invaluable insight into dominant features of contemporary West African Economies and an analysis of their implications.

First published in 1982, this reissue deals with the theory of underdevelopment, as Dr. de Silva attempts a synthesis between the internal and external aspects of underdevelopment and, in the Marxist tradition, focuses on the impact of the external on the internal as the dominant reality.

Viewing underdevelopment as a problem in the non-transformation to capitalism, this analysis is in terms of the character of the dominant capital and of the dominant classes. Underdevelopment thus encompasses the a ~traditionala (TM) peasant economy and also the export sector where the a ~modernizinga (TM) influence of colonialism was felt. The book finally considers how the contemporary internationalization of capital affected the economies of the Third World.

First published in 1976, this book deals with contemporary tensions between the West and the Third World, caused by hunger, malnutrition and poverty, perpetuated by an imbalance in the distribution of world resources. The book deals with the issue of malnutrition in the Third World, which owes much more to poverty and unemployment than to agricultural failure. The author also believes that population control can do little in the absence of a more equitable distribution of world resources and political power within and between countries involving a fundamental change in ideology and education. This is a challenging and critical book, whose arguments cannot be ignored by anyone concerned with the creation of a just and stable world order.

Food aid is a controversial form of development assistance and this book, first published in 1979, seeks to counter allegations from critics by taking account of both direct and indirect affects. Based on field research in Tunisia, Botswana, Upper Volta and Lesotho, it considers aid from the UK, EEC, USAID, the World Food Programme, Canada and France, and draws a number of policy-orientated conclusions about the impact of food aid on nutrition, consumer prices and agricultural production. In the light of the evidence from field studies it is shown that many of the claims advanced by food aid supporters and by critics cannot be sustained, and that the real impact of food aid is rather different from that assumed by the conventional wisdom on the subject.

First published in 1971, this reissue considers the main aspects of foreign aid to developing countries in terms of economic concepts and principles. The author gives an economic definition of aid and considers the motives for giving aid and the principles on which it may be allocated. He looks at the effect on the economic growth of developing countries of both the aid given and the need to repay the debt, and the effect on trade patterns and resource allocation of tying aid to one particular project, or one source of goods. While economic analysis is only a first step in providing a basis for policy decisions on foreign aid, Dr Healey shows that many issues can be clarified by looking at them from the economists' point of view.

The primary questions addressed by this study, first published in 1988, focus on how private bankers made decisions on the creditworthiness of developing countries during the 1970s and what the implications of these decision rules are for the developing countries today. Based on interviews with senior bankers about their decision rules, the author has developed artificial intelligence-based simulations of their images of creditworthiness. Discussed are contemporary proposals for solving the debt crisis.

First published in 1987, this volume was written to shed some light upon the nature and environmental consequences and wider relevance of development strategies in the Peoples? Republic of China. It covers industrialisation, food production, energy use and landscape and settlement planning.

The Chinese "autocentred" strategy is assessed from both the developmental and the environmental viewpoints. Decision-making processes and the opportunities to implement environmental policy in other parts of the developing world are analysed and the volume concludes with the view that benefits to other countries are likely to arise out of increased co-operation and exchange with China, although the Chinese model is by no means a panacea.

All students and researchers interested in either environmental or developmental issues will find this book to be a substantial and enlightening contribution to literature.

First published in 1966, this work summarises the theories of economic growth, both ancient and modern, and presents them in a form particularly suitable for university students, both in the developing world and elsewhere. The objective is to enable students to assess the major factors making for economic development and to encourage them to think about ways of applying their knowledge to the particular problems of their own countries. In addition there is a special survey of growth and of limiting factors in the economies of underdeveloped countries, with an important analysis of the economic results of planning in the USSR.

First published in 1996, this insightful and informative text examines the post-emancipation and recent economic history of the Commonwealth Caribbean. Jay R. Mandle offers an explanation of the region's continuing underdevelopment. Through the use of an analytical framework derived from the works of Marx and Kuznets, the book focuses attention on technological change as the driving force behind economic modernization. Persistent Underdevelopment begins by exploring how plantation agriculture had a limiting effect on industrial growth. Ultimately, plantation dominance receded; technological stagnation continued, however, and, under British colonial policy the Caribbean failed to modernise. The post-World War II era brought new efforts at modernisation through the economic policies of the left regimes of Manley, Burnham and Bishop. The concluding chapters point the way to policies that would enable the Caribbean to escape its current poverty and become an effective participant in world markets, finally achieving the goal of modern economic development.

First published in 1982, this study attempts to put contemporary Caribbean development into historical perspective. By first constructing a Marxist framework for the study of development , Jay Mandle assesses the reasons why the region emerged underdeveloped and evaluates post-world-war two efforts to overcome the legacy of poverty through a strategy of "industrialization through invitation." Identifying the reasons why a Marxist framework yielded results which were unsatisfactory, the author then explores the requirements which must be met for a more reliable study of the Caribbean's economic development. Case studies of Cuba, Jamaica, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago examine the extent to which these requirements have been met.

This volume, first published in 1982, is a collection of original essays written to honour Professor W. Arthur Lewis, 1979 co-winner of the Nobel Prize in economics. The authors, an international group of distinguished scholars, address a varied set of specific issues reflecting Professor Lewis' research interests, covering topics which include: technological change in agriculture, analyses of unemployment and income distribution, the role of government policy in the development process, the historical record of development, and the relationship between developed and developing nations. The book will be of interest to both the academic researcher and practicing professionals in the international organisations and national governments, and are particularly appropriate to graduate courses in economic development, cost-benefit analysis and economic history.

First published in 1990, this volume considers the question: is there any hope for economic recovery in Africa? Written by a team of leading development economists, the book takes a close look at the economic decline of Sub-Saharan Africa and provides a set of guidelines for promoting economic recovery. Stressing the need for greater co-operation between African states, the contributors outline the economic and social policies required to put this crisis-torn region back on the road to sustained development.

This reissue, initially published in 1984, examines the evolution of international financial flows to Latin America since 1945, along with their implications for National Development . The book describes how, in each of the first three decades since the war, a new agency emerged (foreign investors in the 1950s, official aid agencies in the 1960s and multinational banks in the 1970s) which was willing to play a dynamic role in generating new financial flows to the region. The lack of such an agent in the 1980s, combined with a reluctance on the part of former investors to maintain their level of assistance culminated in an economic debt crisis in Latin America which this work seeks to address, asking the crucial question: what measures should be taken -- both nationally and internationally -- to deal with this critical issue, in a way that will both encourage Latin American Development and avoid a major international financial crisis?

First published in 1984, this work explores the issues surrounding the industrialisation of the Third World at the beginning of the 1980s. The expectation that Newly Industrialising Countries would facilitate industrial growth via an outward-orientated strategy had begun to be the combination of growing recession, growing protectionism and the diffusion of radical microelectronics-related technical change. In addition, the high indebtedness of developing countries made them increasingly dependent on assistance from the IMF and IBRD, whose policies increased the tendency towards de-industrialisation. The papers in this volume explore all of these issues and their implication for LDC industrial strategy in the 1980s.

This book, originally published in 1983, demonstrates the importance of seaports in the growth of less-developed countries. The author focuses on the character of port activity within the context of transport systems and regional economic planning. General principles of port development are illustrated by detailed reference to one Third World port group, that of the Indian Ocean coasts of Kenya and Tanzania. The objective is not merely to illustrate the character of one specific group of ports, but to demonstrate methods of analysis and to underline the crucial role of ports in the development process.

First published in 1982, this work builds on the detailed economic history of Brazil in its companion volume: "Economic Structure and Change, 1822-1947," assessing and challenging the established interpretations. The book covers in depth the causes of the Northeast's poor economic experience and the emergence of significant regional inequality in Brazil's development. In his analysis of the role of Government in Brazil's economic development, the author offers a fresh perspective on the importance of public finance constraints and on the tensions between centralisation and federalism. The study also deals with broader analytical interests, affording opportunity to examine the empirical relevance of long-term development models. In encompassing both the period of slow economic growth through much of the nineteenth century and the rapid economic development which began at the end of the century, the study is able to focus upon the conditions which led to the onset of sustained development in a major underdeveloped country, suggesting lessons for contemporary underdeveloped countries.

First published in 1984, this study analyses contemporary research into the role of financial development as a means of accelerating the economic growth of developing countries. The author analyses both the financial structuralist' and financial repressionist' schools of thought in order to determine both the direction of causality between financial and real growth and the accuracy of the repressionists' assertion that real interest rates and their stability do matter in the economies of developing countries.

First published in 1968, the central aim of this work is to examine the major problems of development confronting contemporary tropical countries. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, the book examines the significance of natural and human resources in development planning in tropical countries; the effects of social and political institutions; the problems of aid and trade; markets and transport; and problems of agriculture and industry.

This reissue, first published in 1983, is an authoritative study of economic integration among the states of West Africa, focusing upon the issues and experience of the four main initiatives for regional integration in West Africa, namely the Economic Community of West African States, the Mano River Union, the Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, and the recent initiative for the establishment of an economic and monetary union between Senegal and the Gambia.

First published in 1961, this reissue is based upon the proceedings of a working party conference held at Exeter in September 1959 and deals with the experiences of older federations, the constraints of the traditional social order, the stark economic needs of the contemporary economic situation, and the political ambitions of the newly-independent countries.

First published in 1978, this book was written at a time when belief was high in Western-guided economic development of the emerging countries. The success of Marshall Plan in war-torn Europe generated a US-led optimism that, with generous inflows of aid and technical assistance, the Third World could be won over in the Cold War. The author's direct experience as a young academic economist in Cyprus, Malaysia, Uganda and Liberia led him to question this general optimism: the reality on the ground in the developing world did not seem to match Western optimism. Theories and blueprints, made in the West, did not fit the requirements of developing countries. Higher production and better income distribution were inseparable twin objectives of developing nations. That meant, production of a higher national output must at the same time promote social justice. Investment must create adequate jobs so that new entrants into rapidly expanding labor force could be gainfully employed. Yet, the dominant (Western) theories of development at the time, in particular the Trickle Down Theory of Growth, prescribed "Growth First, Distribution Later" strategy. Similarly, Import Substitution Industrialization theories were emphasized at the expense of export-led growth. Dualistic Growth theories preached urban-biased, anti-rural development. This book was written as a rebuttal of such faulty theorizing and misguided professional technical assistance and the book's message is no less valid today than in the 1970's.

This wide-ranging and informative introduction to politics in tropical Africa, first published in 1984, is essential reading to students, businessmen, government officials and economic advisers alike. Situating the contemporary scene firmly in its historical context, which stresses both pre-colonial and colonial heritages, he emphasizes how politicians are constrained by the past, the physical environment and the worlda (TM)s economy, yet still retain freedom of choice on a wide range of issues. The book is thematically organised and provides both an overview of the general similarities of the continent and also enough detail to flesh out the realities of tribalism and corruption, as well as illustrating the variations that inevitably occur in a continent of sovereign states.

This reissue, first published in 1982, is concerned with the rapid contemporary metropolitan development in the Third World, at a time when manufacturing and public service sectors were expending at a terrific rate. Nevertheless, the phenomenal growth of the metropolitan cities brings with it an increase in social equalities, such that two thirds of the population of these cities may be described as the urban poor'. This book concerns itself with the question: Can we describe these urban poor as a proletariat', or are such Western class terms totally inappropriate to the development of the Third World? Peter Lloyd examines the nature of Western class terminology derived largely from Marx and Weber, and assesses its utility in the analysis of Third World Urban society. An assessment is also made of the political strength of the urban poor, whether they are mobilising themselves or being mobilised from above. This reissue will be relevant to courses on Development studies and the Third World; it will also find a wider readership amongst social stratification and urban sociology.