Tobacco smoking is a major public health issue worldwide. Smoking causes more than a quarter of all cancer deaths, with nearly 80% of deaths from lung cancer, 80% of deaths from bronchitis and emphysema and almost one fifth of deaths from cardiovascular disease. The role of tobacco smoke in the development of cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases is widely discussed in the chapters of this book. It is responsible for many preventable diseases, contributes to a large number of premature deaths and accounts for enormous economic costs. The chapters in this book review a variety of topics related to the sociodemographic characteristics of people consuming tobacco, tobacco product promotion and merchandising consequences of smoking on health, the studied mechanism of damage and the different interventions promoted for tobacco control. The mechanisms by which cigarette smoke affects health are diverse. Thousands of chemical components -- mainly toxins and carcinogens -- are part of tobacco smoke. These components could act through specific or nonspecific mechanisms in the development of cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory disease. Common pathways include DNA damage, gene mutations, vasomotor dysfunction and oxidative stress, among others. The effects on health of first-hand and second-hand smoke exposure have been widely studied, and there is growing evidence regarding consequences of third-hand smoke exposure. The constituents, dynamic transformation and distribution of third-hand smoke are a fruitful area of study, as much as the quantification of its exposure. In this book, many useful indicators of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, ranging from surrogate indicators to direct measurements of the components that reflect dose are analysed. Advances in this field can provide useful information on the extent and effects of smoking, implementing and assessing tobacco control policies. Furthermore, the World Health Organization developed a framework for an international treaty that provides evidence-based recommendations for health promotion and tobacco control. After more than ten years of its implementation, the effectiveness of different strategies adopted worldwide is analysed and reflections on the new challenges of its implementation are presented. In this book, smoking is reviewed pertaining to the effects and implications for health, as well as the current challenges on implementation and evaluation of tobacco control interventions.

This book, prepared by the foreign law specialists and analysts of the Law Library of Congress, provides a review of laws adopted in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, and Uruguay with regard to legalisation, decriminalisation, or other forms of regulation of narcotics and other psychoactive substances. Individual country surveys included in this study demonstrate varied approaches to the problem of prosecuting drug use, possession, manufacturing, purchase, and sale. Furthermore, the book discusses medical and retail-selected legal issues of marijuana.

Methadone has been used successfully as a substitution agent for heroin dependency for more than 30 years. As a result of its success, other effective methods of treatment have been neglected. Established as a key text on all treatment options for drug misusers, Community Treatment of Drug Misuse: More Than Methadone has been highly praised for its practical orientation based on a solid research background. For the second edition, all the main evidence-based and more pragmatic treatment approaches are reviewed, not only in the management of opiate dependence, but across the range of drugs. It focuses extensively on developments in the last few years as a result of policy initiatives and research findings, including coverage of buprenorphine treatment, the systematic treatment of cocaine abuse and work with special patient groups. This is of direct relevance to medical as well as non-medical practitioners undertaking clinical work in the addictions.

The title of the book harks back to Michael Dorris's seminal work The Broken Cord (1987) which eloquently brought this hidden' population into the light. However, the metaphorical umbilical cord is not truly broken, and the unique neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure will continue to be one ghost in our delivery rooms, nurseries, and lives which haunts us. Why a different knot'? Because management becomes knotted with the origins of the infant's prenatal life, whether they are birthed, fostered, adopted, either same culture or inter-country adopted. The knot' (as in Not it'), also speaks to medical professionals and society's continued ambivalence to acknowledging another inconvenient truth. Maternal drinking in pregnancy causes Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND) whether dysmorphic, called Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), or non dysmorphic, ARND itself. These are both transgenerational developmental psychiatric disorders. The prevalence of ARND continues to be under-recognised as it is mainly presented as a faceless 'hidden disability' (masquerading as ADHD, Mood Disorder or ASD), rather than a facial dysmorphic disorder. The subtle denial and minimisation of transgenerational alcohol abuse is aided only by diagnosing the far less frequent dysmorphic ARND (FAS). This creates a false security across social classes concerning alcohol's true transgenerational epigenetic effect. Thus, the real financial costs and health care burden of trans-generational ARND , with an international prevalence of 1 in 100 live births, is avoided.

Drug-Crime Connections challenges the assumption that there is a widespread association between drug use and crime. Instead, it argues that there are many highly specific connections. The authors draw together in a single volume a wide range of findings from a study of nearly 5,000 arrestees interviewed as part of the New English and Welsh Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (NEW-ADAM) programme. It provides an in-depth study of the nature of drug-crime connections, as well as an investigation into drug use generally among criminals and the kinds of crimes that they commit. They explore topics that previously have fallen outside the drug-crime debate, such as gender and drugs, ethnicity and drugs, gangs, guns, drug markets, and treatment needs. The book provides both an up-to-date review of the literature and a concise summary of a major study on the connection between drug use and crime.

The essays in this volume offer a thorough discussion of the relationship between addiction and rationality. This book-length treatment of the subject includes contributions from philosophers, psychiatrists, neurobiologists, sociologists and economists. Contrary to the widespread view that addicts are subject to overpowering and compulsive urges, the authors in this volume demonstrate that addicts are capable of making choices and responding to incentives. At the same time they disagree with Gary Becker's argument that addiction is the result of rational choice. The volume offers an exposition of the neurophysiology of addiction, a critical examination of the Becker theory of rational addiction, an argument for a 'visceral theory of addiction', a discussion of compulsive gambling as a form of addiction, several discussions of George Ainslie's theory of hyperbolic discounting, analyses of social causes and policy implications, and an investigation of the problem of relapse.

In a remarkable and broad-ranging narrative, Yangwen Zheng's book explores the history of opium consumption in China from 1483 to the late twentieth century. The story begins in the mid-Ming dynasty, when opium was sent as a gift by vassal states and used as an aphrodisiac in court. Over time, the Chinese people from different classes and regions began to use it for recreational purposes, so beginning a complex culture of opium consumption. The book traces this transformation over a period of five hundred years, asking who introduced opium to China, how it spread across all sections of society, embraced by rich and poor alike as a culture and an institution. The book, which is accompanied by a fascinating collection of illustrations, will appeal to students and scholars of history, anthropology, sociology, political science, economics, and all those with an interest in China.

This book starts by elaborating on the history of the consumption of heroin in central Asia and how this problem came to be a current epidemic in this part of the world. Adolescents tend to hide their heroin addiction from families until it is out of their control. The impact of hiding a heroin addiction on treatment outcomes will be discussed in this book. Comorbid benzodiazepines misuse, heroin overdose and how to prevent them will be addressed in two chapters as well. The book will then proceed by describing the prevalence of the most common psychiatric comorbidities associated with heroin addiction. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and pain are common comorbidities with heroin use and will be emphasised in two separate chapters. In these two chapters, the reader will be updated about the most recent evidence based psychotherapeutic interventions that integrate the treatment of opioid use with PTSD and pain disorders. Sedentary life style can affect treatment negatively in this population. Utilisation of physical exercise in the treatment of heroin addiction will be explained in detail. Methadone maintenance is a common pharmacological intervention for opioid addiction. A whole chapter will cover this topic thoroughly. Finally, the book will cover the pharmacological interventions for heroin addiction in the legal system.

While many books have focused on the production of opium and its political and economic importance, this is the first to consider the social and cultural implications of its consumption. The story begins in the mid-Ming dynasty, where it was a tribute from vassal states and used as an aphrodisiac in the Ming court. Collectively, the Chinese people of different classes and regions redefined a foreign way of recreation and developed a complex culture of consumption around its use. The book traces this transformation over a period of five hundred years, asking who introduced opium to China, how it spread across all sections of society, embraced by rich and poor alike as a culture and an institution. The book, which is accompanied by a fascinating collection of illustrations, will appeal to students and scholars of history, anthropology, sociology, political science, economics, and all those with an interest in China.

"Bennett and Holloway's Understanding Drugs, Alcohol, and Crime isthe best, most up-to-date and comprehensive examination for theUnited Kingdom of interactions among drugs, alcohol, and crime. Theauthors exhaustively and authoritatively survey current knowledge inthe UK, and from many other countries, on drug and alcohol use ascause, and consequence, of crime, and the effects of law enforcementand treatment responses. Clearly written, unfailingly lucid, andadmirably accurate, this book will be the indispensable work onBritish drug policy for many years to come." Professor Michael Tonry, University of Minnesota Law School, USA"What makes this book particularly interesting is the refreshingly non judgmental presentation which conveys the essence of very important issues in contemporary society. Therefore, this is an ideal text not only for students but also for policy makers, drugs and alcohol counsellors, treatment agencies and everyone interested in doing research on drugs, alcohol and crime." Nicoletta Policek, University of Abertay, Dundee "The publication is not only an excellent summary of the existing research in Great Britain, and to a lesser extent from other jurisdictions, it is a foundation for future research by evoking , and at times provoking, questions and offering a variety of possible responses." Hirsch Greenberg, University of Regina What is the connection between drugs, alcohol and crime? What works in reducing drugs and alcohol-related crime? The book provides a succinct overview of current theory and research on the links between drugs, alcohol use and crime. It discusses the legal and social context of drug and alcohol use and identifies current levels of consumption. Focusing on the UK context, it also takes into account international research where appropriate. Detailed review of the research literature on the connections between drug use and crime Examines the current government anti-drugs policy and assesses the effectiveness of programmes that have been used to reduce drug and alcohol-related crime. The book concludes that future government drugs policy should pay particular attention to the lessons learned from research on the connection between drug and alcohol use and crime. Ideal for criminology, criminal justice, social policy and social work students, this book will also be a useful source of information for policy makers, the police, probation workers, social workers, drugs and alcohol counsellors, treatment agencies, sentencers, voluntary agencies, Drug Action Teams, and others with an interest in research on drugs and crime.

What is available in accessible literature terms is very limited. The information that tends to be provided to those affected by addiction is often dated, includes over labelling and is based more on tradition than on sound evidence. What we know now about the nature of addiction is much more developed and this information is not very accessible to the general public. This book is produced to address this lack of information (or indeed misinformation) and also to be of help for the many families that struggle with addiction of one kind or another. It is also an attempt to bring a greater and more accurate insight into the nature of addiction so as to help to guide people through this issue that often reaches epidemic proportions. Grandiose as this may sound, it is a small attempt to at least make this information available. So that hopefully, if somebody wants to find it, it is generally accessible. Additionally this is also aimed at health care professionals to give a more core perspective on the nature of addiction. Most literature on addiction tends to be married exclusively to one school of thought or another. It can be very difficult to think outside of a framework that has been taught, or outside of a professional context. This book is an attempt to depart from that and provide a fresh look and perspective on this phenomenon.

From inhalants and alcohol to synthetic drugs and opiates, CONCEPTS OF CHEMICAL DEPENDENCY, 10th Edition, reflects the explosion of information regarding the understanding, identification and treatment of substance use disorders. Author Harold Doweiko also examines the use and misuse of tobacco, barbiturates, amphetamines, cocaine and hallucinogens as well as chemicals frequently left out of other books--such as aerosols, steroids and over-the-counter analgesics. One thing you won't find is a judgmental approach preaching that "drugs are bad for you." By studying the facts and concepts in this book, you get the information you need to understand relevant research related to misused substances and help your clients overcome substance misuse challenges.

Philippe Bourgois's ethnographic study of social marginalization in inner-city America, won critical acclaim when it was first published in 1995. For the first time, an anthropologist had managed to gain the trust and long-term friendship of street-level drug dealers in one of the roughest ghetto neighborhoods--East Harlem. This new edition adds a prologue describing the major dynamics that have altered life on the streets of East Harlem in the seven years since the first edition. In a new epilogue Bourgois brings up to date the stories of the people--Primo, Caesat, Luis, Tony, Candy--who readers come to know in this remarkable window onto the world of the inner city drug trade. Philippe Bourgois is Professor and Chair of the Department of Anthropology, History and Social Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. He has conducted fieldwork in Central America on ethnicity and social unrest and is the author of Ethnicity at Work: Divided Labor on a Central American Banana Plantation (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989). He is writing a book on homeless heroin addicts in San Francisco. 1/e hb ISBN (1996) 0-521-43518-8 1/e pb ISBN (1996) 0-521-57460-9

May a state authorise the use of marijuana for recreational purposes even if such use is forbidden by federal law? This novel and unresolved legal question has vexed judges, politicians, and legal scholars, and it has also generated considerable public debate among supporters and opponents of "legalising" the recreational use of marijuana. This book summarises the Washington and Colorado marijuana legalisation laws and evaluates whether, or the extent to which, they may be pre-empted by the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) or by international agreements. It also highlights potential responses to these recent legalisation initiatives by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and identifies other non-criminal consequences that marijuana users may face under federal law.

This book represents a systematic and broadly based discussion and evaluation of the Gateway Hypothesis, according to which young people who progress in the use of drugs follow a specific sequence from the use of tobacco or alcohol to the use of illicit drugs to the use of illicit drugs other than marijuana. This volume evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the hypothesis from multiple disciplinary perspectives representing sociology, psychology, epidemiology, statistics, animal behavior, molecular biology and prevention.

In this thought-provoking book, Laura Tappata brilliantly guides the reader from a description of the existential problem of psychological addictions to a possible solution leading to a potentially positive outcome for the individual. The central theme of the book is anchored in the dismal nature of "post-modern identity" with a focus on searching for meaning in what we are and who we are. This identity is characterised as being narcissistic and fragile, suggesting from the outset that we need to somehow strive for a stronger and more well-defined self in order to, first, survive and, then, possibly thrive emotionally. Living in this post-modern world naturally leads to a superficial existence and the seemingly blind quest of acquiring non-essential and meaningless things designed to bolster our ill-defined, weak and vulnerable self. Although this leads to a false sense of happiness, it does not generate true contentment let alone a sense of well-being. As such, many of us are left to drift with few essential values, certainties and stable points of reference. This book attempts to lead the reader on the path from "the post-modern dependence on psychological addictions" to freedom, the expression of one's identity and a true sense of well-being.

This book represents a systematic and broadly based discussion and evaluation of the Gateway Hypothesis, according to which young people who progress in the use of drugs follow a specific sequence from the use of tobacco or alcohol to the use of illicit drugs to the use of illicit drugs other than marijuana. This volume evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the hypothesis from multiple disciplinary perspectives representing sociology, psychology, epidemiology, statistics, animal behavior, molecular biology and prevention.

This meticulously researched study represents the first effort to provide a nonpartisan and objective analysis of how the United States should approach the drug legalization question. It surveys what is known about the effects of different drug policies in Western Europe and what happened when cocaine and heroin were legal in the US a century ago. The book shows that legalization involves different tradeoffs between health and crime and the interests of the inner city minority communities and the middle class. The book explains why it is so difficult to accomplish substantial reform of drug policy.

Smoking tobacco presents serious social problems with major impacts on public health. It is estimated that 25-30% of the general population in western countries are currently smoking. Tobacco use is the major preventable cause of death in the United States, responsible for more than 400,000 deaths annually. Within the USA and Europe, 70% of all smokers have tried to quit smoking at least once, but only about 6% of these succeeded in maintaining abstinence. This book covers the latest nicotine-related research. The selection of chapters has a certain unity as physiologic, pathologic and psychological themes run through the book and supply the logical connections between the various authors. This work is intended as a contribution to the reversal of the current tobacco epidemic and thereby to preventing many of the deaths attributable to tobacco predicted in this century.

Prescription drug abuse is a serious and growing public health problem. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, drug overdoses, including those from prescription drugs, are the second leading cause of deaths from unintentional injuries in the U.S., exceeded only by motor vehicle fatalities. Unlike addiction to heroin and other drugs that have no accepted medical use, addiction to some controlled substances can be unknowingly financed by insurance companies and public programs, such as Medicare. This book examines the prescription drug abuse problem in the U.S., along with doctor shopping and the role of Medicaid in this health care crisis.

This book presents and discusses new research findings in the study of alcohol and drug use among youth. Topics discussed include the quantity and frequency of alcohol use among underage drinkers; findings from national surveys on drug use and health; young people who tend to drink and how they are obtaining alcohol and rural middle school counsellors' competency for addressing student substance abuse.

The essays in this volume offer a thorough discussion of the relationship between addiction and rationality. This book-length treatment of the subject includes contributions from philosophers, psychiatrists, neurobiologists, sociologists and economists. Contrary to the widespread view that addicts are subject to overpowering and compulsive urges, the authors in this volume demonstrate that addicts are capable of making choices and responding to incentives. At the same time they disagree with Gary Becker's argument that addiction is the result of rational choice. The volume offers an exposition of the neurophysiology of addiction, a critical examination of the Becker theory of rational addiction, an argument for a 'visceral theory of addiction', a discussion of compulsive gambling as a form of addiction, several discussions of George Ainslie's theory of hyperbolic discounting, analyses of social causes and policy implications, and an investigation of the problem of relapse.

This book is an action research study of a community at work. The community prevention project set the system in motion, revealing its character and internal dynamics. This process and its context are analyzed from a sociological point of view. It is shown that the type of community prevention that really works and creates sustainable changes, is neither value neutral nor given from above: it adheres to reason, rituals and emotions alike, and requires subjective involvement of the people in the community.

Problems related to substance use, abuse and dependence are a major concern on societies today, persisting to require considerable attention from the community. For decades studies have been showing that drug consumption represents a main risk factor for physical, social and mental health problems. Unfortunately, reality shows that in many cultures and fractions of population, heavy substance use is the norm. This book examines the cognitive-behavioural indicators of substance abuse and various corresponding treatment techniques.

Dealing with three different approaches to drug misuse - prevention, harm minimization and treatment - this text. provides information from drug users themselves, giving a realistic picture of the wide variety of people who use drugs and the increasing variation in the types of drugs used. It also gives a review of research and other literature on the subject The main part of the book presents a practical guide for professionals and outlines a straightforward model of practice which should enable professionals to work in a variety of ways to meet different clients' needs. Other topics such as assessment, counselling and aftercare are also discussed. The text includes reports from more than 900 drug users giving a realistic picture of people who use drugs and insight into their motivation and problems This comprehensive text is intended for those working in social and health care professions including occupational therapists, nurses, social workers, general practitioners, psychologists, teachers and professionals within the criminal justice system.