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Books > History > History of specific subjects > Economic history
Mexican independence was, in a sense, an economic event. It was so
on two counts. First, it was in the realm of the economic that
elites managed to create a common ground with non-elites in their
demands against foreign domination. Second, it was an economic
event in that, throughout the 19th century, independence was
imagined by the lettered men of Mexico as a feat that nationalized,
or that could have nationalized, a rich and productive economic
apparatus. Mexico, Interrupted investigates the fate of these
economic hopes during the difficult decades between the year of the
country's definite separation from Spain and the year of the defeat
of the French occupation and the restoration of the Republic, which
many took to be the second and final independence of the territory.
Drawing on the writings of politicians, journalists, intellectuals,
industrialists, and novelists, this book studies the Mexican
intelligentsia's obsessive engagement with the labor and idleness
of the citizenry in their attempts to create a wealthy, independent
nation. By focusing on work and its opposites in the period
between, Mexico, Interrupted reconstructs the period's "economic
imaginaries of independence": the repertoire of political and
cultural discourses that structured the understandings, beliefs,
and fantasies about the relationships between "the economy" and the
life of an independent polity. All told, by bringing together
intellectual history, critical theory, and cultural studies, this
project offers a new account of the Mexican nineteenth century and
complicates existing histories of the spread of the "spirit of
capitalism" through the Americas.
A riveting investigation into the dark underbelly of the global trash trade - a dirty, multi-billion-dollar industry that almost no one knows exists.
The total mass of the world's manmade materials has recently come to equal the entire biomass of the earth. This means we are living in a world where man's ability to create garbage, or eventual garbage, has surpassed the earth's ability to create life. Dumps and landfills around the world are overflowing, and disputes about what to do with the tons of garbage generated every day have given rise to waste wars waged in just about every country on earth. Some are border skirmishes, fought to move trash out of one place and dump it into another. Others are waged across thousands of miles.
But no matter the scale, one thing is true about almost all of them: few people have any idea they're happening. For every story about how a commodity gets hustled through world supply chains for consumption, there exists another untold story about how it gets discarded for renewal - or for eternity. Some trash gets tossed onto roadsides. Some gets burned for fuel. Some gets buried underground. But most of it lives a hot potato second life, getting bartered, sold, re-sold, smuggled, salvaged, re-purposed from one country or mafia or corporation to another, with devastating consequences for millions of people.
Waste Wars tells the stories of five trash conflicts being waged in different corners of the world right now. They are representative but rich strands in the story of our planet's runaway garbage pandemic. In each theater, a different commodity is being smuggled or imported or bartered. Sometimes there is a winner; sometimes there is a loser. And in each theater a different political dilemma - from global inequality to the pitfalls of green politics - is presenting itself through the seemingly pedestrian medium of trash. A globe-trotting work of relentless investigative reporting, Waste Wars exposes the multi-billion-dollar global garbage trade in which almost everyone in the world unknowingly engages and asks: If the handling of its trash reveals deeper truths about a particular society, what does the global business of trash say about our world today?
How have the most influential political economists of the past
three centuries theorized about sovereign borrowing and shaped its
now widespread use? This important question receives a
comprehensive answer in this original work, featuring careful
textual analysis and illuminating exhibits of public debt empirics
since 1700. Beyond its value as a definitive, authoritative history
of thought on public debt, this book rehabilitates and reintroduces
a realist perspective into a contemporary debate now heavily
dominated by pessimists and optimists alike. The book
simultaneously explicates and critiques the most prominent theories
concerning why states borrow in the first place, whether or not
they borrow productively, the incidence of their debts, why they
sometimes borrow too much and why they often default, whether
explicitly or implicitly. The author classifies major public debt
theorists as pessimists, optimists or realists. This book also
examines the influence of regime types, especially why most modern
welfare states tend not only to over-issue bonds but also to incur
even larger implicit obligations via unfunded, off-balance sheet
liabilities. Scholars and undergraduate and graduate students in
economics and political science, as well as policymakers, will find
this analysis of public debt and public spending insightful and
revealing.
'This wise and lucid guide to pluralism in economics embodies the
values of its cause. Generous, open-minded, fair, accurate and
accessible: John Harvey's new book is a fine achievement that every
economics major should read.' - James K. Galbraith, The University
of Texas at Austin, USJohn Harvey's accessible book provides a
non-technical yet rigorous introduction to various schools of
thought in economics. Premised on the idea that economic thinking
has been stunted by the almost complete rejection of anything
outside the mainstream, the author hopes that this volume will open
readers' minds and lead them in new and productive directions. In
his exploration of Neoclassical, Marxist, Austrian, Post Keynesian,
Institutionalist, New Institutionalist and Feminist schools of
thought, unique features of each approach are highlighted,
complemented by discussions of methodology, world views, popular
themes, and current activities. Accurate and impartial, every
chapter covering a heterodox school of thought has been vetted by
an acknowledged expert in that field. Though written for use in
undergraduate courses, this guide will no doubt offer a great deal
to any scholar wishing to gain a fresh perspective and greater
understanding of the variety and breadth of current economic
thinking.
From legendary investor Ray Dalio, author of the international
bestseller Principles, who has spent half a century studying global
economies and markets, Principles for Dealing with the Changing
World Order examines history's most turbulent economic and
political periods to reveal why the times ahead will likely be
radically different from those we've experienced in our lifetimes -
but similar to those that have happened many times before. A few
years ago, Ray Dalio noticed a confluence of political and economic
conditions he hadn't encountered before. They included huge debts
and zero or near-zero interest rates that led to massive printing
of money in the world's three major reserve currencies; big
political and social conflicts within countries, especially the US,
due to the largest wealth, political and values disparities in more
than 100 years; and the rising of a world power (China) to
challenge the existing world power (US) and the existing world
order. The last time that this confluence occurred was between 1930
and 1945. This realisation sent Dalio on a search for the repeating
patterns and cause/effect relationships underlying all major
changes in wealth and power over the last 500 years. In this
remarkable and timely addition to his Principles series, Dalio
brings readers along for his study of the major empires - including
the Dutch, the British and the American - putting into perspective
the 'Big Cycle' that has driven the successes and failures of all
the world's major countries throughout history. Dalio reveals the
timeless and universal forces behind these shifts and uses them to
look into the future, offering practical principles for positioning
oneself for what's ahead.
Historical Studies in Industrial Relations was established in 1996
by the Centre for Industrial Relations, Keele University, to
provide an outlet for, and to stimulate an interest in, historical
work in the field of industrial relations and the history of
industrial relations thought. Content broadly covers the employment
relationship and economic, social and political factors surrounding
it - such as labour markets, union and employer policies and
organization, the law, and gender and ethnicity. Articles with an
explicit political dimension, particularly recognising divisions
within the working class and within workers' organizations, will be
encouraged, as will historical work on labour law.
'The global financial crisis of 2007-2008 was a wake-up call to all
who study and practice in the field of law and economics:
traditional approaches are simply inadequate for understanding the
co-evolution of the economic and legal systems, and that inadequacy
can result in missed opportunities to warn of impending social
harm. Atkinson and Paschall demonstrate the value of an alternative
approach - law and economics from an evolutionary perspective -
that builds on the work of John R. Commons, a leading figure in the
field nearly a century ago. In the process, they offer an
eye-opening historical account of the role of the state in the
economy and provide a vital starting point for future policy
discussions.' - Charles J. Whalen, author of Financial Instability
and Economic Security after the Great Recession'An indispensable
history of business law and regulation, alongside a powerful theory
of law and the courts. Glen Atkinson and Stephen P. Paschall give
us an evolutionary casebook for the twenty-first century, deeply
rooted in the ideas of Veblen, Commons, and other masters of the
tradition.' - James K. Galbraith, The University of Texas at Austin
'The language of court documents is notably difficult to understand
for people with no legal training. The present volume, a product of
fruitful collaboration between a university professor and a lawyer,
offers valuable assistance in translating US Supreme Court
decisions made in the span of the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries with respect to economic disputes into the language
spoken by evolutionary and institutional economists. As the authors
persuasively show, law and economics co-evolve. A much-needed
follow-up to and development of John Commons's Legal Foundations of
Capitalism! - Anton Oleinik, Memorial University of Newfoundland
and Labrador, Canada and the Central Economics and Mathematics
Institute, Russia Law and economics are interdependent. Using a
historical case analysis approach, this book demonstrates how the
legal process relates to and is affected by economic circumstances.
Glen Atkinson and Stephen P. Paschall examine this co-evolution in
the context of the economic development that occurred in the
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as well as the impact of
the law on that development. Specifically, the authors explore the
development of a national market, the transformation of the
corporation, and the conflict between state and federal control
over businesses. Their focus on dynamic, integrated systems
presents an alternative to mainstream law and economics. The
authors apply John R. Commons's approach to three main law and
economics issues: the changing relationship between corporations
and the State, the application of the Commerce Clause and the
Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution to state and federal
regulation of business, and the relationship of antitrust law to
industrialization. They provide a valuable linking of law with
changing economic circumstances, such as antitrust policy changes
and the development of the corporate form. This analytical approach
to the practice of law and economics will be of interest to
researchers, students, and faculty in law and economics, economic
history, constitutional law, economic regulation, public policy,
and the sociology of law. Business students and researchers will
also find value in this book's presentation of court decisions and
exploration of economic development.
This unique troika of Handbooks provide indispensable coverage of
the history of economic analysis. Edited by two of the foremost
academics in the field, they gather together insightful and
original contributions from scholars across the world. The
encyclopaedic breadth and scope of the original entries will make
these Handbooks an invaluable source of knowledge for all serious
students and scholars of the history of economic thought. Each
Handbook can be read individually and acts as a self-contained
volume in its own right. They can be purchased separately or as
part of a three-volume set. Volume III contains entries on the
development of major fields in economics from the inception of
systematic analysis until modern times. The reader is provided with
succinct summary accounts of the main problems, the methods used
and the results obtained across time. The emphasis is on both the
continuity and major changes that have occurred in the economic
analysis of problematic issues such as economic growth, income
distribution, employment, inflation, business cycles and financial
instability. Contributors: M. Assous, A. Baccini, Jr., A. Baujard,
E. Bertrand, M. Boumans, J.L. Cardoso, M. Dal Pont-Legrand, J. De
Boyer Des Roches, M. De Vroey, S. Di Rizzello, S. Diatkine, K.
Dopfer, A.K. Dutt, R. Ege, G. Erreygers, D. Foley, R. Gomez
Betancourt, D. Haas, H. Hagemann, E. Hosoda, H. Igersheim, A.
Kirman, J. Kleinert, H. Kliemt, H.D. Kurz, R. Leonard, P.
Malgrange, A. Maneschi, P. Mehrling, S. Mohun, M. Mosca, S. Noto,
A. Opocher, N. Palan, F. Petri, A. Rainer, S. Rizzello, J.B.
Rosser, M. Salles, N. Salvadori, M. Schutz, R. Signorino, A. Spada,
P. Steiner, A. Stirati, R. Strohmaier, R. Sturn, C. Sunna, J.-F.
Thisse, P. Tubaro, K. Watarai
The development of political economy as a philosophical
preoccupation constitutes a defining feature of the Enlightenment,
but no consensual agreement on this issue was formed in the period.
In this book contributors reassess the conflicting views on money,
trade, banking, and the role of the State in the work of leading
figures such as Locke, Davenant, Toland, Berkeley and Smith, and
Smith's critics in revolutionary France. Key events, from the
Recoinage crisis in the 1690s to the South Sea Bubble in the 1720s
and the consequences of the French Revolution, sharpened the need
for a more dynamic conception of economic forces in the midst of
the Financial Revolution. Political economy emerged as a disruptive
force, challenging philosophers to debate and define unstable
phenomena in a new climate of expanding credit, innovation in money
form, political change and international competition. In Money and
political economy in the Enlightenment contributors investigate
received critical assumptions about what was progressive and what
was backward-looking, and reconsider traditional attempts to
periodise the Enlightenment. Major questions explored include: the
impact of economic and political crises on philosophy; transitions
from mercantilist to 'classical' analyses of the market; the
challenge of reviving ancient republicanism on the foundations of a
modern commercial system, with its inherent social inequalities.
John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) is perhaps the foremost economic
thinker of the twentieth century. On economic theory, he ranks with
Adam Smith and Karl Marx; and his impact on how economics was
practiced, from the Great Depression to the 1970s, was unmatched.
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money was first
published in 1936. But its ideas had been forming for decades ? as
a student at Cambridge, Keynes had written to a friend of his love
for 'Free Trade and free thought'. Keynes's limpid style, concise
prose, and vivid descriptions have helped to keep his ideas alive -
as have the novelty and clarity, at times even the ambiguity, of
his macroeconomic vision. He was troubled, above all, by high
unemployment rates and large disparities in wealth and income. Only
by curbing both, he thought, could individualism, 'the most
powerful instrument to better the future', be safeguarded. The
twenty-first century may yet prove him right. In The Economic
Consequences of the Peace (1919), Keynes elegantly and acutely
exposes the folly of imposing austerity on a defeated and
struggling nation.
Management methodology and its applicability in society has changed
drastically during the COVID-19 pandemic. Organizations have had to
adopt new forms of resilience based on the needs of a different
consumer. The COVID-19 market is a challenge for both producers and
consumers as it meets new needs and a new capacity of
merchandising. Challenges and Emerging Strategies for Global
Networking Post COVID-19 fully unleashes the broad potential of
entrepreneurial activity by exploring and highlighting new
businesses and, as a result, the well-being of millions of people
globally throughout the COVID-19 pandemic and prospects for the
future. Delving into topics such as student empowerment, economic
sectors, and personal finance, this book is an essential resource
for managers, CEOs, consultants, faculty of higher education,
students, researchers, policymakers, and academicians.
In western societies today, it goes almost without saying that sex
and consumption are closely related. On the one hand, there is a
plethora of commercial goods and services that shape sexual
desires, and practices. On the other, there are scarcely any
products or services that do not lend themselves to sexually
charged advertising and mass media communication. This volume
focuses on forms of hybridization of these equally suggestive
notions.
The Post-Keynesian methodology emphasising uncertainty is
indispensable to analysing and understanding the major challenges
of the 21st Century. On that basis, this book focuses on the
failures of the market economic system to secure stability and
sustainability, and demonstrates why this is not recognised by
conventional economic theory. The Post-Keynesian economics set out
here aims for an understanding of the economy as a whole and as an
integral part of society. Chapters analysing money, banks and
finance as dynamic phenomena open the book. They are followed by
chapters focusing on methodological issues such as uncertainty,
longer-term aspects, sustainability and other non-monetary economic
activities. This important book is a useful tool for students and
researchers who wish to gain a better understanding of real world
economics. In these areas where conventional macroeconomic theory
may not be sufficient, this book offers viable post-Keynesian
alternatives. Contributors include: A. Asensio, V. Chick, S. Dow,
A. Freeman, J. Ghosh, C. Goodhart, P. Hawkins, J. Jespersen, M.O.
Madsen, R. McMaster, C.J. Rodriguez-Fuentes, R. Rotheim, S. Sen, R.
Studart, B. Tieben, G. Tily
'A fascinating analysis of the proposition that the start of the
21st century is witnessing the rapid rise in South East Asia of a
new and powerful transnational economic zone, the Asian
Mediterranean. It uses a wide range of historical and contemporary
multidisciplinary sources to systematically explore how, why, and
in what ways we can better interpret and understand this
contemporary version of economic globalisation by looking back to
the equivalent processes centred on the ports around the
Mediterranean and the Baltic seas during late 16th century.' -
Peter Daniels, University of Birmingham, UK 'Francois Gipouloux has
written a vast and comprehensive history of the Asian economic
system. In the tradition of Braudel, he paints a picture that is
detailed, full of insight, and essentially very long term. On the
basis of an analysis of the old Mediterranean and Hanseatic
economic networks, he surveys the pre-modern Asian system, bringing
it up to date with studies of Yokohama, Hong Kong, Singapore and
other Asian hubs. The culmination of many years work, Gipouloux
throws light on a new China -- a China no longer land based and
inward looking but dependent on, and a power in, a maritime world.'
- Christopher Howe, University of London, UK 'Gipouloux's ground
breaking study based on a long career as a scholar of Asia's past
is a most original contribution to the study of globalization.
Connecting past and present, the author has further developed the
somewhat vague metaphor of an Asian Mediterranean into a well
defined concept that can also be applied for analyzing contemporary
affairs. While in the past the traditional Chinese and Japanese
state systems were failing to formulate adequate answers, on a more
informal level, the port cities were able to meet with the maritime
challenges of the emerging modern world system. The author
convincingly shows how also in the age of globalization, a string
of coastal metropolises continues to be instrumental in opening up
the Far Eastern economy to the global economy.' - Leonard Blusse,
Leiden University, The Netherlands This insightful book draws upon
a wide range of disciplines - political economy, geography and
international relations - to examine how Asia has returned to its
central position in the world economy. As in the case of the
hosting of the Olympic games, it is cities rather than states which
compete, whether as financial centers, logistical hubs or platforms
for coordinating international subcontracting. Analyzing the
historical precedents of the Mediterranean maritime republics, the
Baltic Sea Hanseatic League and the South China Sea mercantile
kingdoms, the book delineates the way stable economic and legal
institutions were developed largely beyond the purview of, and at
times in conflict with, the State. Discussing the strong link
between history and contemporary economic situation, The Asian
Mediterranean will appeal to academics, including post-graduates
students, of economics, geography, history, regional studies and
Asian studies.
The endogenous nature of money is a fact that has been recognized
rather late in monetary economics. Today, it is explained most
comprehensively by post-Keynesian economic analysis. This book
revisits the nature of money and its endogeneity, featuring a
number of the protagonists who took part in the original debates in
the 1980s and 1990s, as well as new voices and analyses. Expert
contributors revisit long-standing discussions from the position of
both horizontalism and structuralism, and prescribe new areas of
research and debate for post-Keynesian scholars to explore.
Louis-Philippe Rochon and Sergio Rossi eloquently situate the
nature of money and its endogeneity in an historical context,
before bringing together an engaging array of chapters written by
contemporary leading scholars. These chapters put forth detailed
analyses of money creation; central bank operations and the role of
monetary authorities; a link between interest rates and income
distribution; a stock-flow analysis of monetary economies of
production; and finally, a reinterpretation of horizontalism and
structuralism. Post-Keynesian and heterodox economists,
institutionalist economists, scholars of money and finance, and
graduate students studying economics will all find this an
enlightening read. Contributors include: A. Cottrell, P. Dalziel,
P. Docherty, G. Fontana, S.T. Fullwiler, E. Hein, J.E. King, J.
Knodell, M. Lavoie, N. Levy-Orlik, C.J. Niggle, T.I. Palley, Y.
Panagopoulos, L.-P. Rochon, C. Rogers, S. Rossi, M. Sawyer, M.
Setterfield, J. Smithin, A. Spiliotis
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