In the past two years conferences on superconductivity have been characterized by the attendance of hundreds of scientists. Consequently, the organizers were forced to schedule numerous parallel sessions and poster presentations with an almost unsurveyable amount of information. It was, therefore, felt that a more informal get-together, providing ample time for a thourough discussion of some topics of current interest in high-temperature superconductivity, was timely and benefitial for leading scientists as well as for newcomers in the field. The present volume contains the majority of papers presented at the International Discussion Meeting on High-Tc Superconductors held at the Mauterndorf Castle in the Austrian Alps from February 7 to 11, 1988. Each subject was introduced in review form by a few invited speakers and then discussed together with the contributed poster presentations. These discussion sessions chaired by selected scientists turned out to be the highlights of the meeting, not only because all the participants truly appreciated the possibility of an information exchange, but mainly because of the magnificent job done by the discussion chairmen, John A. Mydosh (Leiden), Martin Peter (Geneva) and Ken E. Gray (Argonne). First results on the just discovered Bi-superconductors and the clarification of electron resonance experiments on (123)-compounds should be mentioned in particular. The relaxed atomosphere favoring free discussions was certainly promoted by the surroundings offered in the Mauterndorf Castle, which dates back to 1253. Poster presentations and a conference banquet in historic knight's halls are certainly not found everyday in conference routines.

The papers contained in the volume represent lectures delivered as a 1983 NATO ASI, held at Urbino, Italy. The lecture series was designed to identify the key submicron and ultrasubmicron device physics, transport, materials and contact issues. Nonequilibrium transport, quantum transport, interfacial and size constraints issues were also highlighted. The ASI was supported by NATO and the European Research Office. H. L. Grubin D. K. Ferry C. Jacoboni v CONTENTS MODELLING OF SUB-MICRON DEVICES.................. .......... 1 E. Constant BOLTZMANN TRANSPORT EQUATION... ... ...... .................... 33 K. Hess TRANSPORT AND MATERIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUBMICRON DEVICES. . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . .... ... .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 45 H. L. Grubin EPITAXIAL GROWTH FOR SUB MICRON STRUCTURES.................. 179 C. E. C. Wood INSULATOR/SEMICONDUCTOR INTERFACES.......................... 195 C. W. Wilms en THEORY OF THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF SEMICONDUCTOR SURFACES AND INTERFACES......................................... 223 C. Calandra DEEP LEVELS AT COMPOUND-SEMICONDUCTOR INTERFACES........... 253 W. Monch ENSEMBLE MONTE CARLO TECHNIqUES............................. 289 C. Jacoboni NOISE AND DIFFUSION IN SUBMICRON STRUCTURES................. 323 L. Reggiani SUPERLATTICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 . . . . . . . . . . . . K. Hess SUBMICRON LITHOGRAPHY 373 C. D. W. Wilkinson and S. P. Beaumont QUANTUM EFFECTS IN DEVICE STRUCTURES DUE TO SUBMICRON CONFINEMENT IN ONE DIMENSION.... ....................... 401 B. D. McCombe vii viii CONTENTS PHYSICS OF HETEROSTRUCTURES AND HETEROSTRUCTURE DEVICES..... 445 P. J. Price CORRELATION EFFECTS IN SHORT TIME, NONS TAT I ONARY TRANSPORT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 . . . . . . . . . . . . J. J. Niez DEVICE-DEVICE INTERACTIONS............ ...................... 503 D. K. Ferry QUANTUM TRANSPORT AND THE WIGNER FUNCTION................... 521 G. J. Iafrate FAR INFRARED MEASUREMENTS OF VELOCITY OVERSHOOT AND HOT ELECTRON DYNAMICS IN SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES............. 577 S. J. Allen, Jr.

Starting with a historical introduction to the study of magnetism - one of the oldest sciences known to man - before considering the most modern theories and observations (magnetic bubbles and soap films, effects of magnetic impurities in metals and spin glasses), this book develops the concepts and the mathematical expertise necessary to understand contemporary research in this field. Magnetic systems are important in technology and applied science, but they are also prototypes of more complex mathematical structures of great importance to theoretical physics. These connections are made repeatedly in this volume. After development of the necessary quantum theory of angular momentum and of interacting electron systems, a number of models which have been successful in the interpretation of experimental results are introduced: the Ising model, the Heisenberg model, the Stoner theory, the Kondo phenomenon, and so on. In the second edition the thorough approach and the main features which made the first edition a popular text have been retained. All important theories are worked out in detail using methods and notation that are uniform throughout. Footnotes and an extensive bibliography provide a guide to the original literature. A number of problems test the reader's skill.

This book attempts to trace the key experimental developments that led to the discovery of weak neutral currents in 1973 and the W, Z bosons in 1983, all of the results of which culminated in the identification of the unified-electroweak force.

I have tried in this book to introduce the basic concepts of electromagnetic field theory at a level suitable for students entering degree or higher diploma courses in electronics or subjects allied to it. Examples and applications have been drawn from areas such as instrumentation rather than machinery, as this was felt to be more apt for the majority of such readers. Some students may have been following courses with a strong bias towards prac tical electronics and perhaps not advanced their understanding of the physics of electric and magnetic fields greatly since '0' level or its equivalent. The book there fore does not assume that 'A' level physics has been studied. Students of BTEC courses or 'A' level subjects such as technology might also find the material useful. At the other extreme, students who have achieved well on an 'A' level course will, it is hoped, find stimulating material in the applications discussed and in the marginal notes, which suggest further reading or comment on the deeper implica tions of the work."

This book highlights principles and applications of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). After introducing the basic concepts, research progress, standardizations and limitations of EMC, the book puts emphasis on presenting the generation mechanisms and suppression principles of conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise, radiated EMI noise, and electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) problems such as electrostatic discharge (ESD), electric fast transient (EFT) and surge. By showing EMC case studies and solved examples, the book provides effective solutions to practical engineering problems. Students and researchers will be able to use the book as practical reference for EMC-related measurements and problem- solution.

The rapid growth of the subject since the first edition ten years ago has made it necessary to rewrite the greater part of the book. Except for the introductory portion and the section on Mott scattering, the book has been completely revised. In Chap. 3, sections on polarization violating reflection symmetry, on resonance scattering, and on inelastic processes have been added. Chapter 4 has been rewritten, taking account of the numerous novel results obtained in exchange scattering. Chapter 5 includes the recent discoveries on photoelectron polarization produced by unpolarized radiation with unpolarized targets and on Auger-electron polarization. In Chap. 6, a further discussion of relativistic polarization phenomena has been added to the book. The immense growth of polarization studies with solids and surfaces required an extension and new presentation of Chap. 7. All but one section of Chap. 8 has been rewritten and a detailed treatment of polarization analysis has been included. Again, a nearly comprehensive treatment has been attempted. Even so, substantial selectivity among the wide range of available material has been essential in order to accomplish a compact presentation. The reference list, selected along the same lines as in the first edition, is meant to lead the reader through the literature giving a guide for finding further references. I want to express my indebtedness to a number of people whose help has been invaluable.

Electromagnetism began in the nineteenth century when Faraday showed electricity and magnetism were not distinct, separate phenomena, but interacted when there were time-varying electric or magnetic fields. In Electricity and Magnetism I have shown from first principles how Faraday's experiments led finally to Maxwell's four equations, which with the electromagnetic-force law summarise the whole of classical electromagnetism. This book therefore begins with Maxwell's equations and then uses them to study the propagation and generation of electromagnetic waves. Physics is a subject in which the more advanced the treatment of a topic, the deeper the understanding of common occurrences that is revealed. In studying the solutions of Maxwell's equations you will find answers to such questions as: What is an electro magnetic wave? Why does a radio wave travel through space at the speed of light? How is a radio wave generated? Why does light pass through a straight tunnel when a radio wave does not? How does light travel down a curved glass fibre? It is a remarkable fact that the classical laws of electromagnetism are fully consistent with Einstein's special theory of relativity and this is discussed in Chapter 2. The following four chapters provide solutions of Maxwell's equations for the propagation of electro magnetic waves in free space, in dielectrics, across interfaces and in conductors respectively."

The Workshop on Hybrid Formulations of Wave Propagat on and Scattering underwent a sequence of iterations before emerging in the format recorded here. These iterations were caused by various administrative and logistical problems which need not be detailed. However, its direction being set initially, the iterations led to modifications of the original concept so that the final form was arrived at through an indirect approach. This circumstance may ex plain some possible deficiencies which might have been removed, had the final concept been implemented directly. The motivation arose from a perception that the newly restored interest, coupled with new developments, in hybrid methods employ ing progressing wave fields and oscillatory wave fields for time harmonic and transient guided propagation in manmade or general geo physical environments, and for scattering by targets and irregulari ties, merits exposure to the wider scientific community. Accord ingly, a meeting with highly tutorial content was envisaged. For administrative reasons, related to sponsorship and organizational structure, this objective could not be realized but, eventually, there emerged the possibility of convening an Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) under the auspices of the NATO Advanced Study Insti tute Series. The original concept was then modified to accommodate a Workshop, wherein state-of-the-art science is discussed by a relatively small group of specialists, instead of tutorial presenta tions of more basic material."

The book aims to present current knowledge concerning the propagation of electro magnetic waves in a homogeneous magnetoplasma for which temperature effects are unimportant. It places roughly equal emphasis on the radio and the . hydromagnetic parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. The dispersion properties of a magnetoplasma are treated as a function both of wave frequency (assumed real) and of ionization density. However, there is little discussion of propagation in a stratified medium, for of collisions is included only which reference may be made to Budden 1] . The effect in so far as this can be done with simplicity. The book describes how pulses are radiated from both small and large antennas embedded in a homogeneous magneto plasma. The power density radiated from a type of dipole antenna is studied as a function of direction of radiation in all bands of wave frequency. Input reactance is not treated, but the dependence of radiation resistance on wave frequency is described for the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Also described is the relation between beaming and guidance for Alfven waves."

Electromagnetism is basic to our understanding of the properties of matter and yet is often regarded as a difficult part of an under graduate physics course. In this book answers are developed from first principles to such questions as: What is electricity? What is electromagnetism? Why are some materials magnetic and others non-magnetic? What is magnetism? Physics answers these questions in two related ways. On the one hand the classical explanation is in terms of classical concepts: electric charge q, electric and magnetic fields (E and B) and electric currents. On the other hand the microscopic (or 'atomic ') explanation is in terms of quantum concepts: electrons, nuclei, electron orbits in atoms, electron spin and photons. Microscopic explanations underlie classical ones, but do not deny them. The great triumphs of classical physics are mechanics, gravitation, thermodynamics, electromagnetism and relativity. Historically they began at the time of Newton (seventeenth century) and were completed by Maxwell (nineteenth century) and Einstein (early twentieth century). Microscopic explanations began with J J. Thomson's discovery of the electron in 1897. For most physical phenomena it is best to seek a classical explanation first, especially phenomena at room temperature, or low energy, when quantum effects are small. Although this text is primarily concerned with classical explanations in a logical, self-consistent sequence, they are related to microscopic (quantum) explanations at each stage."

Kompakt und verstandlich fuhrt dieses Lehrbuch in die Grundlagen der theoretischen Physik ein. Dabei werden die ublichen Themen der Grundvorlesungen Mechanik, Elektrodynamik, Relativitatstheorie, Quantenmechanik , Thermodynamik und Statistik in einem Band zusammengefasst, um den Zusammenhang zwischen den einzelnen Teilgebieten besonders zu betonen. Ein Kapitel mit mathematischen Grundlagen der Physik erleichtert den Einstieg. Zahlreiche UEbungsaufgaben dienen der Vertiefung des Stoffes.

This book demonstrates how NMR relaxation can be applied for structural diagnostics of chemical compounds, recognition of weak intermolecular interactions, determinations of internuclear distances and lengths of chemical bonds when compounds under investigation can exist only in solutions.* Written as a textbook for chemists, demanding little background in physics and NMR* Its practical approach helps the reader to apply the techniques in the lab* First book to teach NMR Relaxation techniques to chemists

The popularity of the First Edition of this book has been very gratifying. It confirms that there is a genuine need for a text covering the magnetic bubble technology. We are pleased that the readers have found that this book satisfies that need. It has been used as a text for courses in both universities and industry, and as a reference manual by workers active in the field. To meet the need for more copies of the book it seemed preferable to publish a second edition rather than merely a second printing. There has been some significant progress, even in the short time since the initial printing, and we wanted to include that. At the same time we would like to provide the new copies at the lowest possible cost so that they are more easily obtained by students. For this reason the new edition is in soft cover and the recent progress has been described in a final chapter rather than incorporated into the original chapters. This eliminates the expense of resetting and repaging the original text. At the same time up-to-date references have been added and typographical errors have been corrected in the original chapters. It is our hope that this edition will be useful to those with an interest in the fascinating field of magnetic bubbles.

The science of superconducting electronics was first developed over forty years ago, fifty years after the discovery of superconductivity. Since then, a wide range of applications has emerged, and more are envisaged within this ever expanding and exciting field. SQUIDs, the Josephson Effects and Superconducting Electronics chronicles this development from fundamental principles to the present work with high-temperature superconductors. The book discusses superconductivity, Josephson effects, and detectors of unparalleled sensitivity such as SQUIDs. It punctuates theory with practical discussions on how to harness this new science. This complete guide to the subject is an invaluable resource for graduate students and researchers with a specific interest in this field. It also provides guidance to those working in areas of industry where superconducting electronics could be applied.

Prasentiert die NMR-Theorie in Verbindung mit Unterlagen aus Mathematica-Kursen. - Bietet kurze, Schwerpunktkapitel mit kurzen Erlauterungen zu definierten Themen und konzentriert sich dabei auf mathematische Beschreibungen. - Prasentiert pragnant wichtige Erkenntnisse aus der Quantenmechanik, die bei der Prognose und Simulation von Ergebnissen aus NMR-Versuchen einfach angewendet werden koennen. - Enthalt Mathematica-Anleitungen, die die Theorie in Form von Text, Grafik, Ton und Berechnungsbeispielen praktisch umsetzen. - Geht auf bewahrte Methoden des Autors aus uber 25 Jahren Lehrerfahrung zuruck. Die Unterlagen erlautern prazise die Theorie und bieten nutzliche Berechnungsvorlagen fur NMR-Forscher.

Designed for accessibility to students, researchers and design and development workers, it discusses the full range of classical and modern methods for the solution of electric, magnetic, some thermal and other similar fields. It deals with 1, 2 and 3 space dimensions, with linear, non-linear and anisotropic media as well as static and low''-frequency time variation. Numerous examples, detailing the physical significance of the mathematics and the practical considerations involved in implementing the solutions, make this a very hands-on working reference.

This book contains the lectures presented at the Summer Advanced Study School, 'Magnetospheric Particles and Fields' which was held at Graz, Austria during the period August 4-15, 1975. One hundred and one persons from fifteen different countries attended the Schoo . The authors and publisher have made a special effort for rapid publication of an up-to date status of particles, fields, and processes in planetary magnetospheres. Special thanks are due to the lecturers for their diligent preparation and excellent presentations. The in dividuallectures and the published papers were deliberately limited; the authors' cooper ation in conforming to these specifications is greatly appreciated. Many thanks are due to Drs C. D. Anger, Gerhard Haerendel, George P. Haskell, Carl McIlwain, Vytenis Vasy liunas, Martin Walt, and James Warwick who served as session chairmen during the School and contributed greatly to its success by skillfully directing the discussion period in a stimulating manner after each lecture. Many persons contributed to the success of the School. Drs C. D. Anger, Carl-Gunne Falthammar, Gerhard Haerendel, George P. Haskell, Carl McIlwain, David Nunn, Willi Riedler, Finn Scentsraas, Vytenis M. Vasyliunas, Martin Walt, and James Warwick were especially helpful in preparing the technical program. Dr Willi Riedler assisted in ar ranging for the facilities in Graz. Drs Gerhard Kremser and Martin Friedrich were most helpful with many aspects of the local arrangements in Graz. The assistant editor, Mrs Diana R. McCormac, checked the manuscripts and proofs, and worked hard to achieve a uniform style in this book."

A practical and comprehensive reference that explores Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) in semiconductor components and electronic systems The ESD Handbook offers a comprehensive reference that explores topics relevant to ESD design in semiconductor components and explores ESD in various systems. Electrostatic discharge is a common problem in the semiconductor environment and this reference fills a gap in the literature by discussing ESD protection. Written by a noted expert on the topic, the text offers a topic-by-topic reference that includes illustrative figures, discussions, and drawings. The handbook covers a wide-range of topics including ESD in manufacturing (garments, wrist straps, and shoes); ESD Testing; ESD device physics; ESD semiconductor process effects; ESD failure mechanisms; ESD circuits in different technologies (CMOS, Bipolar, etc.); ESD circuit types (Pin, Power, Pin-to-Pin, etc.); and much more. In addition, the text includes a glossary, index, tables, illustrations, and a variety of case studies. Contains a well-organized reference that provides a quick review on a range of ESD topics Fills the gap in the current literature by providing information from purely scientific and physical aspects to practical applications Offers information in clear and accessible terms Written by the accomplished author of the popular ESD book series Written for technicians, operators, engineers, circuit designers, and failure analysis engineers, The ESD Handbook contains an accessible reference to ESD design and ESD systems.

The phenomenon of superconductivity, fist discovered by Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911, offers considerable fundamental interest as an unusual example of quantum effects on a macroscopic scale and of interest also in respect of its possible technological applications. Although Dr Shoenberg's classic monograph was written in 1938, before the great burst of activity which followed the development of a fundamental theory of superconductivity, its phenomenological description of the magnetic and thermodynamic properties and of size effects in superconductors, which are taken for granted in most accounts, are essential parts of the subject which must be properly understood before the newer ideas can really be appreciated. Reissued in 1952 and again in 2010, the book will continue to serve therefore as an intriguing study in this field and for those interested in superconductivity.

A strong spin-orbit interaction and Coulomb repulsion featuring strongly correlated d- and f-electron systems lead to various exotic phase transition including unconventional superconductivity and magnetic multipole order. However, their microscopic origins are long standing problem since they could not be explained based on conventional Migdal-Eliashberg theorem. The book focuses on many-body correlation effects beyond conventional theory for the d- and f-electron systems, and theoretically demonstrates the correlations to play significant roles in "mode-coupling" among multiple quantum fluctuations, which is called U-VC here. The following key findings are described in-depth: (i) spin triplet superconductivity caused by U-VC, (ii) being more important U-VC in f-electron systems due to magnetic multipole degrees of freedom induced by a spin-orbit interaction, and (iii) s-wave superconductivity stabilized cooperatively by antiferromagnetic fluctuations and electron-phonon interaction contrary to conventional understanding. The book provides meaningful step for revealing essential roles of many-body effects behind long standing problems in strongly correlated materials.