In the quest for higher data density in information technology manipulation of magnetization by other means than magnetic fields has become an important challenge. This lead to a startling revival of the magnetoelectric effect, which characterizes induction of a polarization by a magnetic field or of a magnetization by an electric field. The magnetoelectric crosslink of material properties opens just those degrees of freedom which are needed for the mutual control of magnetic and electric states. The book gives a state-of-the-art review on magnetoelectrics research, classifies current research tendencies, and points out possible future trends. Novel compounds and growth techniques and new theoretical concepts for the understanding of magnetoelectric coupling phenomena are introduced. Highlights are the discovery of "gigantic" magnetoelectric effects which are strong enough to trigger electric or magnetic phase transitions; the concept of magnetochirality; and development "structural" magnetoelectric effects in artificial multiphase compounds. The book is addressed to condensed-matter physicists with a particular focus on experts in highly correlated systems.

In the summer of 2000 the German geo-research satellite CHAMP was launched into orbit. Its innovative payload arrangement and the low initial orbit allow CHAMP to simultaneously collect and almost continuously analyse precise data relating to gravity and magnetic fields at low altitude. In addition, CHAMP also measures the neutral atmosphere and ionosphere using GPS techniques. Three years after launch, more than 200 CHAMP investigators and co-investigators from all over the world met at the GeoForschungsZentrum in Potsdam to present and discuss the results derived from the extensive data sets of the mission. The main outcome of this expert meeting is summarized in this volume. The book offers a comprehensive insight into the present status of the exploitation of CHAMP data for Earth system research and practical applications in geodesy, geophysics and meteorology.

Most recent publications on spin-related phenomena focus on technological aspects of spin-dependent transport, with emphasis on the specific needs of spintronics. The present publication targets rather fundamental problems related to the physics of spin in solids, such as: (1) manifestation of spin and orbital polarization in spectroscopy, including valence and X-ray photoemission, magneto-optics, low-energy electron scattering on the surface; (2) application of new methods for interpretation and determination of magnetic low-lying excitations in the bulk and on the surface; (3) recent progress in evaluation of different type of magnetic forces including spin-orbit and exchange interaction, with subsequent determination of anisotropy and spin-ordering structure; (4) general problems of spin-dependent transport in semiconductors and metals, such as current-caused torque effect on spins at interfaces and spin injection in quantum dot systems; (5) problems in understanding the spin-dependent trends in unconventional superconductors; (6) many-body problems in solid state physics and recent progress in evaluation of self-energy effects; (7) fabrication of new magnetic materials with pre-programmed properties based on assembly from nano-particles, etc.

Most recent publications on spin-related phenomena focus on technological aspects of spin-dependent transport, with emphasis on the specific needs of spintronics. The present publication targets rather fundamental problems related to the physics of spin in solids, such as: (1) manifestation of spin and orbital polarization in spectroscopy, including valence and X-ray photoemission, magneto-optics, low-energy electron scattering on the surface; (2) application of new methods for interpretation and determination of magnetic low-lying excitations in the bulk and on the surface; (3) recent progress in evaluation of different type of magnetic forces including spin-orbit and exchange interaction, with subsequent determination of anisotropy and spin-ordering structure; (4) general problems of spin-dependent transport in semiconductors and metals, such as current-caused torque effect on spins at interfaces and spin injection in quantum dot systems; (5) problems in understanding the spin-dependent trends in unconventional superconductors; (6) many-body problems in solid state physics and recent progress in evaluation of self-energy effects; (7) fabrication of new magnetic materials with pre-programmed properties based on assembly from nano-particles, etc.

The dramatic impact of low dimensional semiconductor structures on c- rent and future device applications cannot be overstated. Research over the last decade has highlighted the use of quantum engineering to achieve p- viously unknown limits for device performance in research laboratories. The modi?ed electronic structure of semiconductor quantum structures results in transport and optical properties, which di?er from those of constituent bulk materials. The possibility to tailor properties, such as bandgap, strain, band o?set etc. , of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors, e. g. quantum wells, for speci?c purposes has had an extensive impact on the electronics, which has resulted in a dramatic renewal process. For instance, 2D structures are today used in a large number of high speed electronics and optoelectronic appli- tions (e. g. detectors, light emitting diodes, modulators, switches and lasers) and in daily life, in e. g. LED-based tra?c lights, CD-players, cash registers. The introduction of impurities, also in very small concentrations, in a semiconductor can change its optical and electrical properties entirely. This attribute of the semiconductor is utilized in the manifoldness of their app- cations. This fact constitutes the principal driving force for investigation of the properties of the impurities in semiconductors. While the impurities in bulk materials have been investigated for a long time, and their properties are fairly well established by now, the corresponding studies of impurities in quantum wells is a more recent research area.

Interest in research on nanoscale materials is steadily increasing: nano-structured magnetic materials exhibit new and interesting physical properties, which cannot be found in the bulk. Many of these unique properties have great potential for technical applications in magneto-sensors, bio-sensors, magneto-electronics, data storage, magnetic heads of computer hard disks, single-electron devises, microwave electronic devices, etc. Current research concentrates on device design, synthesis and the characterization of nanostructured materials. The contributions to this book concentrate on magnetic properties of nanoscale magnetic materials, especially on fabrication and characterization, and the physics underlying the unique properties of these structures and devices.

In recent years the field of semiconductor optics has been pushed to several extremes. The size of semiconductor structures has shrunk to dimensions of a few nanometers, the semiconductor-light interaction is studied on timescales as fast as a few femtoseconds, and transport properties on a length scale far below the wavelength of light have been revealed. These advances were driven by rapid improvements in both semiconductor and optical technologies and were further facilitated by progress in the theoretical description of optical excitations in semiconductors. This book, written by leading experts in the field, provides an up-to-date introduction to the optics of semiconductors and their nanostructures so as to help the reader understand these exciting new developments. It also discusses recently established applications, such as blue-light emitters, as well as the quest for future applications in areas such as spintronics, quantum information processing, and third-generation solar cells.

This book presents a theory for unconventional superconductivity driven by spin excitations. Using the Hubbard Hamiltonian and a self-consistent treatment of the spin excitations, the interplay between magnetism and superconductivity in various unconventional superconductors is discussed. In particular, the monograph applies this theory for Cooper-pairing due to the exchange of spin fluctuations to the case of singlet pairing in hole- and electron-doped high-Tc superconductors, and to triplet pairing in
Sr2RuO4. Within the framework of a generalized Eliashberg-like treatment, calculations of both many normal and superconducting properties as well as elementary excitations are performed. The results are related to the phase diagrams of the materials which reflect
the interaction between magnetism and superconductivity.

This book provides a self-contained introduction to magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), with emphasis on nonlinear processes. The book outlines the conventional aspects of MHD theory, magnetostatic equilibrium and linear stability theory. It concentrates on nonlinear theory, starting with the evolution and saturation of individual ideal and resistive instabilities, continuing with a detailed analysis of magnetic reconnection and concluding with a study of the most complex nonlinear behavior, that of MHD turbulence. The last chapters describe three important applications of the theory: disruptive processes in tokomaks, MHD effects in the reversed field pinch, and solar flares.

This book will be useful to solid-state scientists, device engineers, and students involved in semiconductor design and technology. It provides a lucid account of band structure, density of states, charge transport, energy transport, and optical processes, along with a detailed description of many devices. It includes sections on superlattices and quantum well structures, the effects of deep-level impurities on transport, and the quantum Hall effect. This 8th edition has been revised and updated, including several new sections.

This textbook gives a comprehensive survey of the analytical treatment of MRI physics and engineering. It gives readers the background to apply MRI in medicine or design (sub)systems or sequences for new applications. Special attention is paid to the treatment of intrinsic artifacts of the different sequences, which can be described in a mathematically uniform way for the different scan methods. The book contains many images, especially showing specific properties of the different scan methods. The methods discussed include RARE, GRASE, EPI and Spiral Scan. The 2nd edition and 3rd editions were expanded and refined. The chapter on motion and flow was expanded, and a chapter added on the configuration theory and multipulse sequences such as BURST, TSE and FFE. A.L. Luiten gives an overview of the early history of MRI imaging. The 3rd edition deals with stranger gradient and new RF coil systems, and sequences such as Balanced FFE and q-space diffusion imaging and SENSE.

Closing a gap in the literature, this volume is intended both as an introductory text at postgraduate level and as a modern, comprehensive reference for researchers in the field.

Provides a full working description of the main fundamental tools in the theorists toolbox which have proven themselves on the field of quantum magnetism in recent years.

Concludes by focusing on the most important cuurent materials form an experimental viewpoint, thus linking back to the initial theoretical concepts.

Magneto-Optical Imaging has developed rapidly over the last decade to emerge as a leading technique to directly visualise the static and dynamic magnetic behaviour of materials, capable of following magnetic processes on the scale of centimeters to sub-microns and at timescales from hours to nanoseconds. The images are direct, real-time, and give space-resolved information, such as ultrafast magnetic processes and revealing the motion of individual vortices in superconductors.

The book is a fully up-to-date report of the present status of the technique.

Magneto-Optical Imaging has developed rapidly over the last decade to emerge as a leading technique to directly visualise the static and dynamic magnetic behaviour of materials, capable of following magnetic processes on the scale of centimeters to sub-microns and at timescales from hours to nanoseconds. The images are direct, real-time, and give space-resolved information, such as ultrafast magnetic processes and revealing the motion of individual vortices in superconductors.

The book is a fully up-to-date report of the present status of the technique.

This book provides an introduction to the general principles of nuclear magnetic resonance and relaxation, concentrating on simple models and their application. The concepts of relaxation and the time domain are particularly emphasised. Some relatively advanced topics are treated, but the approach is graduated and all points of potential difficulty are carefully explained. An introductory classical discussion of relaxation is followed by a quantum-mechanical treatment. Only when the the principles of relaxation are firmly established is the density operator approach introduced; and then its power becomes apparent. A selection of case studies is considered in depth, providing applications of the ideas developed in the text. There are a number of appendices, including one on random functions. This treatment of one of the most important experimental techniques in modern science will be of great value to final-year undergraduates, graduate students and researchers using nuclear magnetic resonance, particularly physicists, and especially those involved in the study of condensed matter physics.

The book covers different aspects of the chemistry and physics of molecular materials, including organic synthesis of specific organic donors and ligands, organic metals and superconductors, molecule-based magnets, multiproperty materials and organic-inorganic hybrids. The 17 chapters are written by some of the most authoritative authors in their field. The two last chapters are devoted to molecular electronics and devices, in particular the achievements and potential for applications. An excellent work for all students and researchers in organic conductors, superconductors and molecule based magnets.

The book covers different aspects of the chemistry and physics of molecular materials, including organic synthesis of specific organic donors and ligands, organic metals and superconductors, molecule-based magnets, multiproperty materials and organic-inorganic hybrids. The 17 chapters are written by some of the most authoritative authors in their field. The two last chapters are devoted to molecular electronics and devices, in particular the achievements and potential for applications. An excellent work for all students and researchers in organic conductors, superconductors and molecule based magnets.

An international team of experts describes the optical and electronic properties of semiconductors and semiconductor nanostructures at picosecond and femtosecond time scales. The contributions cover the latest research on a wide range of topics. In particular they include novel experimental techniques for studying and characterizing nanostructure materials. The contributions are written in a tutorial way so that not only researchers in the field but also researchers and graduate students outside the field can benefit.

Classical Relativistic Electrodynamics presents an advanced course of classical electrodynamics with application to the generation of high-power coherent radiation in the microwave to optical-wave regions. Specifically, it provides readers with the basics of advanced electromagnetic theory and relativistic electrodynamics, guiding them step by step through the theory of free-electron lasers. The theoretical treatment throughout this book is fully developed by means of the usual three-dimensional vector calculus. This book can be recommended as a graduate-level textbook or a reference book in the fields of advanced electromagnetic theory, relativistic electrodynamics, beam physics and plasma sciences.

In a uniform and comprehensive manner the authors describe all the important aspects of the epitaxial growth processes of solid films on crystalline substrates, e.g. processes in which atoms of the growing film mimic the arrangement of the atoms of the substrate. Emphasis is put on sufficiently fundamental and unequivocal presentation of the subject in the form of an easy-to-read review. A large part of this book focuses on the problems of heteroepitaxy. The most important epitaxial growth techniques which are currently widely used in basic research as well as in manufacturing processes of devices are presented and discussed in detail.

The author develops the effective-mass theory of excitons in low-dimensional semiconductors and describes numerical methods for calculating the optical absorption including Coulomb interaction, geometry, and external fields. The theory is applied to Fano resonances in low-dimensional semiconductors and the Zener breakdown in superlattices. Comparing theoretical results with experiments, the book is essentially self-contained; it is a hands-on approach with detailed derivations, worked examples, illustrative figures, and computer programs. The book is clearly structured and will be valuable as an advanced-level self-study or course book for graduate students, lecturers, and researchers.

This book considers problems of optimization arising in the design of electromagnetic radiators and receivers. The authors develop a systematic general theory that can be applied to a wide class of structures. The theory is illustrated with familiar, simple examples and indications of how the results can be applied to more complicated structures. The final chapter introduces techniques from multicriteria optimization in antenna design. The material is intended for a dual audience of mathematicians and mathematically-sophisticated engineers. References to both the mathematics and engineering literature help guide the reader through the necessary mathematical background.

This monograph represents a critical survey of the outstanding capabilities of X-ray
diffuse scattering for the structural characterization of mesoscopic material systems. The mesoscopic regime comprises length scales ranging from a few up to some hundreds of nanometers. It is of particular relevance at semiconductor layer systems where, for example, interface roughness or low-dimensional objects such as quantum dots and quantum wires have attracted much interest. An extensive overview of the present state-of-the-art theory of X-ray diffuse scattering at mesoscopic structures is given followed by a valuable description of various experimental techniques. Selected up-to-date examples are discussed. The aim of the present book is to combine aspects of self-organized growth of mesoscopic structures with corresponding X-ray diffuse scattering experiments.

Bonded magnets are the fastest growing sector in the entire market for magnetic materials. Their great advantages lie in the cost effective net-shape manufacturing process allowing the achievement of complex geometries and their isotropic magnetic properties. Energy products have more than quadrupled in recent years, too. The contributors to this volume present the current and future status of bonded magnets, including total world production and distribution, the markets involved, and the status of current and future applications. Current novel processing techniques are described and new developments reported, including powder production techniques, jet casting/melt spinning, atomization and DDDR processes. The different types of bonded magnets reviewed include isotropic and anisotropic neodymium-iron-boron, nanocomposites, Sm-Fe interstitial nitrides, Sm-Co and ferrites.

Bonded magnets are the fastest growing sector in the entire market for magnetic materials. Their great advantages lie in the cost effective net-shape manufacturing process allowing the achievement of complex geometries and their isotropic magnetic properties. Energy products have more than quadrupled in recent years, too. The contributors to this volume present the current and future status of bonded magnets, including total world production and distribution, the markets involved, and the status of current and future applications. Current novel processing techniques are described and new developments reported, including powder production techniques, jet casting/melt spinning, atomization and DDDR processes. The different types of bonded magnets reviewed include isotropic and anisotropic neodymium-iron-boron, nanocomposites, Sm-Fe interstitial nitrides, Sm-Co and ferrites.