Discussed is the electromagnetic field theory and its mathematical methods. Maxwell's equations are presented and explained. It follows a detailed discussion of electrostatics, flux, magnetostatics, quasi stationary fields and electromagnetic fields.

The author presents how to apply numerical methods like finite differences, finite elements, boundary elements, image charge methods, and Monte-Carlo methods to field theory problems. He offers an outlook on fundamental issues in physics including quantum mechanics. Some of these issues are still unanswered questions. A chapter dedicated to the theory of special relativity, which allows to simplify a number of field theory problems, complements this book.

A book whose usefulness is not limited to engineering students, but can be very helpful for physicists and other branches of science.

Modern Techniques for Characterizing Magnetic Materials provides an extensive overview of novel characterization tools for magnetic materials including neutron, photon and electron scatterings and other microscopy techniques by world-renowned scientists. This interdisciplinary reference describes all available techniques to characterize and to understand magnetic materials, techniques that cover a wide range of length scales and belong to different scientific communities. The diverse contributions enhance cross-discipline communication, while also identifying both the drawbacks and advantages of different techniques, which can result in deriving effective combinations of techniques that are especially fruitful at nanometer scales. It will be a valuable resource for all graduate students, researchers, engineers and scientists who are interested in magnetic materials including their crystal structure, electronic structure, magnetization dynamics and their associated magnetic properties and underlying magnetism.

This is a comprehensive text on electrodynamics with detailed explanations and calculations. One hundred worked examples have been incorporated, making this book also suitable for self-instruction. Apart from all traditional topics of the Maxwell's theory, this book includes the special theory of relativity and the Lagrangian formalism and applications; the text also contains introductions to quantum effects related to electrodynamics, such as the Aharonov-Bohm and the Casimir effects. Numerous modern applications in diverse directions are treated in the examples.

The fundamental physics of metallic magnetism is not yet satisfactorily understood and continues to be interesting. For instance, although the detail is yet to be clarified, magnetism is anticipated to be playing a principal role in producing the high Tc superconductivity of the oxides. This book has two major objectives. First, it intends to provide an introduction to magnetism of metals in a broad sense. Besides pursuing the mechanism of metallic magnetism itself, it attempts to fmd and actively analyze magnetic causes hidden hitherto unnoticed behind various physical phenomena. My foremost goal is to expose the fundamental role played by phonons in the mechanism of metallic magnetism. I demonstrate how such a view also helps to elucidate a broad spectrum of other observations. The second objective is to concisely introduce the standard many-body points of view and techniques necessary in studying solid physics in general. The book is intended to be self-contained and starts with Chapter I containing a brief summary on the rudiments of quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics including the method of second quantization. In the same spirit, the foundation of magnetism in general is summarized in Chapter 2 and that for metals in particular, the Stoner theory, in Chapter 3. In Chapter 4, various linear responses of metallic electrons are systematically discussed with emphasis on the role of magnetism in them.

-Covers advanced applications of ferromagnetic nanomaterials in various areas. -Provides novel approaches used to induce and tune ferromagnetism in nanomaterials for spintronic devices. - Explores newer nanomaterials including emerging 2D nanomaterials for their wide applications ranging from devices to biomedicals. -Provide new directions to scientists, researchers, and students to better understand the principle, technologies, and applications of nanomagnetism.

Unlike traditional NMR textbooks for chemists, this fresh look at the topic combines theory, technology and application in a wide range of fields, targeting biochemists, medicinal chemists, and structural biologists, as well as organic chemists. The text has been developed from a one-semester graduate-level course taught by the authors at the University of Zurich, and offers numerous intuitive illustrations, training exercises and plain-language explanations of complex theory. Divided into four major parts, the first introduces the theory, providing a profound understanding of why experiments work, without a rigorous mathematical treatment of all the physico-chemical computations and deliberately shorter than in most other NMR textbooks. Part two discusses current instrumentation and practical aspects, including sample preparation, processing of raw data and the use of databases, while the third part focuses on the main application of NMR, with examples and training spectra taken from a wide range of synthetic and natural compounds. Part four introduces a selection of modern NMR applications in chemistry, biochemistry, medicinal chemistry and molecular biology, explaining the protocols used and how to interpret the results. With its focus on practical aspects and applications, this text will prove useful long after leaving college, by helping users to select experimental methods and in setting up and running their own NMR experiments.

What is a supermaterial? A concise definition is by no means obvious, but a clue can be obtained from the topics discussed here.. In addition to superconductors, the reader will encounter magnetic effects of many kinds, including giant and even colossal ones, organic conductors, photoconductors, and even 400-year-old Japanese ceramics. Processing is a prominent pursuit in supermaterials research, especially but not exclusively of the superconductors. The papers on characterisation and theory break new ground, particularly in pursuit of new optoelectronic phenomena. The parade of new materials recently synthesised, often containing four or more elements, is surprising. But it is in it reporting of new applications that the book stands out: from circuits to sensors, supermaterials are making their impact on society.

Major superconducting properties including zero resistance, Meissner effect, sharp phase change, flux quantization, excitation energy gap, Josephson effects are covered and microscopically explained, using quantum statistical mechanical calculations. First treated are the 2D superconductivity and then the quantum Hall effects. Included are exercise-type problems for each section. Readers can grasp the concepts covered in the book by following the worked-through problems. Bibliographies are included in each chapter and a glossary and list of symbols are given in the beginning of the book.

The book is based on the materials taught by S. Fujita for several courses in Quantum Theory of Solids, Advanced Topics in Modern Physics, and Quantum Statistical Mechanics.

Comprehensive coverage of theory and applications alike
Superconductor Technology integrates research efforts from around the world and provides the most comprehensive presentation of superconducting technology available. It covers high- and low-temperature superconductors (HTSC and LTSC) and, while the discussion centers on the more practical HTSC applications (those in the range of 77K), the advantages of LTSC technology in certain circumstances are also explored.
Author A. R. Jha examines the implementation of superconducting technology in every conceivable system or device, identifying applications and potential applications in diverse fields, including radio astronomical systems, laser radar, microwave and millimeter-wave missile receivers, satellite communication systems, high-resolution medical equipment, and many more. Complete with numerous illustrations and photographs and fully referenced, Superconductor Technology:
* Covers theory and practice across a wide range of disciplines
* Presents critical performance parameters for components, devices, and systems
* Shows how to integrate HTSC and LTSC technology
* Describes numerous hardware applications
* Examines the forms and properties of superconductors
* Provides the necessary mathematical expressions and derivations
* Presents performance parameters and experimental data for real-world devices

Superconductor Technology is an essential reference for physicists, research scientists, microwave engineers, optical system and communication engineers, and others in a variety of disciplines. Clearly written and well-organized, it is also a compelling and accessible text for undergraduate and graduate students.

This volume collects longer articles on the analysis and numerics of Maxwell's equations. The topics include functional analytic and Hilbert space methods, compact embeddings, solution theories and asymptotics, electromagnetostatics, time-harmonic Maxwell's equations, time-dependent Maxwell's equations, eddy current approximations, scattering and radiation problems, inverse problems, finite element methods, boundary element methods, and isogeometric analysis.

The book covers experiments and theory in the fields of ferroelectrics, ferromagnets, ferroelastics, and multiferroics. Topics include experimental preparation and characterization of magnetoelectric multiferroics, the modeling of ferroelectric and ferromagnetic materials, the formation of ferroic microstructures and their continuum-mechanical modeling, computational homogenization, and the algorithmic treatment in the framework of numerical solution strategies.

Climatic factors such as rain, snow, and other forms of precipitation can have a significant impact on the transmission of radio, light, or heat waves in the atmosphere. Communication systems may experience a loss of signal caused by the effects of rain on a radio link. Radar systems may experience interference that distorts the amplitude of the target signal. Any remote sensing system that relies on the propagation of electromagnetic waves must therefore be designed to take these factors into account.

Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Through Rain was written to help system designers in such fields as meteorology, telecommunications, radar, and aircraft guidance systems face the challenge of predicting and compensating for these potentially serious weather-related effects on communication or remote sensing systems around the world and above the surface of the earth.

Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Through Rain describes and analyzes the interaction between electromagnetic waves and various forms of precipitation. Interdisciplinary in approach, this book provides a solid in-depth treatment of the underlying physics as well as applications in communications, the aerospace industry, and meteorology.

Through a combination of observations and models, Dr. Crane provides both students and practitioners of communication system design with a reliable statistical base for determining the frequency and severity of precipitation- generated attenuation episodes that can significantly impact on vital electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere.

An invaluable book for professionals and advanced students in electrical, aerospace, and communications engineering, remote sensing, physics, and meteorology, Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Through Rain represents a significant addition to the literature and an important contribution to our understanding and management of this problem.

Precipitation patterns can have a major impact on telecommunication and radar systems around the world. The frequency and duration of rain or snow in any given area at any given time can determine the extent to which vital electromagnetic waves may be compromised—causing interference or even failure in a system. The result of more than 30 years of research, Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Through Rain provides a clear analysis of attenuation by rain and other forms of precipitation on a wide range of vital communication systems.

Using observations and models, the author offers predictable statistics of rain events which can help to achieve more effective system designs. Its practical interdisciplinary approach makes Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Through Rain an indispensable resource for engineering professionals and advanced students in electrical, aerospace, and communications engineering.

Major topics covered include:

• Effects of Rain
• Rain Structure and Rain-Rate Statistics
• Rain-Rate Climate Models
• Modeling Attenuation by Rain
• Attenuation Mitigation via Diversity
• Worst-Month Statistics
• Estimating Risk

Magnetostatic Waves and their Applications is the first book devoted to magnetostatic waves. The book gives a thorough review of the field suitable for scientists, engineers and advanced students involved in magnetism and microwave electronics new to this area. It covers the field from essential physics to applications in microwave electronics, with details of the materials and materials processing methods included.

This book systematically introduces magnetic flux leakage testing principles and their applications in practice. Signal detection, collection, processing, the inversion of magnetic flux leakage defect and 3D imaging are discussed in detail with extensive project experiences, making the book an essential reference for researchers, developers and engineers in nondestructive testing.

Metamaterials and plasmonics are cross-disciplinary fields that are emerging into the mainstream of many scientific areas. Examples of scientific and technical fields which are concerned are electrical engineering, micro- and nanotechnology, microwave engineering, optics, optoelectronics, and semiconductor technologies. In plasmonics, the interplay between propagating electromagnetic waves and free-electron oscillations in materials are exploited to create new components and applications. On the other hand, metamaterials refer to artificial composites in which small artificial elements, through their collective interaction, creates a desired and unexpected macroscopic response function that is not present in the constituent materials.

This book charts the state of the art of these fields. In May 2008, world-leading experts in metamaterials and plasmonics gathered into a NATO Advanced Research Workshop in Marrakech, Morocco. The present book contains extended versions of 22 of the presentations held in the workshop, covering the general aspects of the field, as well as design and modelling questions of plasmonics and metamaterials, fabrication issues, and applications like absorbers and antennas.

- Covers theories and structure-property relations of ferromagnetic nanomaterials in various areas. - Provides novel approaches used to induce and tune ferromagnetism in nanomaterials for spintronic devices. - Widens fundamentals about ferromagnetism and mechanism for realization and advancement in devices with improved energy efficiency and high storage capacity.

An in-depth, up-to-date presentation of the physics and operational principles of all modern semiconductor devices

The companion volume to Dr. Sze's classic Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Modern Semiconductor Device Physics covers all the significant advances in the field over the past decade. To provide the most authoritative, state-of-the-art information on this rapidly developing technology, Dr. Sze has gathered the contributions of world-renowned experts in each area. Principal topics include bipolar transistors, compound-semiconductor field-effect-transistors, MOSFET and related devices, power devices, quantum-effect and hot-electron devices, active microwave diodes, high-speed photonic devices, and solar cells.

Supported by hundreds of illustrations and references and a problem set at the end of each chapter, Modern Semiconductor Device Physics is the essential text/reference for electrical engineers, physicists, material scientists, and graduate students actively working in microelectronics and related fields.

From 12 to 14 September 2002, the Academy of Humanities and Economics (AHE) hosted the workshop "Optimization and Inverse Problems in Electromagnetism." After this bi-annual event, a large number of papers were assembled and combined in this book. During the workshop recent developments and applications in optimization and inverse methodologies for electromagnetic fields were discussed. The contributions selected for the present volume cover a wide spectrum of inverse and optimal electromagnetic methodologies, ranging from theoretical to practical applications. A number of new optimal and inverse methodologies were proposed. There are contributions related to dedicated software.

Optimization and Inverse Problems in Electromagnetism consists of three thematic chapters, covering:
-General papers (survey of specific aspects of optimization and inverse problems in electromagnetism),
-Methodologies,
-Industrial Applications. The book can be useful to students of electrical and electronics engineering, computer science, applied mathematics (PhD level) and to researchers interested in the topic.

A practical new approach that brings together circuit theory and field theory for the practicing engineer

To put it frankly, the traditional education of most engineers and scientists leaves them often unprepared to handle many of the practical problems they encounter. The Fields of Electronics: Understanding Electronics Using Basic Physics offers a highly original correction to this state of affairs.

Most engineers learn circuit theory and field theory separately. Electromagnetic field theory is an important part of basic physics, but because it is a very mathematical subject, the connection to everyday problems is not emphasized. Circuit theory, on the other hand, is by its nature very practical. However, circuit theory cannot describe the nature of a facility, the interconnection of many pieces of hardware, or the power grid that interfaces each piece of hardware.

The Fields of Electronics offers a unique approach that brings the physics and the circuit theory together into a seamless whole for today’s practicing engineers. With a clear focus on the real-world problems confronting the practitioner in the field, the book thoroughly details the principles that apply to:

• Capacitors, inductors, resistors, and transformers
• Utility power and circuit concepts
• Grounding and shielding
• Radiation
• Analog and digital signals
• Facilities and sites

Written with very little mathematics, and requiring only some background in electronics, this book provides an eminently useful new way to understand the subject of electronics that will simplify the work of every novice, experienced engineer, and scientist.

The two volumes of this new edition of the Handbook cover the basic biological, medical, physical, and electrical engineering principles. They also include experimental results concerning how electric and magnetic fields affect biological systems-both as potential hazards to health and potential tools for medical treatment and scientific research. They also include material on the relationship between the science and the regulatory processes concerning human exposure to the fields. Like its predecessors, this edition is intended to be useful as a reference book but also for introducing the reader to bioelectromagnetics or some of its aspects. FEATURES * New topics include coverage of electromagnetic effects in the terahertz region, effects on plants, and explicitly applying feedback concepts to the analysis of biological electromagnetic effects * Expanded coverage of electromagnetic brain stimulation, characterization and modeling of epithelial wounds, and recent lab experiments on at all frequencies * Section on background for setting standards and precautionary principle * Discussion of recent epidemiological, laboratory, and theoretical results; including: WHO IARC syntheses of epidemiological results on both high and low frequency fields, IITRI lab study of cancer in mice exposed to cell phone-like radiation, and other RF studies * All chapters updated by internationally acknowledged experts in the field

This fourth edition of the text reflects the continuing increase in awareness and use of computational electromagnetics and incorporates advances and refinements made in recent years. Most notable among these are the improvements made to the standard algorithm for the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and treatment of absorbing boundary conditions in FDTD, finite element, and transmission-line-matrix methods. It teaches the readers how to pose, numerically analyze, and solve EM problems, to give them the ability to expand their problem-solving skills using a variety of methods, and to prepare them for research in electromagnetism. Includes new homework problems in each chapter. Each chapter is updated with the current trends in CEM. Adds a new appendix on CEM codes, which covers commercial and free codes. Provides updated MATLAB code.

This book addresses the physical mechanisms involved in the characteristic electrical properties and the geometrical structures that are observed from dipolar monolayers composed of organic molecules by using dielectric physics, electrostatics, the physics of liquid crystal, and soft matter physics. The orientational order parameters, introduced to quantify the orientational structures of monolayers, guide us towards this goal. Dielectric polarizations are spontaneously generated from monolayers because of their orientational structures, and electrostatic energies due to these dielectric polarizations play a key role in forming the geometrical structures that are observed from monolayers. Free energy minimization is a powerful tool to understand the physical mechanisms that stabilize these geometrical structures because of the soft matter nature of monolayers. The approach makes this book unique among the literatures of monolayers.

Written by a pioneer in the development of spin labeling in biophysics, this expert book covers the fundamentals of nitroxide spin labeling through cutting-edge applications in chemistry, physics, materials science, molecular biology, and biomedicine. Nitroxides have earned their place as one of the most popular organic paramagnets due to their suitability as inhibitors of oxidative processes, as a means to polarize magnetic nuclei, and, in molecular biology, as probes and labels to understand molecular structures and dynamics AS DRAGS FOR CANCER AND OTHER DISEASES. Beginning with an overview of the basic methodology and nitroxides' 145-year history, this book equips students with necessary background and techniques to undertake original research and industry work in this growing field.

For a few seconds with large machines, scientists and engineers have now created the fusion power of the stars in the laboratory and at the same time find the rich range of complex turbulent electromagnetic waves that transport the plasma confinement systems. The turbulent transport mechanisms created in the laboratory are explained in detail in the second edition of 'Turbulent Transport in Magnetized Plasmas' by Professor Horton.The principles and properties of the major plasma confinement machines are explored with basic physics to the extent currently understood. For the observational laws that are not understood - the empirical confinement laws - offering challenges to the next generation of plasma students and researchers - are explained in detail. An example, is the confinement regime - called the 'I-mode' - currently a hot topic - is explored.Numerous important problems and puzzles for the next generation of plasma scientists are explained. There is growing demand for new simulation codes utilizing the massively parallel computers with MPI and GPU methods. When the 20 billion dollar ITER machine is tested in the 2020ies, new theories and faster/smarter computer simulations running in near real-time control systems will be used to control the burning hydrogen plasmas.

This thesis considers molecular orientation in thin films and introduces an optical model describing this orientation as applied to organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). It also describes the electronic structure of intermolecular charge transfer excitons correlated to molecular orientation in solids. It has long been known that molecular orientation influences the electrical and optical properties of molecular films. One notable example is in liquid crystals where rigid rod or disk shaped molecules are commonly used. Understanding the origin of the molecular orientation and its control by surface treatment and electric field resulted in the development of liquid crystal displays. The same thing has happened in organic electronics, and considerable effort has been devoted to understanding and controlling molecular orientation in solid films to improve charge carrier mobility and light absorption, ultimately to improve the performance of organic solar cells and thin film transistors. In contrast, less attention has been paid to molecular orientation and its influence on the characteristics of OLEDs, probably because of the use of amorphous films rather than micro-crystalline films, and it is only in recent years that some molecular films are known to have preferred orientation. This thesis addresses this topic, focusing on OLEDs, describing the origin and control of the orientation of phosphorescent Ir complexes possessing spherical shape rather than rod or disk shape, the simulation of the optical characteristics of OLEDs influenced by preferred molecular orientation, and finally the orientation of intermolecular charge transfer excitons and its correlation to electronic structures in thin films.