Paleomagnetic data are useful in many applications in Earth Science from determining paleocurrent directions to analyzing the long-term behavior of the geomagnetic field.

In this book, an attempt has been made to draw together the various principles and practices within paleomagnetism in a consistent and up-to-date manner. It includes many practical examples that illustrate various applications of paleomagnetism. A companion software package implements the theory explained in the text.

Audience: This volume is aimed at professional Earth Scientists using paleomagnetic data for their research. It is also suitable for use as a text book for students in courses with a paleomagnetic content. In addition, this volume will be of value to other professionals with an interest in the analysis of vector and tensor data in general.

The unexpected and therefore really amazing discovery of J.G. Bednorz and K.A. MA1/4ller, that certain oxide compounds enter a superconductivity state at temperatures above 30 K, pushed research on superconductivity into the limelight of science in general in a way that seemed reserved only for high energy or particle physics. It may therefore be expected that this entire review would solely deal with superconductivity at high temperatures, i.e. above the boiling point of hydrogen. Any unexpected occurrence of superconductivity is, however, a challenge to scientists interested either in the physics of this phenomenon or in its materials science aspects. In this respect, the eighties have been quite revolutionary in the sense that, on various occasions, superconductivity was discovered in materials whose physical properties were not obviously favourable for adopting this ground state. Therefore, apart from emphasizing the topic of oxide superconductors, this collection of reprints also contains a selection of papers that deal with other subjects, such as coexistence of magnetic order and superconductivity, heavy electron and organic superconductors. This is all the more justified when we consider the fact that various aspects of superconductivity in high Tc oxide compounds are, or might be, connected with features that are also observed in these other materials. For nonspecialists who might be interested in this collection of reprints the Editor briefly reviews the possibilities for identifying superconductivity and discusses some special features of the superconducting state.

Nikola Tesla was one of the 20th century's great pioneers; his role in advancing electrical energy through the use of alternating current, and his stupendous engineering finesse, make this biography by journalist John J. O'Neill a fine read. Born in a Serbian village to a religious family, Nikola demonstrated an early interest in physics. The nascent science behind electricity - in the 1870s a mysterious, unharnessed force - became his passion. Though the young man's engineering aspirations were almost derailed when he contracted cholera, and later by Austro-Hungarian conscription, Tesla managed to enrol to study in Graz, Austria. A top-class student, tutors admiration for Tesla's gifts and boundless curiosity was tempered by concerns over his tendency to overwork. These attributes marked Tesla's professional life; an obsessively driven man, Tesla's gifts for invention were amply demonstrated and rewarded in the United States. As his ambitions grew in size and scope, Tesla was hailed as a visionary.

Starting in 1995 numerical modeling of the Earth's dynamo has ourished with remarkable success. Direct numerical simulation of convection-driven MHD- ow in a rotating spherical shell show magnetic elds that resemble the geomagnetic eld in many respects: they are dominated by the axial dipole of approximately the right strength, they show spatial power spectra similar to that of Earth, and the magnetic eld morphology and the temporal var- tion of the eld resembles that of the geomagnetic eld (Christensen and Wicht 2007). Some models show stochastic dipole reversals whose details agree with what has been inferred from paleomagnetic data (Glatzmaier and Roberts 1995; Kutzner and Christensen 2002; Wicht 2005). While these models represent direct numerical simulations of the fundamental MHD equations without parameterized induction effects, they do not match actual pla- tary conditions in a number of respects. Speci cally, they rotate too slowly, are much less turbulent, and use a viscosity and thermal diffusivity that is far too large in comparison to magnetic diffusivity. Because of these discrepancies, the success of geodynamo models may seem surprising. In order to better understand the extent to which the models are applicable to planetary dynamos, scaling laws that relate basic properties of the dynamo to the fundamental control parameters play an important role. In recent years rst attempts have been made to derive such scaling laws from a set of numerical simulations that span the accessible parameter space (Christensen and Tilgner 2004; Christensen and Aubert 2006).

The book aims to present current knowledge concerning the propagation of electro magnetic waves in a homogeneous magnetoplasma for which temperature effects are unimportant. It places roughly equal emphasis on the radio and the . hydromagnetic parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. The dispersion properties of a magnetoplasma are treated as a function both of wave frequency (assumed real) and of ionization density. However, there is little discussion of propagation in a stratified medium, for of collisions is included only which reference may be made to Budden 1] . The effect in so far as this can be done with simplicity. The book describes how pulses are radiated from both small and large antennas embedded in a homogeneous magneto plasma. The power density radiated from a type of dipole antenna is studied as a function of direction of radiation in all bands of wave frequency. Input reactance is not treated, but the dependence of radiation resistance on wave frequency is described for the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Also described is the relation between beaming and guidance for Alfven waves."

Gaseous Dielectrics VIII covers recent advances and developments in a wide range of basic, applied, and industrial areas of gaseous dielectrics.

This book serves as an introduction to magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) for graduate and advanced undergraduate engineering students. It may be used by engineers and physicists in research institutions and industry to become familiar with the particular phenomena of magnetothermohydraulics in technical liquid metal flows influenced by magnetic fields. The starting point of the book is the outcome of a recent nuclear fusion project. Therefore, it contains many new results that can be utilized for the design and optimization of various technical systems and processes.

"Blurb & Contents" This current and comprehensive treatment of the physics of small- amplitude waves in hot magnetized plasmas provides a thorough update of the author's classic Theory of Plasma Waves. New topics include quasi-linear theory, inhomogeneous plasmas, collisions, absolute and convective instability, and mode conversion. Valuable for graduates and advanced undergraduates and an indispensable reference work for researchers in plasmas, controlled fusion, and space science.

Earth 's magnetic field is currently changing dramatically. Is the observed decrease of the dipole moment indicating a future polarity transition? What would be the effects of such a drastic change on system Earth? Can any positive or negative effects on our biosphere or even humans be expected?

This book gives a first overview about the geomagnetic field in general and serves as an introduction into geomagnetism. As the topic of the book covers a wide range of scientific disciplines, the first chapter summarises basic principles of geomagnetism and related fields including a historic overview, instruments and measurements, paleomagnetic fields, basics of dynamo theory, etc. The contributed chapters review major results of international activities aiming at understanding the causes and effects of geomagnetic field variations in view of the questions above.

The part Fundamentals is novel, first in that it stresses the use of electric currents in Magneto-Fluid-Dynamics. As a rule, authors discuss magnetic field lines without ever referring to the required electric currents. Second, the book stresses the importance of electric space charges inside conductors that move in magnetic fields. It is the custom to disregard both the required electric currents and the field of the space charges; this leads to many absurd results. The Case Studies concern solar phenomena and the Earth's magnetic field, stressing electric currents and electric space charges. Each case study is based on a published, or soon to be published, paper.

Flux quantization experiments indicate that the carriers, Cooper pairs (pairons), in the supercurrent have charge magnitude 2e, and that they move independently. Josephson interference in a Superconducting Quantum Int- ference Device (SQUID) shows that the centers of masses (CM) of pairons move as bosons with a linear dispersion relation. Based on this evidence we develop a theory of superconductivity in conventional and mate- als from a unified point of view. Following Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer (BCS) we regard the phonon exchange attraction as the cause of superc- ductivity. For cuprate superconductors, however, we take account of both optical- and acoustic-phonon exchange. BCS started with a Hamiltonian containing "electron" and "hole" kinetic energies and a pairing interaction with the phonon variables eliminated. These "electrons" and "holes" were introduced formally in terms of a free-electron model, which we consider unsatisfactory. We define "electrons" and "holes" in terms of the cur- tures of the Fermi surface. "Electrons" (1) and "holes" (2) are different and so they are assigned with different effective masses: Blatt, Schafroth and Butler proposed to explain superconductivity in terms of a Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) of electron pairs, each having mass M and a size. The system of free massive bosons, having a quadratic dispersion relation: and moving in three dimensions (3D) undergoes a BEC transition at where is the pair density.

Volume 9 of the "Handbook of Magnetic Materials" has a dual purpose, as do the preceding volumes in the series. As a textbook it is intended to be of assistance to those who wish to be introduced to a given topic in the field of magnetism without the need to read the vast amount of literature published. As a work of reference it is intended for scientists active in magnetism research. To this dual purpose, Volume 9 of the Handbook is composed of topical review articles written by leading authorities. In each of these articles an extensive description is given in graphical as well as in tabular form, much emphasis being placed on the discussion of the experimental material in the framework of physics, chemistry and material science.

Chapter one presents a general account of the magnetism of heavy-fermion systems. Two novel experimental techniques are described in chapters two and five. Chapter two deals with muon spin rotation and chapter five gives an account of the possibilities offered by photon beam spectroscopy. In both chapters it is shown how these sophisticated experimental methods can be used to obtain experimental information not easily obtainable by conventional experimental methods. Chapter three deals with interstitially modified intermetallic compounds of rare earth and 3d elements. Finally chapter four is concerned with thermodynamic approach to phase transitions and shows how the understanding and description of these magnetic phase transitions can be considerably enriched.

This volume contains the edited lectures of the fourth Mittelwihr school on "Magnetism
and Synchrotron Radiation." This series of events introduces graduate students and
nonspecialists from related disciplines to the field of magnetism and magnetic materials
with emphasis on synchrotron radiation as an experimental tool of investigation. These lecture notes present in particular the state of the art regarding the analysis of magnetic properties of new materials.

This book addresses the nonlinear interactions of ultra-high-intensity electromagnetic radiation with matter. It describes fundamentally new regimes of laser pulse propagation, including relativistic and charge-displacement self-channelling and instabilities of electromagnetic radiation in plasmas (Raman scattering by plasmons, harmonic excitation, collective Compton effect). The analysis makes use of fully nonlinear models, analytical techniques and extensive simulations, whereby both qualitative and quantitative interpretations are included. The book provides a comprehensive introduction to laser physics at relativistic intensities that will be valuable to both researchers and graduate students.

A non-linear wave is one of the fundamental objects of nature. They are inherent to aerodynamics and hydrodynamics, solid state physics and plasma physics, optics and field theory, chemistry reaction kinetics and population dynamics, nuclear physics and gravity. All non-linear waves can be divided into two parts: dispersive waves and dissipative ones. The history of investigation of these waves has been lasting about two centuries. In 1834 J. S. Russell discovered the extraordinary type of waves without the dispersive broadening. In 1965 N. J. Zabusky and M. D. Kruskal found that the Korteweg-de Vries equation has solutions of the solitary wave form. This solitary wave demonstrates the particle-like properties, i. e. , stability under propagation and the elastic interaction under collision of the solitary waves. These waves were named solitons. In succeeding years there has been a great deal of progress in understanding of soliton nature. Now solitons have become the primary components in many important problems of nonlinear wave dynamics. It should be noted that non-linear optics is the field, where all soliton features are exhibited to a great extent. This book had been designed as the tutorial to the theory of non-linear waves in optics. The first version was projected as the book covering all the problems in this field, both analytical and numerical methods, and results as well. However, it became evident in the process of work that this was not a real task.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of magnetic levitation (Maglev) technologies, from fundamental principles through to the state-of-the-art, and describes applications both realised and under development. It includes a history of Maglev science and technology showing the various milestones in its advancement. The core concepts, operating principles and main challenges of Maglev applications attempted across various fields are introduced and discussed. The principle difficulties encountered when applying Maglev technology to different systems, namely air gap control and stabilization, are addressed in detail. The book describes how major advancements in linear motor and magnet technologies have enabled the development of the linear-motor-powered Maglev train, which has a high speed advantage over conventional wheeled trains and has the potential to reach speed levels achieved by aircraft. However, many expect that Maglev technology to be a green technology that is applied not only in rail transportation, but also in diverse other fields; to ensure clean transfer in LCD manufacturing, in ropeless high speed elevators, small capacity rail transportation, space vehicle launchers, missile testers, energy storage, and so on. These potential applications and their unique challenges and proposed technological solutions are introduced and discussed in depth. The book will provide readers from academia, research institutes and industry with insights on where and how to apply Maglev technology, and will serve as a guide to the realization of their Maglev applications.

This book offers a balanced and comprehensive guide to the core principles, fundamental properties, experimental approaches, and state-of-the-art applications of two major groups of emerging non-volatile memory technologies, i.e. spintronics-based devices as well as resistive switching devices, also known as Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM). The first section presents different types of spintronic-based devices, i.e. magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), domain wall, and skyrmion memory devices. This section describes how their developments have led to various promising applications, such as microwave oscillators, detectors, magnetic logic, and neuromorphic engineered systems. In the second half of the book, the underlying device physics supported by different experimental observations and modelling of RRAM devices are presented with memory array level implementation. An insight into RRAM desired properties as synaptic element in neuromorphic computing platforms from material and algorithms viewpoint is also discussed with specific example in automatic sound classification framework.

The aim of this book is to provide both an introduction and a state-of-the-art report on research into magnetism and magnetic materials. Particular emphasis has been put on the contribution of synchrotron radiation in relevant experimental investigations. Graduate students and nonspecialists will benefit from the tutorial approach while specialists will find the latest results that round off the material presented in the lectures.

Turbulence and magnetic fields are ubiquitous in the Universe. Their importance to astronomy cannot be overestimated. The theoretical advancements in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence achieved during the past two decades have significantly influenced many fields of astronomy. This book provides predictive theories of the magnetic field generation by turbulence and the dissipation of MHD turbulence. These fundamental non-linear problems were believed to be tractable only numerically. This book provides complete analytical descriptions in quantitative agreement with existing numerics, as well as theoretical predictions in physical regimes still unreachable by simulations, and explanations of various related observations. It also discusses and promotes the astrophysical applications of MHD turbulence theories, including (i) the particle acceleration and radiation in high-energy phenomena, e.g., Gamma-Ray Bursts, supernova remnants, cosmic rays; (ii) interstellar density fluctuations and the effect on observations, e.g., Faraday rotation, scattering measurements of Galactic and extragalactic radio sources; (iii) density and magnetic field structure in molecular clouds toward star formation. In closing, this book demonstrates the key role of MHD turbulence in connecting diverse astrophysical processes and unraveling long-standing astrophysical problems, as foreseen by Chandrasekhar, a founder of modern astrophysics.

Market: Students in undergraduate courses in electromagnetism. This innovative textbook provides students with a modern view of the unity of electromagnetism by forsaking the traditional historically ordered development for a more logically ordered one. This approach involves the introduction of Maxwell's equations at the earliest opportunity to serve as the basis for everything that follows.

Translated from the Japanese, this title is the first modern book on magnetics, a topic of increasing importance. The book provides the foundation for further development in this field, covering magnetic ions in crystals, and magnetism of spin systems, metals and dilute alloys.

The study of the spontaneous formation of nanostructures in single crystals is rapidly developing into a dominant field of research in the subject area known as strongly correlated electrons. The structures appear to originate in the competition of phases. This book addresses nanoscale phase separation, focusing on the manganese oxides with colossal magnetoresistance (CMR). The text argues that nanostructures are at the heart of the CMR phenomenon. Other compounds are also addressed, such as high-temperature superconductors, where similar nanostructures exist. Brief contributions by distinguished researchers are also included. The book contains updated information directed at experts, both theorists and experimentalists. Beginning graduate students or postdocs will also benefit from the introductory material of the early chapters, and the book can be used as a reference for an advanced graduate course. 

Molecular magnetism is a new field of research dealing with the synthesis and study of the physical properties of molecular assemblies involving open-shell units. It is essentially interdisciplinary, joining together organic, organometallic and inorganic chemists, as well as theoreticians, physicists and materials scientists.
At the core of research into molecular magnetism lie design and synthesis of new molecular assemblies exhibiting bulk properties such as long-range magnetic ordering or bistability with an hysteresis effect, which confers a memory effect on the system. In such terms, magnetism may be considered a supramolecular function.
The first eight contributions to this volume present the state of the art in organic supramolecular chemistry, emphasising interlocked systems and molecular trees. The following six articles are devoted to molecular materials constructed from organic radicals and transition metal units. Molecular bistability is then focused on, followed by metal-organic and coordination magnetic materials. A new approach to nano-sized particles closes the work.