A non-linear wave is one of the fundamental objects of nature. They are inherent to aerodynamics and hydrodynamics, solid state physics and plasma physics, optics and field theory, chemistry reaction kinetics and population dynamics, nuclear physics and gravity. All non-linear waves can be divided into two parts: dispersive waves and dissipative ones. The history of investigation of these waves has been lasting about two centuries. In 1834 J. S. Russell discovered the extraordinary type of waves without the dispersive broadening. In 1965 N. J. Zabusky and M. D. Kruskal found that the Korteweg-de Vries equation has solutions of the solitary wave form. This solitary wave demonstrates the particle-like properties, i. e. , stability under propagation and the elastic interaction under collision of the solitary waves. These waves were named solitons. In succeeding years there has been a great deal of progress in understanding of soliton nature. Now solitons have become the primary components in many important problems of nonlinear wave dynamics. It should be noted that non-linear optics is the field, where all soliton features are exhibited to a great extent. This book had been designed as the tutorial to the theory of non-linear waves in optics. The first version was projected as the book covering all the problems in this field, both analytical and numerical methods, and results as well. However, it became evident in the process of work that this was not a real task.

Turbulence and magnetic fields are ubiquitous in the Universe. Their importance to astronomy cannot be overestimated. The theoretical advancements in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence achieved during the past two decades have significantly influenced many fields of astronomy. This book provides predictive theories of the magnetic field generation by turbulence and the dissipation of MHD turbulence. These fundamental non-linear problems were believed to be tractable only numerically. This book provides complete analytical descriptions in quantitative agreement with existing numerics, as well as theoretical predictions in physical regimes still unreachable by simulations, and explanations of various related observations. It also discusses and promotes the astrophysical applications of MHD turbulence theories, including (i) the particle acceleration and radiation in high-energy phenomena, e.g., Gamma-Ray Bursts, supernova remnants, cosmic rays; (ii) interstellar density fluctuations and the effect on observations, e.g., Faraday rotation, scattering measurements of Galactic and extragalactic radio sources; (iii) density and magnetic field structure in molecular clouds toward star formation. In closing, this book demonstrates the key role of MHD turbulence in connecting diverse astrophysical processes and unraveling long-standing astrophysical problems, as foreseen by Chandrasekhar, a founder of modern astrophysics.

Superconducting devices, which can carry huge currents and generate strong magnetic fields without losing energy, are improving at a tremendous pace. This book provides a modern, up-to-date reference on both the physics and the technology of superconducting magnets. It is unique in combining the theoretical aspects of superconductivity, electromagnetic field theory, and the thermodynamics of helium cooling with the technological details of producing and engineering high performance superconducting materials. The book provides the reliable, expert advice for designing, manufacturing, and testing complex high field superconducting magnets of predictable performance, and it places particular emphasis on beam transport and accelerator magnets in high energy particle physics.

The aim of this book is to provide both an introduction and a state-of-the-art report on research into magnetism and magnetic materials. Particular emphasis has been put on the contribution of synchrotron radiation in relevant experimental investigations. Graduate students and nonspecialists will benefit from the tutorial approach while specialists will find the latest results that round off the material presented in the lectures.

This book features selected works presented in the 28th National Conference on Condensed Matter Physics, "Condensed Matter Days (CMDAYS) 2020", which was held from December 11th to 13th December 2020. The conference brought together seasoned experts and upcoming researchers from all over India to share their research and ideas in the field of condensed matter physics. This book is a glimpse into the works and ideas that were discussed and presented at the conference. It includes works on diverse fields from nanomaterials to fuel cells, photocatalysis to ferromagnetism, application studies to fundamental studies.

Market: Students in undergraduate courses in electromagnetism. This innovative textbook provides students with a modern view of the unity of electromagnetism by forsaking the traditional historically ordered development for a more logically ordered one. This approach involves the introduction of Maxwell's equations at the earliest opportunity to serve as the basis for everything that follows.

The study of the spontaneous formation of nanostructures in single crystals is rapidly developing into a dominant field of research in the subject area known as strongly correlated electrons. The structures appear to originate in the competition of phases. This book addresses nanoscale phase separation, focusing on the manganese oxides with colossal magnetoresistance (CMR). The text argues that nanostructures are at the heart of the CMR phenomenon. Other compounds are also addressed, such as high-temperature superconductors, where similar nanostructures exist. Brief contributions by distinguished researchers are also included. The book contains updated information directed at experts, both theorists and experimentalists. Beginning graduate students or postdocs will also benefit from the introductory material of the early chapters, and the book can be used as a reference for an advanced graduate course. 

Pulse Dipolar Electron Spin Resonance: Distance Measurements by Peter P. Borbat, Jack H. Freed.Interpretation of Dipolar EPR Data in Terms of Protein Structure, by Gunnar Jeschke.Site-Directed Nitroxide Spin Labeling of Biopolymers, by Sandip A. Shelke and Snorri Th. Sigurdsson. Metal-Based Spin Labeling for Distance Determination, by Daniella Goldfarb. Structural Information from Spin-Labelled Membrane-Bound Proteins, by Johann P. KLare, Heinz-Jurgen Steinhoff. Structural Information from Oligonucleotides, by Richard Ward and Olav Schiemann. Orientation selective DEER using rigid spin labels, cofactors, metals, and clusters, by Claudia E. Tait, Alice M. Bowen, Christiane R. Timmel, Jeffrey Harmer

Translated from the Japanese, this title is the first modern book on magnetics, a topic of increasing importance. The book provides the foundation for further development in this field, covering magnetic ions in crystals, and magnetism of spin systems, metals and dilute alloys.

Molecular magnetism is a new field of research dealing with the synthesis and study of the physical properties of molecular assemblies involving open-shell units. It is essentially interdisciplinary, joining together organic, organometallic and inorganic chemists, as well as theoreticians, physicists and materials scientists.
At the core of research into molecular magnetism lie design and synthesis of new molecular assemblies exhibiting bulk properties such as long-range magnetic ordering or bistability with an hysteresis effect, which confers a memory effect on the system. In such terms, magnetism may be considered a supramolecular function.
The first eight contributions to this volume present the state of the art in organic supramolecular chemistry, emphasising interlocked systems and molecular trees. The following six articles are devoted to molecular materials constructed from organic radicals and transition metal units. Molecular bistability is then focused on, followed by metal-organic and coordination magnetic materials. A new approach to nano-sized particles closes the work.

The International Workshop on Coherent Control of Carrier Dynamics in Semiconductors was held May 19 to 22, 1998 at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Its intent was to bring together an international and interdisciplinary group of scientists to discuss recent progress, pertinent problems, and open questions in the field of coherent control in atoms, molecules, and semiconductors, in particular. Twenty-seven scientists from the physical chemistry, quantum optics, semiconductor, electrical engineering, and laser communities accepted our invitation and made this event a meeting of exciting presentations and vivid discussions. This volume contains the proceedings of this workshop. Most speakers accepted our invitation to provide a manuscript either on specific aspects of their work or a brief review of their area of research. All manuscripts were reviewed. It is hoped that they provide not merely an overview of most of the issues covered during the workshop, but also represent an account of the current state of coherent control in general. Hence, it is hoped that they are also of interest to a large number of scientists active in one of the areas listed above. The organizers of this workshop would like to thank all the participants for making this meeting a complete success. We are particularly indebted to Dr. Larry R. Cooper at the U.S. Office of Naval Research and Dr.

In The New Superconductors, Frank J. Owens and Charles P. Poole, Jr., offer a descriptive, non-mathematical presentation of the latest superconductors and their properties for the non-specialist. Highlights of this up-to-date text include chapters on superfluidity, the latest copper oxide types, fullerenes, and prospects for future research. The book also features many examples of commercial applications; an extensive glossary that defines superconductivity terms in clear language; and a supplementary list of readings for the interested lay reader.

It is widely recognized that an understanding of the optical pro perties of matter will give a great deal of important information re levant to the fundamental physical properties. This is especially true in semiconductor physics for which, due to the intrinsic low screening of these materials, the optical response is quite rich. Their spectra reflect indeed as well electronic as spin or phonon transitions. This is also in the semiconductor field that artificial structures have been recently developed, showing for the first time specific physical properties related to the low dimentionality of the electronic and vi bronic properties: with this respect the quantum and fractional quan tum Hall effects are among the most well known aspects. The associated reduced screening is also a clear manifestation of these aspects and as such favors new optical properties or at least significantly enhan ces some of them. For all these reasons, it appeared necessary to try to review in a global way what the optical investigation has brought today about the understanding of the physics of semiconductors. This volume collects the papers presented at the NATO Advanced study Inst i tut e on "Optical Properties of Semiconductors" held at the Ettore Majorana Centre, Erice, Sicily on March 9th to 20th, 1992. This school brought together 70 scientists active in research related to optical properties of semiconductors. There were 12 lecturers who pro vided the main contributions ."

Detailed coverage of all aspects of microwave superconductivity: fundamentals, fabrication, measurement, components, circuits, cryogenic packaging and market potential. Both a graduate-level textbook and a reference for microwave engineers. Applications (with either active or passive circuit elements) include those at both liquid-helium and liquid-nitrogen temperatures. Topics covered include wireless communications, space-based cryoelectronics, SQUIDs and SQUID amplifiers, NMR and MRI coils, accelerator cavities, and Josephson flux-flow devices.

This textbook is a revised and enlarged version of notes written for a one-semester course on electromagnetism. It covers the theory of electromagnetic phenomena in vacuum and in material media. In addition to the classical themes of electrodynamics, the book deals with some related subjects of particular current interest, such as superconductivity and numerical methods. Much emphasis is put on special relativity, in the covariant formulation of electromagnetism, and in the symmetry properties of the theory. The book includes a CD-ROM with didactic software, to solve boundary value problems in electrostatics and magnetostatics. The book is conceived in such a way as to guide the reader from the fundamentals of the theory to its most recent modern applications.

The book covers different aspects of the chemistry and physics of molecular materials, including organic synthesis of specific organic donors and ligands, organic metals and superconductors, molecule-based magnets, multiproperty materials and organic-inorganic hybrids. The 17 chapters are written by some of the most authoritative authors in their field. The two last chapters are devoted to molecular electronics and devices, in particular the achievements and potential for applications. An excellent work for all students and researchers in organic conductors, superconductors and molecule based magnets.

This long awaited second edition traces the original developments from the 1970s and brings them up to date with new and previously unpublished material to give this work a new lease of life for the early twenty-first century and readers new to the topic.

In the winter of 1970-71, Colman Altman had been finding almost exact symmetries in the computed reflection and transmission matrices for plane-stratified magnetoplasmas when symmetrically related directions of incidence were compared. At the suggestion of Kurt Suchy the complex conjugate wave fields, used to construct the eigenmode amplitudes via the mean Poynting flux densities, were replaced by the adjoint wave fields that would propagate in a medium with transposed constitutive tensors, to yield a scattering theorem - reciprocity in "k"-space -- in the computer output. To prove the result analytically, one had to investigate the properties of the adjoint Maxwell system, and the two independent proofs that followed, in 1975 and 1979, proceeded according to the personal preference of each of the authors. The proof given in this volume, based on the hindsight provided by later results, is much more simple and concise.

Later, when media with bianisotropic constitutive tensors were investigated, it was found that conjugate (reciprocal) media and wave fields could be formed by any orthogonal spatial mapping of those in the original problem, after media and fields were reversed in time. The result was still quite general and not limited to stratified systems.

The second line of development was to find the link between reciprocity in "k"-space and Lorentz reciprocity involving currents and sources in physical space. This was done for plane-stratified media by applying the scattering theorem to the plane-wave spectrum of eigenmodes radiated by one current source and reaching the second source. The reverse linkage between Lorentz reciprocity and reciprocity in "k"-space had already been found. However, this was the first time that the results were presented in a systematic and mathematically well-defined procedure to serve as a tool for solving problems of reciprocity and scattering symmetries. The use of time reversal gives rise to problems of causality when sources are present, but when the interaction between two systems is involved the non-causal effects are irrelevant.

The insight gained during these investigations enabled the authors to present many of the earlier theorems and results, both their own and those of others, in a compact and unified approach, which has been the main strength of this book.

This new edition has been revised, corrected and updated where necessary to give a complete picture of this interesting topic for the present generation of scientists.

While magnetic devices are used in a range of applications, the availability of up-to-date books on magnetic measurements is quite limited. Collecting state-of-the-art knowledge from information scattered throughout the literature, Handbook of Magnetic Measurements covers a wide spectrum of topics pertaining to magnetic measurements. It describes magnetic materials and sensors, the testing of magnetic materials, and applications of magnetic measurements.

Suitable for specialists as well as readers with minimal knowledge of magnetic measurements, the book begins with an easy-to-follow introduction to the essentials of magnetic measurements. It then offers a comprehensive review of various modern magnetic materials, such as soft and hard magnetic materials and thin magnetic films. The text also describes all commonly used magnetic field sensors, including inductive, fluxgate, Hall, magnetoresistive, resonance, SQUID, magnetoelastic, and magnetooptical sensors. The final chapters discuss the nondestructive testing of materials and explore applications related to magnetic measurements, including magnetic diagnostics in medicine, magnetoarcheology, and magnetic imaging.

A thorough overview of magnetic measurements, this handbook helps readers navigate the sometimes impenetrable terms of the field. It also assists them in the quest to design electromagnetic devices in a more effective way.

This book presents theory, fundamentals and applications of ferroelectricy. 24 chapters gather reviews and research reports covering the spectrum of ferroelectricity. It describes the current levels of understanding of various aspects of ferroelectricity as presented by authorities in the field. Topics include relaxors, piezoelectrics, microscale and nanoscale studies, polymers and composites, unusual properties, and techniques and devices. The book is intended for physicists, engineers and materials scientists working with ferroelectric materials.

In 1987 a major breakthrough occurred in materials science. A new family of materials was discovered that became superconducting above the temperature at which nitrogen gas liquifies, namely, 77 K or -196 DegreesC. Within months of the discovery, a wide variety of experimental techniques were brought to bear in order to measure the properties of these materials and to gain an understanding of why they superconduct at such high temperatures. Among the techniques used were electromagnetic absorption in both the normal and the superconducting states. The measurements enabled the determination of a wide variety of properties, and in some instances led to the observation of new effects not seen by other measu- ments, such as the existence of weak-link microwave absorption at low dc magnetic fields. The number of different properties and the degree of detail that can be obtained from magnetic field- and temperature-dependent studies of electromagnetic abso- tion are not widely appreciated. For example, these measurements can provide information on the band gap, critical fields, the H-T irreversibility line, the amount of trapped flux, and even information about the symmetry of the wave function of the Cooper pairs. It is possible to use low dc magnetic field-induced absorption of microwaves with derivative detection to verify the presence of superconductivity in a matter of minutes, and the measurements are often more straightforward than others. For example, they do not require the physical contact with the sample that is necessary when using four-probe resistivity to detect superconductivity.

Englishman OLIVER HEAVISIDE (1850-1925) left school at 16 to teach himself electrical engineering, eventually becoming a renowned mathematician and one of the world's premiere authorities on electromagnetic theory and its applications for communication, including the telegraph and telephone. Here in three volumes are his collected writings on electromagnetic theory-Volume III was first published in 1912. This is a catalog of the bulk of his postulations, theorems, proofs, and common problems (and solutions) in electromagnetism, many of which had been published in article form. Part scientific history-including references to some contemporary criticisms, long since shown to be poorly based, of Heaviside's scholarship-and part guide to understanding a complex applied science, this work shows both the genius and the eccentricity of a man whose work includes precursory theories to Einstein, and revolutionary principles that today are the commonly assumed truths in the field of electrical engineering.

This text introduces the key concepts of superconductivity, superfluidity and Bose-Einstein condensates, three extremely important and rapidly developing fields of research which are closely related intellectually, in spite of their very different physical systems. The topics are developed alongside the necessary mathematical tools and no previous knowledge of quantum many-body theory is necessary.

This book is the result of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop held in Vimeiro, Portugal, in May 1992. The objectives of this Workshop were: i) to promote exchange of knowledge between experts in various fields of discharge modeling, plasma diagnostics and microwave plasma applications; ii) to assess the state-of-the-art in this field from a multidisciplinary viewpoint; iii) to identify basic points needing clarification and to estab- lish basic guidelines for future research; iv) to compare the properties of microwave dis- charges to those of RF discharges, as plasma sources for specific applications. Most of the contributors to this book are well known scientists in the field of mi- crowave discharge sources, modeling, diagnostics and applications. The book provides an up-to-date review in this field which should be useful for both the fundamentalists and those using these systems in applications such as surface treatment and elemental analysis. We are gmteful to a number of organizations for providing the fmancial assistance that made the Workshop possible. Foremost is the NATO Scientific Affairs Division, which provided the major contribution for the Workshop. In addition, the following Por- tuguese sources made contributions: Instituto Nacional de Investiga~iio Cientifica, Junta Nacional de Investiga~iio Cientifica e Tecnologica, Centro de Electrodinamica da Univer- sidade Tecnica de Lisboa, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Banco Nacional Ultmmarino, and Regiiio de Turismo do Oeste.

The author develops the effective-mass theory of excitons in low-dimensional semiconductors and describes numerical methods for calculating the optical absorption including Coulomb interaction, geometry, and external fields. The theory is applied to Fano resonances in low-dimensional semiconductors and the Zener breakdown in superlattices. Comparing theoretical results with experiments, the book is essentially self-contained; it is a hands-on approach with detailed derivations, worked examples, illustrative figures, and computer programs. The book is clearly structured and will be valuable as an advanced-level self-study or course book for graduate students, lecturers, and researchers.