This book consists of chapters written by international experts on various aspects of single molecule toroics (SMTs).The chapters cover a broad range of relevant topics and highlight the latest advances performed in the field. An up-to-date overview of the emerging SMT architectures is presented while particular attention is given to not only the magnetism and relaxation effects involved but also to the respective applications in advanced electronics and memory devices. The role that lanthanides play -especially that of dysprosium- is discussed, while a thorough analysis using theoretical/ab initio calculations is provided. Since SMTs have grown out of single molecule magnetism (SMM), it is an expanding and topical subject and the present book will engender excitement and interest amongst chemists, physicists, theoreticians and materials scientists. The volume will be of great interest to researchers and graduates working on this topic and particularly those involved in lanthanide chemistry, magnetism and theory.

Remote sensing is a fast-growing field with many important applications as demonstrated in the numerous scientific missions of the Earth Observation System (EOS) worldwide. Given the inter-disciplinary nature of remote sensing technologies, the fulfillment of these scientific goals calls for, among other things, a fundamental understanding of the complex interaction between electromagnetic waves and the targets of interest.Using a systematic treatment, Electromagnetic Scattering: A Remote Sensing Perspective presents some of the recently advanced methods in electromagnetic scattering, as well as updates on the current progress on several important aspects of such an interaction. The book covers topics including scattering from random rough surfaces of both terranean and oceanic natures, scattering from typical man-made targets or important canonical constituents of natural scenes, such as a dielectric finite cylinder or dielectric thin disk, the characterization of a natural scene as a whole represented as a random medium, and the extraction of target features with a polarimetric radar.

A long overdue update, this edition of Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials is a complete revision of its predecessor. While it provides relatively minor updates to the first two sections, the third section contains vast updates to reflect the enormous progress made in applications in the past 15 years, particularly in magnetic recordin

This is a textbook on electromagnetic fields and waves completely based on conceptual understanding of electromagnetics. The text provides operational knowledge and firm grasp of electromagnetic fundamentals aimed toward practical engineering applications by combining fundamental theory and a unique and comprehensive collection of as many as 888 conceptual questions and problems in electromagnetics. Conceptual questions are designed to strongly enforce and enhance both the theoretical concepts and understanding and problem-solving techniques and skills in electromagnetics.

Semiconductor optelectronic devices are at the heart of all information generation and processing systems and are likely to be essential components of future optical computers. With more emphasis on optoelectronics and photonics in graduate programmes in physics and engineering, there is a need for a text providing a basic understanding of the important physical phenomena involved. Such a training is necessary for the design, optimization and search for new materials, devices, and application areas. This book provides a simple quantum mechanical theory of important optical processes, i.e., band-to- band, intersubband and excitonic absorption and recombination in bulk, quantum wells, wires, dots, superlattices and strained layers including electro-optic effects. The classical theory of absorption, quantization of radiation, and band picture based on k.p perturbation has been included to provide the necessary background. Prerequisites for the book are a knowledge of quantum mechanics and solid state theory. Problems have been set at the end of each chapter, some of which may guide the reader to study processes not covered in the book. This book is intended for graduate students in ph

Non-collinear spin textures have attracted significant attention due to their topological nature, emergent electromagnetic properties, and potential spintronic and magnonic device applications. This book explores the physical properties of distinct spin textures in D2d compounds. The main goals of the work are (a) discovering new spin textures in D2d Heusler compounds and studying their detailed properties to enrich the field of non-collinear magnetism (b) optimizing the nano-track geometry and generating isolated and single chains of nano-objects that will establish new hallmarks for technological applications (c) studying the stability of spin textures with magnetic fields and temperatures and finding a way to observe the striking behavior of spin textures near the specimen edges. The first few chapters provide a brief overview of spin textures such as Bloch and Neel skyrmions. In the experimental methods section, the author shows how to identify the single-crystalline grains of a polycrystalline sample, how to make single-crystalline thin specimens and nano-tracks, and then provides explicit descriptions of different imaging techniques performed on a transmission electron microscope. This part will be valuable for beginners wishing to conduct research in experimental nano-magnetism and transmission electron microscope imaging. The core results of the book are presented in four chapters, describing the discovery of several new and unanticipated spin textures, namely square-shaped antiskyrmions, elliptical Bloch skyrmions, fractional antiskyrmions, fractional Bloch skyrmions and elongated (anti)skyrmions in a single D2d Heusler compound. It is shown that these textures can be understood by a combination of dipole-dipole interactions and a chiral vector exchange that makes it possible to stabilize various spin textures even in the same compound. The D2d compounds are the first non-centrosymmetric systems shown to host several co-existing non-collinear spin textures.

This textbook introduces advanced classical electrodynamics using modern mathematical techniques, with an emphasis on physical concepts. Connections to field theory and general relativity are highlighted while the book still serves as the basis for a one- or two-semester course on electrodynamics within the graduate curriculum.

These proceedings of the NATO-ARW "Electron transport in nanosystems" held at the "Russia" Hotel, Yalta, Ukraine from 17-21 September 2007 resulted in many discussions between various speakers. The wide range of topics discussed at the Yalta NATO meeting included the new nanodevice applications, novel materials, superconductivity and s- sors. There have been many signi?cant advances in the past 2 years and some entirely new directions of research in these ?elds are just opening up. Recent advances in nanoscience have demonstrated that fundamentally new phy- cal phenomena are found when systems are reduced in size with dimensions, comparable to the fundamental microscopic length scales of the investigated material. Late developments in nanotechnology and measurement techniques now allow experimental investigation of transport properties of nanodevices. Great interest in this research is focused on development of spintronics, molecular electronics and quantum information processing and graphene. At the workshop, important open problems concerning cuprate superconductity, mesoscopic superconductors and novel superconductors such MgB,CeCoIn 2 5 whereconsidered.Therewasmuchdiscussionofthemechanismandsymmetry of pairing for cuprate superconductorsas well as the nature of the pseudogap. In the sessiononnovelsuperconductors,the physicalproperties of MgB were 2 discussed. There were also lively debates about two-gap superconductivity in MgB .

This book contains the lectures presented at the Summer Advanced Study School, 'Magnetospheric Particles and Fields' which was held at Graz, Austria during the period August 4-15, 1975. One hundred and one persons from fifteen different countries attended the Schoo . The authors and publisher have made a special effort for rapid publication of an up-to date status of particles, fields, and processes in planetary magnetospheres. Special thanks are due to the lecturers for their diligent preparation and excellent presentations. The in dividuallectures and the published papers were deliberately limited; the authors' cooper ation in conforming to these specifications is greatly appreciated. Many thanks are due to Drs C. D. Anger, Gerhard Haerendel, George P. Haskell, Carl McIlwain, Vytenis Vasy liunas, Martin Walt, and James Warwick who served as session chairmen during the School and contributed greatly to its success by skillfully directing the discussion period in a stimulating manner after each lecture. Many persons contributed to the success of the School. Drs C. D. Anger, Carl-Gunne Falthammar, Gerhard Haerendel, George P. Haskell, Carl McIlwain, David Nunn, Willi Riedler, Finn Scentsraas, Vytenis M. Vasyliunas, Martin Walt, and James Warwick were especially helpful in preparing the technical program. Dr Willi Riedler assisted in ar ranging for the facilities in Graz. Drs Gerhard Kremser and Martin Friedrich were most helpful with many aspects of the local arrangements in Graz. The assistant editor, Mrs Diana R. McCormac, checked the manuscripts and proofs, and worked hard to achieve a uniform style in this book."

The book deals with perovskite-type ferroelectric solid solutions for modern materials science and applications, solving problems of complicated heterophase/domain structures near the morphotropic phase boundary and applications to various systems with morphotropic phases. In this book domain state-interface diagrams are presented for the interpretation of heterophase states in perovskite-type ferroelectric solid solutions. It allows to describe the stress relief in the presence of polydomain phases, the behavior of unit-cell parameters of coexisting phases and the effect of external electric fields. The novelty of the book consists in (i) the first systematization of data about heterophase states and their evolution in ferroelectric solid solutions (ii) the general interpretation of heterophase and domain structures at changing temperature, composition or electric field (iii) the complete analysis of interconnection domain structures, unit-cell parameters changes, heterophase structures and stress relief.

The Handbook of Modern Ferromagnetic Materials is an up-to-the-minute compendium of all ferromagnetic materials, metallic and ceramic, intended for electrical and electronic applications. Coverage of the newest and most economically important materials (soft ferrites, the rare-earth magnet alloys, amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys) is extensive. The distinctive feature of this book is its correlation of basic material properties (metallurgical and ceramic) with their magnetic characteristics and eventually to the choice in an application. Unique to this work is information on the many magnetic components into which these materials can be formed and the pertinent design data. Another useful feature is the criteria (quality, stability and economic) for selection of a particular material. Included are the mechanical, thermal and physical properties of these materials. The author not only presents the latest information from suppliers and magnetism conferences but includes a section on new materials (e.g. colossal magnetostriction materials) being developed but not yet available. The format is arranged according to frequency of operation, which turns out to be almost concurrent with the application. Thus, direct current applications are considered first, then low frequency line power, followed by applications at increasing frequencies up to microwave uses. This anthology of ferromagnetic materials is an essential reference work for electrical and electronic designers and materials scientists. It may also serve as a text for a magnetic materials course and as a materials guide for purchasing agents and technical executives.

In the past ten years, heteroepitaxy has continued to increase in importance with the explosive growth of the electronics industry and the development of a myriad of heteroepitaxial devices for solid state lighting, green energy, displays, communications, and digital computing. Our ever-growing understanding of the basic physics and chemistry underlying heteroepitaxy, especially lattice relaxation and dislocation dynamic, has enabled an ever-increasing emphasis on metamorphic devices. To reflect this focus, two all-new chapters have been included in this new edition. One chapter addresses metamorphic buffer layers, and the other covers metamorphic devices. The remaining seven chapters have been revised extensively with new material on crystal symmetry and relationships, III-nitride materials, lattice relaxation physics and models, in-situ characterization, and reciprocal space maps.

Shelving Guide: Electrical Engineering Since the 1980s more than 100 books on the finite element method have been published, making this numerical method the most popular. The features of the finite element method gained worldwide popularity due to its flexibility for simulating not only any kind of physical phenomenon described by a set of differential equations, but also for the possibility of simulating non-linearity and time-dependent studies. Although a number of high-quality books cover all subjects in engineering problems, none of them seem to make this method simpler and easier to understand. This book was written with the goal of simplifying the mathematics of the finite element method for electromagnetic students and professionals relying on the finite element method for solving design problems. Filling a gap in existing literature that often uses complex mathematical formulas, Electromagnetics through the Finite Element Method presents a new mathematical approach based on only direct integration of Maxwell's equation. This book makes an original, scholarly contribution to our current understanding of this important numerical method.

Electrical Engineering/Electromagnetics Mathematical Foundations for Electromagnetic Theory A volume in the IEEE/OUP Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory Donald G. Dudley, Series Editor This volume in the series lays the mathematical foundations for the study of advanced topics in electromagnetic theory. Important subjects covered include linear spaces, Green's functions, spectral expansions, electromagnetic source representations, and electromagnetic boundary value problems. You will find these key features:

• Introduction to modern linear analysis and linear operators
• Solution to Sturm-Liouville problems using Green's functions and spectral expansions
• Natural transforms and series expansions specific to a wide range of differential operators and associated boundary conditions
• Useful alternative representations for canonical electromagnetic sources
• Applications to electromagnetic boundary value problems

This book will be of interest to graduate-level students in engineering, electromagnetics, physics, and applied mathematics, as well as to research engineers, physicists, and scientists. Also in the series... Radiation and Scattering of Waves An IEEE Press Classic Reissue Leopold B. Felsen and Nathan Marcuvitz 1994 Hardcover 928 pp Dyadic Green Functions in Electromagnetic Theory Second Edition Chen- To Tai, University of Michigan 1994 Hardcover 360 pp Field Theory of Guided Waves Second Edition Robert E. Collin, Case Western Reserve University 1991 Hardcover 864 pp About the series Formerly the IEEE Press Series on Electromagnetic Waves, this new joint series between IEEE Press and Oxford University Press offers even better coverage of the field with new titles aswell as reprintings and revisions of recognized classics that maintain long-term archival significance in electromagnetic waves and applications. Designed specifically for graduate students, practicing engineers, and researchers, this series provides affordable volumes that explore electromagnetic waves and applications beyond the undergraduate level.

"Macroscopic Electrodynamics" is a comprehensive two-semester introductory graduate-level textbook on classical electrodynamics for use in physics and engineering programs. The word "macroscopic" is intended to indicate both the large-scale nature of the theory, as well as the fact that emphasis is placed upon applications of the so-called macroscopic Maxwell equations to idealized media.This book emphasizes principles and practical methods of analysis, which are often presented in fresh and original ways. Illustrative examples are carefully chosen to promote the students' physical intuition, and are worked out in detail to give students a thorough grounding in solution techniques. The style is informal yet mathematically sound, and presumes only a basic familiarity with electrodynamics such as may be obtained in a one-semester junior-level undergraduate class.At the end of each chapter many original problems are provided which illustrate or expand upon specific sections of the text. The problems are at the heart of the text and are meant to encourage students, develop confidence, and emphasize ideas while avoiding both oversimplification and inordinate calculational difficulties.

"Macroscopic Electrodynamics" is a comprehensive two-semester introductory graduate-level textbook on classical electrodynamics for use in physics and engineering programs. The word "macroscopic" is intended to indicate both the large-scale nature of the theory, as well as the fact that emphasis is placed upon applications of the so-called macroscopic Maxwell equations to idealized media.This book emphasizes principles and practical methods of analysis, which are often presented in fresh and original ways. Illustrative examples are carefully chosen to promote the students' physical intuition, and are worked out in detail to give students a thorough grounding in solution techniques. The style is informal yet mathematically sound, and presumes only a basic familiarity with electrodynamics such as may be obtained in a one-semester junior-level undergraduate class.At the end of each chapter many original problems are provided which illustrate or expand upon specific sections of the text. The problems are at the heart of the text and are meant to encourage students, develop confidence, and emphasize ideas while avoiding both oversimplification and inordinate calculational difficulties.

As Charlton Heston put it: 'There's a temptingly simple definition of the epic film: it's the easiest kind of picture to make badly.' This book goes beyond that definition to show how the film epic has taken up one of the most ancient art-forms and propelled it into the modern world, covered in twentieth-century ambitions, anxieties, hopes and fantasies. This survey of historical epic films dealing with periods up to the end of the Dark Ages looks at epic form and discusses the films by historical period, showing how the cinema reworks history for the changing needs of its audience, much as the ancient mythographers did. The form's main aim has always been to entertain, and Derek Elley reminds us of the glee with which many epic films have worn their label, and of the sheer fun of the genre. He shows the many levels on which these films can work, from the most popular to the specialist, each providing a considerable source of enjoyment. For instance, spectacle, the genre's most characteristic trademark, is merely the cinema's own transformation of the literary epic's taste for the grandiose. Dramatically it can serve many purposes: as a resolution of personal tensions (the chariot race in Ben-Hur), of monotheism vs idolatry (Solomon and Sheba), or of the triumph of a religious code (The Ten Commandments). Although to many people Epic equals Hollywood, throughout the book Elley stresses debt to the Italian epics, which often explored areas of history with which Hollywood could never have found sympathy. Originally published 1984.

A timely and authoritative guide to the state of the art of wave scattering

Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves offers in three volumes a complete and up-to-date treatment of wave scattering by random discrete scatterers and rough surfaces. Written by leading scientists who have made important contributions to wave scattering over three decades, this new work explains the principles, methods, and applications of this rapidly expanding, interdisciplinary field. It covers both introductory and advanced material and provides students and researchers in remote sensing as well as imaging, optics, and electromagnetic theory with a one-stop reference to a wealth of current research results. Plus, Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves contains detailed discussions of both analytical and numerical methods, including cutting-edge techniques for the recovery of earth/land parametric information.

The three volumes are entitled respectively Theories and Applications, Numerical Simulation, and Advanced Topics. In the first volume, Theories and Applications, Leung Tsang (University of Washington) Jin Au Kong (MIT), and Kung-Hau Ding (Air Force Research Lab) cover:

• Basic theory of electromagnetic scattering
• Fundamentals of random scattering
• Characteristics of discrete scatterers and rough surfaces
• Scattering and emission by layered media
• Single scattering and applications
• Radiative transfer theory and solution techniques
• One-dimensional random rough surface scattering

This volume contains a multiplicity of approaches brought to bear on problems varying from the formation of caustics and the propagation of waves at a boundary, to the examination of viscous boundary layers. It examines the foundations of the theory of high- frequency electromagnetic waves in a dielectric or semiconducting medium. Nor are unifying themes entirely absent from nonlinear analysis: one chapter considers microlocal analysis, including paradifferential operator calculus, on Morrey spaces, and connections with various classes of partial differential equations.

In the past 30 years, magnetic research has been dominated by the question of how surfaces and interfaces influence the magnetic and transport properties of nanostructures, thin films and multilayers. The research has been particularly important in the magnetic recording industry where the giant magnetoresistance effect led to a new generation of storage devices including hand-held memories such as those found in the ipod. More recently, transfer of spin angular momentum across interfaces has opened a new field for high frequency applications. This book gives a comprehensive view of research at the forefront of these fields. The frontier is expanding through dynamic exchange between theory and experiment. Contributions have been chosen to reflect this, giving the reader a unified overview of the topic.

The book provides an overview of the author's work devoted to experimental study of hopping conductivity, which includes substantial contributions, such as solving the problem of critical indices of the metal-insulator transition in doped semiconductors, investigation of transitions from different kinds of hopping conductivity, development of the 'hopping spectroscopy' method that allows to reveal the details of the density-of-states near the Fermi level - appearance of a hard 'magnetic gap', temperature induced smearing of the soft Coulomb gap, the 'phononless' hopping and so on. A separate chapter is devoted to the hopping photoconductivity and inter-impurity radiative recombination of non-equilibrium carriers. This book is suitable for undergraduate and graduate students in physics, researchers in semiconductor electronics and even for the non-experts who wish to have a notion about hopping mechanism of transport. The explanations in the book are simple and detailed enough to capture the interest of the curious reader.