This compelling book provides concrete examples and practical guidelines for addressing the most serious economic challenge facing the United States and every community in the nation: growing good jobs and enabling people to function effectively in these occupations. Each year, U.S. cities and states spend billions of dollars on incentives intended to create jobs. Are the strategies being implemented outdated? Is there a better way to create jobs? Rather than focusing on individual aspects of economic development such as entrepreneurship and start-up companies or workforce development, this book provides a comprehensive systems perspective for economic development that identifies how the new model of economic development for America is both a top-down and a bottom-up process that requires effective engagement with the community. The book begins with a broad explanation of why economic development strategy and practices need to change, and then discusses and critiques current practices using the state of Maryland as a case example. Two in-depth case studies at the city level follow, detailing leading practices that support the proposed values-based economic development model. The final section presents a framework that policymakers can use to assess and improve their current strategies and practices along with guidelines for implementing these improvements to make them more efficient, effective, and sustainable.

'A convincing and comprehensive account of the success and ultimate failure of Keynesianism in Australia ... Essential reading, not only for other doughty fighters but for skeptics and critics as well' - G.C. Harcourt This analysis proposes a political explanation for the breakdown of Keynesian full employment in Australia. It taps into the current literature that examines the role of economic interests, ideas, and institutions, and, by taking issue with the arguments of anti-Keynesian economists, the book carries the argument that there was and is nothing inherently contradictory about Keynesian theory or much of its practice. Keynesianism, its imperfections notwithstanding, was overturned because of a powerful alliance of interests and ideas.

An expert guide to women's quest for fairness in the workplace, marking the great legal and social advances as well as continuing inequalities. Women and Equality in the Workplace: A Reference Handbook is an expert overview of the issues of gender equity in the workplace as they have evolved from World War II to the present. Focusing primarily on the United States, while drawing broad contrasts with nations around the world, the book describes the practical impact of laws and social policies developed to combat the many forms of sex discrimination, as well as the legal remedies of equal pay law, affirmative action, and comparable worth. Women and Equality in the Workplace also reviews current sociological and economic theories as to why, despite the notable progress, men continue to have better pay and benefits, higher status, and more opportunities, while working women are still all too often harassed, stigmatized, and overlooked. A detailed chronology, statistics and legal cases, list of relevant organizations, bibliography, and nonprint resources A timeline of major developments, biographies of women pioneers, and information about organizations and academic programs devoted to women's studies and equal rights

Flexibility has become a key concept in discourses on developments in working life. However, it is an ambiguous concept in several ways, and theoretical clarity is lacking. Further, large parts of the literature are prescriptive and ideological rather than empirical and analytical. This book contributes both theoretically and empirically to expound the importance of clearer concepts in the national and international debates on economic systems, labour markets, work organisations, and experiences of work.

This volume provides a Europe-wide comparative analysis of the role of civil society organizations active in the field of unemployment and precarity. It illustrates how crucial civil society organizations are for the inclusion of the young unemployed, mainly in two ways: by delivering services and by advocating policy.

This book examines racial and ethnic discrimination in the labour markets and workplaces of western Europe. Scholars from ten different countries set out the experience and implications of this exclusion for two main groups: the more established second and third generations of postwar migrant descent, and the 'new' migrants, including seasonal and undocumented workers and refugees, who are vulnerable to extreme exploitation and unregulated working environments. The book finishes by addressing the implications of these issues for trade unions and employers in Europe.

This volume challenges the view that unemployment is exclusively determined by structural characteristics of the labour market and the social benefit system. Macroeconomic policies and investment in capital stock are included in the analysis and are shown to have a major role to play. Wage setting in the labour market has no direct impact on employment but nominal wages set in this market affect the price level. Following mainstream recommendations with respect to labour market reforms in an environment of low growth and serious effective demand problems, may contribute to deflationary risks. Unemployment and 'structural reforms' also cause falling labour income shares and more unequal personal income distribution. These developments contribute to slow growth and rising unemployment. This is shown in applying growth models, which rely on the principle of effective demand and which also incorporate the effects of distribution struggle.

Economic growth in Asia over the past half century has led to significant changes in societies, business organization and the nature of work. This has been accompanied by the rise in some countries of trade unions and also of employers' associations. This book explores the nature of employers' associations in the major countries of Asia. It considers how employers' associations have developed in recent decades, how changes in market structures and the profile of economies have affected employers' associations, how employers' associations deal with issues to do with pay and employment conditions, and how they interact with regulation and the state. The book shows how the differing political and institutional contexts of different countries, and different economic conditions, greatly affect the nature of employers' associations and also the wider context of labour markets and trade unions.

After more than twenty years of orthodox economic policy in Europe the scourge of unemployment remains. This impressive book goes beyond the neoclassical theory of employment and develops sound policy guidelines to tackle the global problem of unemployment.Employment, Technology and Economic Needs provides the latest thinking on issues of employment, unemployment and economic policy. The book is explicitly interdisciplinary in scope and international in coverage, including European and US country case studies. Its authors include economists, management scientists, sociologists and economic geographers. Together they provide the most comprehensive analysis to date of the problems of unemployment and poor economic performance from a broadly institutional and evolutionary perspective. The book reports the latest academic research, whilst clearly documenting the implications for public policy. The authors discuss the effectiveness of policy prescriptions such as negative income taxes, the International Labour Organization agenda, a fiscal system based on eco-taxation, a reduction of working time, and developing a 'corporatist' system as a means to develop employment opportunities. Written in an accessible style, this book will be vital reading for all those interested in the fields of employment, technology, and macroeconomic and industrial policy. It will also be of interest to anyone concerned with economic policy issues and human welfare.

Expansion of non-standard employment under globalization is widely observed in all of the newly industrializing countries. This book explores the deregulation of labor markets, social protection for nonstandard workers, and social security reforms in accordance with the transformation of employment.

Zagler investigates the interaction between changes in the level of unemployment and changes in the economic rate of growth. It asks, both in theory and in evidence, whether a change in the growth rate of the economy will affect the level of unemployment which the economy experiences and whether a decline in the level of unemployment will foster or deteriorate the growth performance of the economy. MARKET 1: Postgraduate students and scholars in the field or European economics

A representation gap has appeared in the British workplace as trade unions have declined. This book presents original research material from the ESRC's Future of Work program to assess current attempts to close the representation gap. Part One examines initiatives to restore the fortunes of the trade union movement through organizing, partnership and the representation of minorities in the workforce. Part Two looks at non-union representation and the role that works councils, voluntary organizations and single-issue campaigns can play in giving British workers a new voice at work.

Originally published between 1951 and 1987, the 8 volumes in this set: Provide a wide-ranging and critical review of both first and second generation theories of inflation (and the related problem of unemployment), including the classical approach to macroeconomics. Examine how inflation as a policy has come about in modern democracies, how it works, how to avoid it and at what cost Reassess the strengths and weaknesses of incomes policies Examine pay control policies in major Western economies and survey developments from 1945, explore the aims of pay policies and discusse the problems of implementation, comparing the different kinds of policies.

This fascinating book illustrates the importance of analyzing sexuality by examining ways in which stepping outside heterosexuality necessitates and facilitates long-term economic independence. Based on a life-history study, the book charts key stages in the lives of non-heterosexual women, including their experiences of gendering in childhood and their responses to 'the culture of romantic heterosexuality'. In particular it documents the impact of 'coming' out on their lives and the way sexuality has affected their approach both to intimate relationships and paid work.

The relationship between the number of hours worked and productivity has long fascinated economists and management. It is a central component of the production function that translates inputs to outputs. While increasing the number of hours someone works may increase output, this incisive book demonstrates that there are diminishing returns to long working hours. John Pencavel, of Stanford University, provides an overview of how the length of working hours evolved from the 19th century to today and how the number of working hours affects work performance and other outcomes, including health, well-being, and wages. Diminishing Returns at Work provides a brief history of working hours both in the United States and Britain, including the influence of trade unions pushing for shorter hours of work, the tension with employers who resisted reducing hours, and the influence of legislation and custom. Pencavel discusses various conceptual frameworks for specifying production functions that measure the relationship between inputs and outputs and develops an alternative approach to estimate actual relationships through a reevaluation of classic studies, including the productivity of munitions workers in Britain during the First and Second World Wars, a variety of industries in the United States in the Second World War, and plywood mills in Washington during the 1980s. The book also explores the influence of working hours on the incidence of sickness and injuries and the associations between hours of work and wages. The declining effectiveness of long hours is manifested not only in marketable output but also in a rising probability of ill-health and accidents, and evidence of this has been found both for blue-collar workers and for white-collar workers. In short, shorter hours of work might benefit both firms and workers.

Globalization and unemployment are two phenomena which are amongst the most widely discussed subjects in the economic debate today. Often, globalization is regarded as being responsible for the increase in unemployment, particularly in unskilled labor. This book deals with the correlation between globalization and unemployment under various aspects: historical aspects of globalization, empirical trends and theoretical explanations of unemployment, effects of globalization in general and of European Monetary Union in particular on umemployment, labor market policy in a global economy, the impact of fiscal policy on unemployment in a global economy, as well as the effects of globalization on inflation and national stabilization policy.

Unemployment has been somewhat neglected within the world of economics in recent years. Primarily, this is because the subject has become of less of an issue for many countries. However, even within the EU, several regions still suffer from worrying levels of people out of work. Europe has experienced significant fluctuations in unemployment levels since the Second World War, and there have been many attempts at analysing the problem and confronting the related issues.
This book explores the subject of unemployment in detail, analysing past successes and failures in the area, and offering lessons and proposals for the future. Focusing on the EU, but with coverage of several regions worldwide, this book brings together a wide range of experts to examine the experiences and approaches of a variety of countries to this issue of employment, and provides an overview of unemployment and its economic implications which will be invaluable to all scholars and policymakers interested in this key area.

Economic theory and empirical research confirm that the rising international integration caused an increase in aggregate income at least for the industrialized countries, although trade liberalization is no Pareto improvement. In the empirical literature, there is a consensus that the international integration implies a destruction of low-skilled job vacancies and an increase in income, while the conclusions are mixed concerning the implication for the overall unemployment rate. This book seeks to find theoretical explanations to these empirical regularities. The book poses three questions: What are the implications of trade liberalization for the labor market in the presence of trade unions if we account for both firm and worker heterogeneity? What are the implications of a redistribution policy if the government chooses unemployment benefits to partially compensate the losers of trade liberalization?, and what is the optimal redistribution scheme for trade gains if the government explicitly takes into account the consequences for the income distribution? This book presents a rigorous theoretical analysis to answer the questions posed. Beside the well-known firm-selection effect on goods markets caused by trade liberalization, a selection process on the labor market -the worker-selection effect - is presented. The book also argues that if welfare is measured in the traditional manner, i.e. income per capita, compensating the loser of trade liberalization by paying unemployment benefits decreases welfare, but the intensity of the reduction differs with respect to the chosen funding of the unemployment benefits. Another significant contribution of this book is that if the objective function of the government, i.e. the modified welfare function, includes both aggregate income and income inequality, the redistribution of trade gains can lead to an increase in welfare.

In an era of continued globalisation and economic-restructuring youth employment constitutes what many commentators regard as one of the key policy issues of our time. This important new book gives the first comprehensive overview of key concepts, theories and knowledge relating to youth employment in the Tourism sector. Specifically 'Youth Employment in Tourism and Hospitality' discusses rates of youth employment in tourism and hospitality, working conditions for youth and the role of youth employment in tourism in developing countries. It explores barriers to youth employment, from both supply and demand-side perspectives. It reviews the relationship between education, training and youth employment before looking at the education to work transition through the lenses of career decision-making and career development theories. It also discusses the role of tourism internships in early work socialisation, as well as graduate entrepreneurship in tourism. It is essential reading for those delivering and developing tourism programmes, and for students of tourism and hospitality. It also appeals to policy-makers and managers in the wide range of sectors that constitute tourism and hospitality and beyond as well as those in related fields such as education, human resources management and career guidance.

For many years, government policy has associated young people 'being NEET' (Not in Education, Employment or Training) with educational underachievement, worklessness, generational poverty, poor health, antisocial behaviour, and reduced life expectancies. Researchers and policymakers continue to debate whether young people become NEET as a result of their own choices (i.e. their personal agency), or as a result of external factors (i.e. social, political and economic structures). Most recognise that the truth is somewhere between the two, but a clear understanding of how each interacts in causing young people to become NEET has so far been elusive, making the development of effective policy and practice problematic. Agency, Structure and the NEET Policy Problem makes headway against this problem through an original approach that draws on social cognitive theory and the lived experiences of young people themselves. Investigating the lives of NEET young people between the ages of 17-21 in London, this book elucidates the interactions between agency and structure that lead to them becoming NEET, and in doing so, offers a new perspective on the phenomenon. It offers a valuable critique of existing policy, providing both breadth and detail on the factors affecting the trajectories of young people in their transitions to continued education, training, or employment. It offers a way forward for all who are interested in developing, supporting and implementing a revitalised approach to NEET policy and practice, and a framework around which a coherent multidisciplinary approach to addressing NEET could be developed.

The concepts and theories surrounding the economics of unemployment have multiplied and evolved over the course of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first. This book is an essential companion for all interested in understanding more about past debates and current issues in the economics of unemployment.