This book presents the results of scientific research performed over the past two decades by the authors. The book discusses some issues of separated laminar flows that are of great practical interest for the development of new technologies using microchannel flows, where separation zones can form. Of particular interest is the complex mechanism of flow separation with superimposed high external turbulence. The challenges of finding the optimal location for the cavities and fins on heat exchange surfaces are also considered. This is an important fundamental and practical problem when creating new schemes of efficient heat exchangers in various power plants. A wide class of problems of turbulent flow in tubes with flow separation is considered. These data will be useful in engineering estimates of the thermal-hydraulic efficiency of various heat transfer intensifiers. This book focuses on the analysis of thermal characteristics of separated flows, as well as the possibility of controlling the intensity of heat exchange processes, from the point of view of both their intensification and their suppression.

This book offers a practical introduction to helium refrigeration engineering, taking a logical and structured approach to the design, building, commissioning, operation and maintenance of refrigeration systems. It begins with a short refresher of cryogenic principles, and a review of the theory of heat exchangers, allowing the reader to understand the importance of the heat exchanger role in the various thermodynamic cycle structures. The cycles are considered from the simplest (Joule Thomson) to the most complicated ones for the very large refrigeration plants and, finally, those operating at temperatures lower than 4.5 K. The focus then turns to the operation, ability and limitations of the main components, including room temperature cycle screw compressors, heat exchangers, cryogenic expansion turbines, cryogenic centrifugal compressors and circulators. The book also describes the basic principles of process control and studies the operating situations of helium plants, with emphasis on high level efficiency. A major issue is helium purity, and the book explains why helium is polluted, how to purify it and then how to check its purity, to ensure that all components are filled with pure helium prior to starting. Although the intention of the book is not to design thermodynamic cycles, it is of interest to a designer or operator of a cryogenic system to perform some simplified calculations to get an idea of how components or systems are behaving. Throughout the book, such calculations are generally performed using Microsoft (R) Excel and the Gaspak (R) or Hepak (R) software.

This book gathers selected papers from the 16th UK Heat Transfer Conference (UKHTC2019), which is organised every two years under the aegis of the UK National Heat Transfer Committee. It is the premier forum in the UK for the local and international heat transfer community to meet, disseminate ongoing work, and discuss the latest advances in the heat transfer field. Given the range of topics discussed, these proceedings offer a valuable asset for engineering researchers and postgraduate students alike.

This book is about theories and applications of thermosyphons and heat pipes. It discusses the physical phenomena that drive the working principles of thermosyphons, heat pipes and related technologies. Many applications are discussed in this book, including: rationalizing energy use in industry, solar heating of houses, decrease of water consumption in cooling towers, improvement of the thermal performance of industrial and domestic ovens and driers and new devices for heating stored oil and gas in petrochemical plants. Besides, the book also presents heat pipe and thermosyphon technologies for the thermal management of electronic devices, from portable equipment to airplanes and satellites. The first part of the book explores the physical working principles of thermosyphons and heat pipes, by explaining current heat transfer and thermal resistance models. The author discusses the new heat pipe and thermosyphon technologies that have been developed in the last decade for solving a myriad of electronic, environment and industrial heat and thermal problems. The focus then shifts to the thermosyphon technology applications, and the models and simulations necessary for each application - including vehicles, domestic appliances, water conservation technologies and the thermal control of houses and other structures. Finally, the book looks at the new technologies for heat pipes (mini/micro) and similar devices (loop heat pipes), including new models for prediction of the thermal performance of porous media. This book inspires engineers to adopt innovative approaches to heat transfer problems in equipment and components by applying thermosyphon and heat pipe technologies. It is also of interest to researchers and academics working in the heat transfer field, and to students who wish to learn more about heat transfer devices.

This thesis addresses a novel application of network modelling methodologies to power transformers. It develops a novel thermal model and compares its performance against that of a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, as well as in experiments conducted in a dedicated setup built exclusively for this purpose. Hence, the thesis cross-links three of the most important aspects in high-quality research: model development, simulation and experimental validation. Network modelling is used to develop a tool to simulate the thermal performance of power transformers, widely acknowledged to be critical assets in electrical networks. After the strong de-regulation of electricity markets and de-carbonization of worldwide economies, electrical networks have been changing fast. Both asset owners and equipment manufacturers are being driven to develop increasingly accurate modelling capabilities in order to optimize either their operation or their design. Temperature is a critical parameter in every electric machine and power transformers are no exception. As such, the thesis is relevant for a wide range of stakeholders, from utilities to power transformer manufacturers, as well as researchers interested in the energy industry. It is written in straightforward language and employs a highly pedagogic approach, making it also suitable for non-experts.

This book introduces readers to experimental techniques of general utility that can be used to practically and reliably determine nucleation rates. It also covers the basics of gas hydrates, phase equilibria, nucleation theory, crystal growth, and interfacial gaseous states. Given its scope, the book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in the field of hydrate nucleation. The formation of gas hydrates is a first-order phase transition that begins with nucleation. Understanding nucleation is of interest to many working in the chemical and petroleum industry, since nucleation, while beneficial in many chemical processes, is also a concern in terms of flow assurance for oil and natural gas pipelines. A primary difficulty in the investigation of gas hydrate nucleation has been researchers' inability to determine and compare the nucleation rates of gas hydrates across systems with different scales and levels of complexity, which in turn has limited their ability to study the nucleation process itself. This book introduces readers to experimental techniques that can be used to practically and reliably determine the nucleation rates of gas hydrate systems. It also covers the basics of gas hydrates, phase equilibria, nucleation theory, crystal growth, and interfacial gaseous states. Given its scope, the book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in the field of hydrate nucleation.

The book deals with the most accurate method to describe thermodynamic property data, with empirical multiparameter equations of state. Due to new theoretical approaches, to increasing demands on the accuracy of thermodynamic property data, and to increasing computer power such equations became a valuable tool for every day calculations in scientific and engineering applications, rather than just the basis of printed property charts and tables. The book is dedicated both to users, who apply such formulations either in form of commercially available software or in form of programs written by themselves, and to scientists engaged in the development of empirical equations of state. Starting from a brief history, it covers the fundamentals of this subject as well as the most recent developments in the fields of highly accurate reference equations, of equations for advanced technical applications, and of the description of mixtures with multiparameter equations of state.

This book presents and facilitates new research and development results with hot topics in the thermoelectric generators (TEGs) field. Topics include: novel thin film; multilayer, composite and nanostructured thermoelectric materials; simulation of phenomena related to thermoelectricity; thermoelectric thin film and multilayer materials manufacturing technologies; measurement techniques for characterization; thermoelectric generators; and the simulation, modeling, design, thermal, and mechanical degradation problems. This book helps researchers tackle the challenges that still remain in creating cheap and effective TEGs and presents the latest trends and technologies in development and production of advanced thermoelectric generation devices.

This highly informative and carefully presented book offers a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of incompressible fluid flow. The textbook focuses on foundational topics to more complex subjects such as the derivation of Navier-Stokes equations, perturbation solutions, inviscid outer and inner solutions, turbulent flows, etc. The author has included end-of-chapter problems and worked examples to augment learning and self-testing. This book will be a useful reference for students in the area of mechanical and aerospace engineering.

This book comprises the select proceedings of the International Conference on Future Learning Aspects of Mechanical Engineering (FLAME 2020). This volume focuses on current research in fluid and thermal engineering and covers topics such as heat transfer enhancement and heat transfer equipment, heat transfer in nuclear applications, microscale and nanoscale transport, multiphase transport and phase change, multi-mode heat transfer, numerical methods in fluid mechanics and heat transfer, refrigeration and air conditioning, thermodynamics, space heat transfer, transport phenomena in porous media, turbulent transport, theoretical and experimental fluid dynamics, flow measurement techniques and instrumentation, computational fluid dynamics, fluid machinery, turbo machinery and fluid power. Given the scope of its contents, this book will be interesting for students, researchers as well as industry professionals.

This book introduces readers to gas flows and heat transfer in pebble bed reactor cores. It addresses fundamental issues regarding experimental and modeling methods for complex multiphase systems, as well as relevant applications and recent research advances. The numerical methods and experimental measurements/techniques used to solve pebble flows, as well as the content on radiation modeling for high-temperature pebble beds, will be of particular interest. This book is intended for a broad readership, including researchers and practitioners, and is sure to become a key reference resource for students and professionals alike.

This book discusses analytic and asymptotic methods relevant to radiative transfer in dilute media, such as stellar and planetary atmospheres. Several methods, providing exact expressions for the radiation field in a semi-infinite atmosphere, are described in detail and applied to unpolarized and polarized continuous spectra and spectral lines. Among these methods, the Wiener-Hopf method, introduced in 1931 for a stellar atmospheric problem, is used today in fields such as solid mechanics, diffraction theory, or mathematical finance. Asymptotic analyses are carried out on unpolarized and polarized radiative transfer equations and on a discrete time random walk. Applicable when photons undergo a large number of scatterings, they provide criteria to distinguish between large-scale diffusive and non-diffusive behaviors, typical scales of variation of the radiation field, such as the thermalization length, and specific descriptions for regions close and far from boundaries. Its well organized synthetic view of exact and asymptotic methods of radiative transfer makes this book a valuable resource for both graduate students and professional scientists in astrophysics and beyond.

This book focuses on the thermal management technology of lithium-ion batteries for vehicles. It introduces the charging and discharging temperature characteristics of lithium-ion batteries for vehicles, the method for modeling heat generation of lithium-ion batteries, experimental research and simulation on air-cooled and liquid-cooled heat dissipation of lithium-ion batteries, lithium-ion battery heating method based on PTC and wide-line metal film, self-heating using sinusoidal alternating current. This book is mainly for practitioners in the new energy vehicle industry, and it is suitable for reading and reference by researchers and engineering technicians in related fields such as new energy vehicles, thermal management and batteries. It can also be used as a reference book for undergraduates and graduate students in energy and power, electric vehicles, batteries and other related majors.

This new edition describes pressure and temperature sensitive paints (PSP and TSP) in global surface pressure and temperature measurements in aerodynamics and fluid mechanics. The book includes the latest progress in paint formulations, instrumentation, and steady and unsteady aerodynamic measurements in various facilities including low-speed, transonic, supersonic and hypersonic wind tunnels. The updated technical aspects of PSP and TSP in the book will be useful for students and researchers in experimental aerodynamics and fluid mechanics.

This book provides general guidelines for solving thermal problems in the fields of engineering and natural sciences. Written for a wide audience, from beginner to senior engineers and physicists, it provides a comprehensive framework covering theory and practice and including numerous fundamental and real-world examples. Based on the thermodynamics of various material laws, it focuses on the mathematical structure of the continuum models and their experimental validation. In addition to several examples in renewable energy, it also presents thermal processes in space, and summarizes size-dependent, non-Fourier, and non-Fickian problems, which have increasing practical relevance in, e.g., the semiconductor industry. Lastly, the book discusses the key aspects of numerical methods, particularly highlighting the role of boundary conditions in the modeling process. The book provides readers with a comprehensive toolbox, addressing a wide variety of topics in thermal modeling, from constructing material laws to designing advanced power plants and engineering systems.

This book discusses chemical engineering and processing, presenting selected contributions from PAIC 2019. It covers interdisciplinary technologies and sciences, like drug-delivery systems, nanoscale technology, environmental control, modelling and computational methods. The book also explores interdisciplinary aspects of chemical and biochemical engineering interconnected with process system engineering, process safety and computer science.

This book comprises select peer-reviewed papers from the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electromechanical Technologies & Management (TEMT) 2019. The focus is on current research in interdisciplinary areas of mechanical, electrical, electronics and information technologies, and their management from design to market. The book covers a wide range of topics such as computer integrated manufacturing, additive manufacturing, materials science and engineering, simulation and modelling, finite element analysis, operations and supply chain management, decision sciences, business analytics, project management, and sustainable freight transportation. The book will be of interest to researchers and practitioners of various disciplines, in particular mechanical and industrial engineering.

The text describes the main features of currently available heat pumps, focusing on system operation and interactions with external heat sources. In fact, before choosing a heat pump, several aspects must be assessed in detail: the actual climate of the installation site, the building's energy requirements, the heating system, the type of operation etc. After discussing the general working principles, the book describes the main components of compression machines - for EHPs, GHPs and CO2 heat pumps. It then addresses absorption heat pumps and provides additional details on the behavior of two-fluid mixtures. The book presents a performance comparison for the different types, helping designers choose the right one for their needs, and discusses the main refrigerants. Notes on helpful additional literature, websites and videos, also concerning relevant European regulations, round out the coverage. This book will be of interest to all engineers and technicians whose work involves heat pumps. It will also benefit students in energy engineering degree programs who want to deepen their understanding of heat pumps.

This book offers an easy-to-understand introduction to the computational mass transfer (CMT) method. On the basis of the contents of the first edition, this new edition is characterized by the following additional materials. It describes the successful application of this method to the simulation of the mass transfer process in a fluidized bed, as well as recent investigations and computing methods for predictions for the multi-component mass transfer process. It also demonstrates the general issues concerning computational methods for simulating the mass transfer of the rising bubble process. This new edition has been reorganized by moving the preparatory materials for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Computational Heat Transfer into appendices, additions of new chapters, and including three new appendices on, respectively, generalized representation of the two-equation model for the CMT, derivation of the equilibrium distribution function in the lattice-Boltzmann method, and derivation of the Navier-Stokes equation using the lattice-Boltzmann model. This book is a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students in the fields of computational methodologies for the numerical simulation of fluid dynamics, mass and/or heat transfer involved in separation processes (distillation, absorption, extraction, adsorption etc.), chemical/biochemical reactions, and other related processes.

This book introduces the fundamental concepts of thermal cloaking based on transformation theory and bilayer theory, under the conduction and convection heat transfer modes. It focuses on thermal cloaking with detailed explanations of the underlying theoretical bases leading to the primary thermal cloaking results in open literature, from an engineering perspective, and with practical application in mind. Also, the authors strive to present the materials with an emphasis on the related physical phenomena and interpretation, to the extent possible. Through this book, engineering students can grasp the fundamental ideas of thermal cloaking and the associated mathematics, thus being better able to initiate their own research and explore new ideas in thermal cloaking. While not intended to be a general reference in the vast field of thermal cloaking research, this book is a unique monograph addressing the theoretical and analytical aspects of thermal cloaking within the scope mentioned above. This book also contains many independent analytical solutions to thermal cloaking problems that are not available in open literature. It is suitable for a three-credit graduate or advanced undergraduate course in engineering science.

This textbook introduces students to mass and energy balances and focuses on basic principles for calculation, design, and optimization as they are applied in industrial processes and equipment. While written primarily for undergraduate programs in chemical, energy, mechanical, and environmental engineering, the book can also be used as a reference by technical staff and design engineers interested who are in, and/or need to have basic knowledge of process engineering calculation. Concepts and techniques presented in this volume are highly relevant within many industrial sectors including manufacturing, oil/gas, green and sustainable energy, and power plant design. Drawing on 15 years of teaching experiences, and with a clear understanding of students' interests, the authors have adopted a very accessible writing style that includes many examples and additional citations to research resources from the literature, referenced at the ends of chapters.

This book gathers papers presented at the international workshop PMSDAM'19. The respective contributions offer valuable insights for researchers working on numerical solutions to advanced materials problems. The problems concerning the remineralization of teeth are considered. Of particular interest are articles exploring topics at the interface of different disciplines.

This book offers a comprehensive introduction to novel absorption heating technologies for improving the energy efficiency of heating systems. The proposed low-temperature heating systems, based on an air source absorption heat pump (ASAHP), significantly increase heating efficiency and reduce pollution emissions. As the performance of ASAHPs deteriorates at lower ambient/driving temperatures, a series of advanced cycles is used to extend their applicability, with the compression-assisted ASAHP being the most outstanding example. The book discusses the generator-absorber-heat-exchange ASAHP as a promising solution to make the best of high driving temperatures, an aspect that can be improved further via compression. Further, it addresses the ground source absorption heat pump (GSAHP), which eliminates the soil thermal imbalance of the conventional ground source electrical heat pump (GSEHP), and also reduces the number of boreholes . Various hybrid GSAHP systems are proposed to further enhance applicability, efficiency, and economy: these include a combined GSAHP and GSEHP system, as well as ASAHP and GSAHP systems that incorporate design optimizations. In closing, the book explores the merits of novel working fluids and highlights recent advances concerning waste heat and renewable energy utilization.

This book presents experimental and numerical findings on reducing shock-induced separation by applying transition upstream the shock wave. The purpose is to find out how close to the shock wave the transition should be located in order to obtain favorable turbulent boundary layer interaction. The book shares findings obtained using advanced flow measurement methods and concerning e.g. the transition location, boundary layer characteristics, and the detection of shock wave configurations. It includes a number of experimental case studies and CFD simulations that offer valuable insights into the flow structure. It covers RANS/URANS methods for the experimental test section design, as well as more advanced techniques, such as LES, hybrid methods and DNS for studying the transition and shock wave interaction in detail. The experimental and numerical investigations presented here were conducted by sixteen different partners in the context of the TFAST Project. The general focus is on determining if and how it is possible to improve flow performance in comparison to laminar interaction. The book mainly addresses academics and professionals whose work involves the aerodynamics of internal and external flows, as well as experimentalists working with compressible flows. It will also be of benefit for CFD developers and users, and for students of aviation and propulsion systems alike.

This book highlights the aspects that need to be considered when designing distillation columns in practice. It discusses the influencing parameters as well as the equations governing them, and presents several numerical examples. The book is intended both for experienced designers and for those who are new to the subject.