Das Problem: Die kleine Stichprobe

In der Forschungspraxis der Psychologie, der Medizin und der Sozialwissenschaften hat es der Anwender statistischer Verfahren uberwiegend mit kleinen Stichproben zu tun. Der in der Statistik-Vorlesung gelernte t-Test oder die Varianzanalyse kann hier nicht eingesetzt werden.

Die Losung: Der kleine Bortz

Die Kurzgefasste Statistik fur die klinische Forschung setzt hier an: Es werden statistische Verfahren beschrieben, die bei kleinen Stichproben zur Hypothesenprufung angewandt werden konnen. Diese verteilungsfreien Verfahren setzen nur geringe Grundkenntnisse der Statistik voraus. Anwendungsbezogene Erklarungen zur Zielsetzung und Durchfuhrung von Untersuchungen sowie ausfuhrliche Zahlenbeispiele machen die Anwendung der Verfahren einfach nachvollziehbar."

Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections provides information pertinent to the behaviour of bacterial cells during their interactions with different cell types of multiple host systems. This book will present the role of various bacterial pathogens affecting the host system. The book is to be organized flexibly so that chapters and topics are arranged with continuity from the former chapters. Each chapter has been made as self-contained as possible to promote this flexibility. This book will discuss each of the virulence properties of the bacteria with reference to their interacting hosts in a larger perspective. Kwey selling features: Summarizes the role various bacterial pahtogens affect the host system Reviews recent advances for combating different types of bacterial infections that infect different body parts Designed as an effective teaching and research tool providing up to date information on bacterial infections Defines important terms Written in a readable and direct writing style

"Methods and Applications of Statistics in Clinical Trials, Volume 2: Planning, Analysis, and Inferential Methods" includes updates of established literature from the Wiley Encyclopedia of Clinical Trials as well as original material based on the latest developments in clinical trials. Prepared by a leading expert, the second volume includes numerous contributions from current prominent experts in the field of medical research. In addition, the volume features:

- Multiple new articles exploring emerging topics, such as evaluation methods with threshold, empirical likelihood methods, nonparametric ROC analysis, over- and under-dispersed models, and multi-armed bandit problems

- Up-to-date research on the Cox proportional hazard model, frailty models, trial reports, intrarater reliability, conditional power, and the kappa index

- Key qualitative issues including cost-effectiveness analysis, publication bias, and regulatory issues, which are crucial to the planning and data management of clinical trials

The health of Southern Africa is a source of reference on public and community health for those concerned with the health and well-being of the populations of southern Africa. It is a title for those dealing with the demographics of the region, and the developmental issues that impact on health. This edition opens by giving an overview of the current issues in health in southern Africa, addressing the health status in the SADC Region. It addresses issues of demography, disease profile, social, economic and political issues and the threats that impact on health. The authors have updated information on the current legislation and the current health system in the region. Importantly, an overview of health promotion efforts and needs, which includes health education, are given, and the role and functions of the various United Nations agencies in the AFRO region -- the WHO mainly, but also UNICEF, UNAIDS etc. As an introductory title to public and community health, the title includes essential information about epidemiology. It also addresses data collection and the generation of health information and the importance thereof in health. Given the impact of the HIV/Aids pandemic on the region, the title deals in depth with the disease. Also included is information about the chronic diseases prevalent in the region and common genetic issues and health. Communicable diseases prevalent in the region are addressed, especially AIDS, TB and Malaria. Mother and child health in southern Africa, adolescent, reproductive health (including men's health) and the health issues of the elderly are all addressed in Section 2, which deals with creating an enabling environment for health.

Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections provides information pertinent to the behaviour of bacterial cells during their interactions with different cell types of multiple host systems. This book will present the role of various bacterial pathogens affecting the host system. The book is to be organized flexibly so that chapters and topics are arranged with continuity from the former chapters. Each chapter has been made as self-contained as possible to promote this flexibility. This book will discuss each of the virulence properties of the bacteria with reference to their interacting hosts in a larger perspective. Kwey selling features: Summarizes the role various bacterial pahtogens affect the host system Reviews recent advances for combating different types of bacterial infections that infect different body parts Designed as an effective teaching and research tool providing up to date information on bacterial infections Defines important terms Written in a readable and direct writing style

Highly praised for its broad, practical coverage, the second edition of this popular text incorporated the major statistical models and issues relevant to epidemiological studies. Epidemiology: Study Design and Data Analysis, Third Edition continues to focus on the quantitative aspects of epidemiological research. Updated and expanded, this edition shows students how statistical principles and techniques can help solve epidemiological problems. New to the Third Edition New chapter on risk scores and clinical decision rules New chapter on computer-intensive methods, including the bootstrap, permutation tests, and missing value imputation New sections on binomial regression models, competing risk, information criteria, propensity scoring, and splines Many more exercises and examples using both Stata and SAS More than 60 new figures After introducing study design and reviewing all the standard methods, this self-contained book takes students through analytical methods for both general and specific epidemiological study designs, including cohort, case-control, and intervention studies. In addition to classical methods, it now covers modern methods that exploit the enormous power of contemporary computers. The book also addresses the problem of determining the appropriate size for a study, discusses statistical modeling in epidemiology, covers methods for comparing and summarizing the evidence from several studies, and explains how to use statistical models in risk forecasting and assessing new biomarkers. The author illustrates the techniques with numerous real-world examples and interprets results in a practical way. He also includes an extensive list of references for further reading along with exercises to reinforce understanding. Web Resource A wealth of supporting material can be downloaded from the book's CRC Press web page, including: Real-life data sets used in the text SAS and Stata programs used for examples in the text SAS and Stata programs for special techniques covered Sample size spreadsheet

Introductory Statistics for the Health Sciences takes students on a journey to a wilderness where science explores the unknown, providing students with a strong, practical foundation in statistics. Using a color format throughout, the book contains engaging figures that illustrate real data sets from published research. Examples come from many areas of the health sciences, including medicine, nursing, pharmacy, dentistry, and physical therapy, but are understandable to students in any field. The book can be used in a first-semester course in a health sciences program or in a service course for undergraduate students who plan to enter a health sciences program. The book begins by explaining the research context for statistics in the health sciences, which provides students with a framework for understanding why they need statistics as well as a foundation for the remainder of the text. It emphasizes kinds of variables and their relationships throughout, giving a substantive context for descriptive statistics, graphs, probability, inferential statistics, and interval estimation. The final chapter organizes the statistical procedures in a decision tree and leads students through a process of assessing research scenarios. Web ResourceThe authors have partnered with William Howard Beasley, who created the illustrations in the book, to offer all of the data sets, graphs, and graphing code in an online data repository via GitHub. A dedicated website gives information about the data sets and the authors' electronic flashcards for iOS and Android devices. These flashcards help students learn new terms and concepts.

This casebook is designed for use in courses on epidemiology or occupational epidemiology. The chapters are based on actual studies and are written by the principal investigators. They are divided into four parts: cohort studies, case-control and proportionate mortality studies, cross-sectional studies, and surveillance and screening studies. A brief introduction to each part describes the study design, and a statistical appendix is included so that students can easily find the tools needed to answer analytical questions in the text. Questions in each chapter deal with study design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Complete answers are provided at the end of each chapter. Data sets accompany many of the chapters, and most of the analytical questions can be answered with a pocket calculator.

The studies presented in this lucid, well-organized text involve a broad range of disease outcomes, including spontaneous abortion, carpal tunnel syndrome, kidney dysfunction, cytogenetic changes, ischemic heart disease, dermatitis, chronic renal disease, and several types of cancer. The exposures of interest are equally diverse, including VDT use, repetitive hand-wrist motion, heavy metals, carbon monoxide, diesel exhaust, lead, vinyl chloride, pesticides, solvents, silica, and acid mists. These outcomes and exposures cover many of the current topics of interest in occupational health.

A hands-on guide to using statistics in health research, from planning, through analysis, and on to reporting A Practical Approach to Using Statistics in Health Research offers an easy to use, step-by-step guide for using statistics in health research. The authors use their experience of statistics and health research to explain how statistics fit in to all stages of the research process. They explain how to determine necessary sample sizes, interpret whether there are statistically significant difference in outcomes between groups, and use measured effect sizes to decide whether any changes are large enough to be relevant to professional practice. The text walks you through how to identify the main outcome measure for your study and the factor which you think may influence that outcome and then determine what type of data will be used to record both of these. It then describes how this information is used to select the most appropriate methods to report and analyze your data. A step-by-step guide on how to use a range of common statistical procedures are then presented in separate chapters. To help you make sure that you are using statistics robustly, the authors also explore topics such as multiple testing and how to check whether measured data follows a normal distribution. Videos showing how to use computer packages to carry out all the various methods mentioned in the book are available on our companion web site. This book: - Covers statistical aspects of all the stages of health research from planning to final reporting - Explains how to report statistical planning, how analyses were performed, and the results and conclusion - Puts the spotlight on consideration of clinical significance and not just statistical significance - Explains the importance of reporting 95% confidence intervals for effect size - Includes a systematic guide for selection of statistical tests and uses example data sets and videos to help you understand exactly how to use statistics Written as an introductory guide to statistics for healthcare professionals, students and lecturers in the fields of pharmacy, nursing, medicine, dentistry, physiotherapy, and occupational therapy, A Practical Approach to Using Statistics in Health Research: From Planning to Reporting is a handy reference that focuses on the application of statistical methods within the health research context.

Physical activity clearly is associated with decreased risk of many chronic diseases, as well as with longer life. Utilizing modern epidemiologic methods, studies of physical activity and health have been conducted since the 1940s. However physical inactivity did not gain widespread acknowledgement as a major risk factor for poor health until 1992, when the American Heart Association recognized it as a risk factor for heart disease, on par with risk factors such as smoking. This text includes chapters describing the associations between physical activity and major diseases. With a major emphasis on the methods underpinning studies that can be conducted to elucidate these associations, this book is an important guide for those performing the informative epidemiologic studies needed to reduce the increasing number of people diagnosed with chronic disease due to inactivity.

Medical Product Safety Evaluation: Biological Models and Statistical Methods presents cutting-edge biological models and statistical methods that are tailored to specific objectives and data types for safety analysis and benefit-risk assessment. Some frequently encountered issues and challenges in the design and analysis of safety studies are discussed with illustrative applications and examples. Medical Product Safety Evaluation: Biological Models and Statistical Methods presents cutting-edge biological models and statistical methods that are tailored to specific objectives and data types for safety analysis and benefit-risk assessment. Some frequently encountered issues and challenges in the design and analysis of safety studies are discussed with illustrative applications and examples. The book is designed not only for biopharmaceutical professionals, such as statisticians, safety specialists, pharmacovigilance experts, and pharmacoepidemiologists, who can use the book as self-learning materials or in short courses or training programs, but also for graduate students in statistics and biomedical data science for a one-semester course. Each chapter provides supplements and problems as more readings and exercises.

This volume focuses on the contributions that social scientists can make to understanding emerging epidemics, their impact, the threats they pose, and their social and political contexts. While many of the international articles focus on infectious disease, some discussion is given to treating psychiatric epidemics and the analysis of the political and cultural meanings that epidemics have. A sociological volume on emerging epidemics, covering psychiatric or psychological diseases as well as infectious disease is long overdue and topics included here are as wide ranging as: bipolar disorder; obesity; malaria; HIV/AIDS; SARS; West Nile Virus; pandemic influenzas; deviance; depression; ADHD; Alzheimer's; and autism. This valuable reference tool empirically examines emerging epidemics themselves and offers a theoretical analysis of the use of epidemics and epidemiology as frameworks for understanding these phenomena. It will appeal to a broad audience of readers of researchers and practitioners in this field, ranging from those involved in public health policy, human security and community health to medical sociologists and other scientists working in health and medicine.

This invaluable, jargon-free guide to essential medical terminology in an accessible A-Z format is ideal for medical, allied health and biomedical science students and researchers, clinicians and health care practitioners. Avoiding the complex language that is so often a feature of statistics and research methodology, this text provides clear and succinct explanations, clarifying meaning and showing the interdependencies between important concepts. This edition includes enhanced explanations of statistical concepts and methods-including more illustrative content-for greater accessibility. The book makes frequent use of examples from the medical literature, with reference to landmark studies, ensuring clinical relevance. It remains an ideal aid to accompany the reading and critical appraisal of medical and health care literature, now widely recognized to be a practical lifelong skill required by all health professionals throughout undergraduate and postgraduate studies and during clinical practice.

An updated treatment of categorical data analysis in the biomedical sciences that now explores applications to translational research

Thoroughly updated with the latest advances in the field, "Applied Categorical Data Analysis and Translational Research, Second Edition" maintains the accessible style of its predecessor while also exploring the importance of translational research as it relates to basic scientific findings within clinical practice. With its easy-to-follow style, updated coverage of major methodologies, and broadened scope of coverage, this new edition provides an accessible guide to statistical methods involving categorical data and the steps to their application in problem solving in the biomedical sciences.

Delving even further into the applied direction, this update offers many real-world examples from biomedicine, epidemiology, and public health along with detailed case studies taken straight from modern research in these fields. Additional features of the Second Edition include:

A new chapter on the relationship between translational research and categorical data, focusing on design study, bioassay, and Phase I and Phase II clinical trials

A new chapter on categorical data and diagnostic medicine, with coverage of the diagnostic process, prevalence surveys, the ROC function and ROC curve, and important statistical considerations

A revised chapter on logistic regression models featuring an updated treatment of simple and multiple regression analysis

An added section on quantal bioassays

Each chapter features updated and new exercise sets along with numerous graphs that demonstrate the highly visual nature of the topic. A related Web site features the book's examples as well as additional data sets that can be worked with using SAS(R) software.

The only book of its kind to provide balanced coverage of methods for both categorical data and translational research, "Applied Categorical Data Analysis and Translational Research, Second Edition" is an excellent book for courses on applied statistics and biostatistics at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. It is also a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners in the biomedical and public health fields.

In the year 2000 the World Health Organization estimated that 85 percent of fifteen-year-olds in Botswana would eventually die of AIDS. In Saturday Is for Funerals we learn why that won't happen.

Unity Dow and Max Essex tell the true story of lives ravaged by AIDS of orphans, bereaved parents, and widows; of families who devote most Saturdays to the burial of relatives and friends. We witness the actions of community leaders, medical professionals, research scientists, and educators of all types to see how an unprecedented epidemic of death and destruction is being stopped in its tracks.

This book describes how a country responded in a time of crisis. In the true-life stories of loss and quiet heroism, activism and scientific initiatives, we learn of new techniques that dramatically reduce rates of transmission from mother to child, new therapies that can save lives of many infected with AIDS, and intricate knowledge about the spread of HIV, as well as issues of confidentiality, distributive justice, and human rights. The experiences of Botswana offer practical lessons along with the critical element of hope.

Self-Controlled Case Series Studies: A Modelling Guide with R provides the first comprehensive account of the self-controlled case series (SCCS) method, a statistical technique for investigating associations between outcome events and time-varying exposures. The method only requires information from individuals who have experienced the event of interest, and automatically controls for multiplicative time-invariant confounders, even when these are unmeasured or unknown. It is increasingly being used in epidemiology, most frequently to study the safety of vaccines and pharmaceutical drugs. Key features of the book include: A thorough yet accessible description of the SCCS method, with mathematical details provided in separate starred sections. Comprehensive discussion of assumptions and how they may be verified. A detailed account of different SCCS models, extensions of the SCCS method, and the design of SCCS studies. Extensive practical illustrations and worked examples from epidemiology. Full computer code from the associated R package SCCS, which includes all the data sets used in the book. The book is aimed at a broad range of readers, including epidemiologists and medical statisticians who wish to use the SCCS method, and also researchers with an interest in statistical methodology. The three authors have been closely involved with the inception, development, popularisation and programming of the SCCS method.

The association of a suspect with the victim or crime scene through DNA evidence is one of the most powerful statements of complicity in a crime imaginable. No category of evidence has ever had the complete capacity to convict or exonerate an accused so absolutely in the eyes of the public. With the discriminatory powers of DNA and the variety of DNA markers now in regular use, the one thing keeping a third of all cases unsolved is the lack of human DNA evidence. However, the identification of polymorphic genetic loci in cats, dogs, plants, insects, bacteria, and viruses can provide the critical link between suspect and scene in the absence of human DNA. Non-Human DNA Typing: Theory and Casework Applications provides an introduction to the basic science underlying the emerging field of non-human DNA typing. It examines the use of non-human DNA evidence not just in homicide cases, but also in drug trafficking, poaching of endangered species, livestock fraud, and missing persons, as well as the identification of primary and secondary crime scenes. The book demonstrates the recognition, collection, and preservation of biological evidence at a crime scene, techniques of DNA fingerprinting, and DNA profiling. Using a wide variety of examples, applications, and case studies, the author describes the STR analysis of canine and feline samples, insects, and fungi, and their role as evidence in forensic science. Chapters consider the development of testing methods for animal evidence, soil DNA typing, and the use of DNA typing in wildlife investigations. A useful appendix includes an overview of the history of forensic serology and DNA. Combining science, case examples, legal decisions, andreferences, Non-Human DNA Typing: Theory and Casework Applications presents the forensic and legal applications of non-human DNA evidence for scientists, law enforcement, and attorneys.

This book presents a 360-degree picture of the world of insects and explores how their existence affects our lives: the "good, bad, and ugly" aspects of their interactions with humankind. It provides a lucid introductory text for beginning undergraduate students in the life sciences, particularly those pursuing beginner courses in entomology, agriculture, and botany.

Epidemiological criminology is an emerging paradigm which explores the public health outcomes associated with engagement in crime and criminal justice. This book engages with this new theory and practice-based discipline drawing on knowledge from criminology, criminal justice, public health, epidemiology, public policy, and law to illustrate how the merging of epidemiology into the field of criminology allows for the work of both disciplines to be more interdisciplinary, evidence-based, enriched and expansive. This book brings together an innovative group of exemplary researchers and practitioners to discuss applications and provide examples of epidemiological criminology. It is divided into three sections; the first explores the integration of epidemiology and criminology through theory and methods, the second section focuses on special populations in epidemiological criminology research and the role of race, ethnicity, age, gender and space as it plays out in health outcomes among offenders and victims of crime, and the final section explores the role policy and practice plays in worsening and improving the health outcomes among those engaged in the criminal justice system. Epidemiological Criminology is the first text to bring together, in one source, the existing interdisciplinary work of academics and professionals that merge the fields of criminology and criminal justice to public health and epidemiology. It will be of interest to academics and students in the fields of criminology, epidemiology, and public health, as well as clinical psychologists, law and government policy analysts and those working within the criminal justice system.

The explanation and implementation of statistical methods for the medical researcher or statistician remains an integral part of modern medical research. This book explains the use of experimental and analytical biostatistics systems. Its accessible style allows it to be used by the non-mathematician as a fundamental component of successful research.

Since the third edition, there have been many developments in statistical techniques. The fourth edition provides the medical statistician with an accessible guide to these techniques and to reflect the extent of their usage in medical research.

The new edition takes a much more comprehensive approach to its subject. There has been a radical reorganization of the text to improve the continuity and cohesion of the presentation and to extend the scope by covering many new ideas now being introduced into the analysis of medical research data. The authors have tried to maintain the modest level of mathematical exposition that characterized the earlier editions, essentially confining the mathematics to the statement of algebraic formulae rather than pursuing mathematical proofs.

Received the Highly Commended Certificate in the Public Health Category of the 2002 BMA Books Competition.

Neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders are of great importance to societies and they also raise special considerations in epidemiological research methodology. Not only do neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders form a major group of disorders associated with ageing populations, but those disorders that occur in earlier life can be associated with severe individual, family, and societal distress and burden. The inter-relationship of syndromes and disorders is a topic of major interest and growing biological insights across psychiatry and neurology. This includes not only overlaps in neurodegenerative syndromes but also those related to other systems such as metabolic, inflammatory, immune and vascular disorders. Part of the Oxford Textbooks in Clinical Neurology series, the Oxford Textbook of Neurologic and Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology is designed to focus on the overlaps and inter-relationships between neuro-epidemiological disorders, as well as on ways to harmonise large cohort studies to maximise opportunities for determining causes related to rarer disorders. Divided into three main parts, the book covers 1) the principles of neurologic and neuropsychiatric epidemiology; 2) specific neuropsychiatric disorders and their inter-relationships and 3) the implications of neuro-epidemiologic research for patient populations and current medical practice. This comprehensive work serves as an invaluable reference to current neuro-epidemiological methods for neurologists, psychiatrists, and senior trainees in those disciplines, as well as public health practitioners and students with an interest in neurology and neuropsychiatry.

It killed novelist George Orwell, Eleanor Roosevelt, and millions of others - rich and poor. Desmond Tutu, Amitabh Bachchan, and Nelson Mandela survived it, just. For centuries, tuberculosis has ravaged cities and plagued the human body. In Phantom Plague, Vidya Krishnan, traces the history of tuberculosis from the slums of 19th-century New York to modern Mumbai. In a narrative spanning century, Krishnan shows how superstition and folk-remedies, made way for scientific understanding of TB, such that it was controlled and cured in the West. The cure was never available to black and brown nations. And the tuberculosis bacillus showed a remarkable ability to adapt - so that at the very moment it could have been extinguished as a threat to humanity, it found a way back, aided by authoritarian government, toxic kindness of philanthropists, science denialism and medical apartheid. Krishnan's original reporting paints a granular portrait of the post-antibiotic era as a new, aggressive, drug resistant strain of TB takes over. Phantom Plague is an urgent, riveting and fascinating narrative that deftly exposes the weakest links in our battle against this ancient foe.

Cities and countries around the world, from New Zealand to Singapore to Iceland, are starting to take a well-being approach by reorienting policies, budgets and other actions to advance human and planetary well-being. Well-being metrics-holistic measurements of an individual's or population's capacity to thrive, including the condition of their community, society, and environment-provide a nuanced and predictive view that transcends purely economic measures; they illuminate conditions of inequity and despair that other tools ignore, and expand the notion of health beyond simply the absence of disease. Well-Being: Expanding the Definition of Progress summarizes the experiences and insights of practitioners, researchers and innovators from around the world, gathered together by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to explore how a well-being approach might further spread in the United States. Centered in the commitment to balance economic growth-the traditional dashboard of progress-with well-being, this book is a combination of scientific papers, case studies from the field, and excerpts from a lively, multidisciplinary discussion which intentionally connects issues of measurement to the imperative for action. Rich with insights on policy and practice, narratives and culture, equity and shifts in power, alignment with other movements, and cross-sector collaboration, it is intended to inspire governmental leaders, policymakers, economists, measurement scientists, reporters, and others who crave a more integrated and balanced pursuit of progress.

Textbook of Zoonoses Comprehensive resource covering the aetiology, epidemiology and transmission cycle, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and prevention and control strategies of the important zoonoses. Zoonoses are the diseases which can spread from animals to humans. This book covers all important zoonoses that are prevalent in today's world. As a modern learning resource, it incorporates recent scientific developments and concepts to give readers a complete overview of each zoonoses. Written by three well-qualified authors in academia, sample topics covered within the book include: Bacterial, viral, parasitic, rickettsial, fungal, prion, and foodborne zoonoses Aetiology and epidemiology of each zoonotic disease Clinical symptoms and diagnosis in animals and humans Treatment options, plus prevention and control strategies CDC classification of zoonotic agents and the WHO's list of 'neglected zoonoses' Written for undergraduate and postgraduate students studying veterinary public health and epidemiology, Textbook of Zoonoses is also a helpful resource for other veterinary and medical professionals interested in public health and epidemiology.