In the spring of 1900, British archaeologist Arthur Evans began to excavate the palace of Knossos on Crete, bringing ancient Greek legends to life just as a new century dawned amid far-reaching questions about human history, art, and culture. With "Knossos and the Prophets of Modernism," Cathy Gere relates the fascinating story of Evans's excavation and its long-term effects on Western culture. After the World War I left the Enlightenment dream in tatters, the lost paradise that Evans offered in the concrete labyrinth--pacifist and matriarchal, pagan and cosmic--seemed to offer a new way forward for writers, artists, and thinkers such as Sigmund Freud, James Joyce, Giorgio de Chirico, Robert Graves, and Hilda Doolittle.

Assembling a brilliant, talented, and eccentric cast at a moment of tremendous intellectual vitality and wrenching change, Cathy Gere paints an unforgettable portrait of the age of concrete and the birth of modernism.

This report presents an overview of Roman urban development in London south of the Thames. The establishment of the Roman bridge and the first approach roads and landing places, made Southwark an ideal location for the development of facilities for the trans-shipment of goods between land and river. The wide range of data from 41 previously unpublished north Southwark sites provides the means for 'mapping' Roman activity in Southwark: the nature of the early settlement, changing patterns of land use and broader processes of social and economic change. Early land reclamation preceded the establishment of a thriving trade centre involved in the redistribution or marketing of locally processed and imported goods, with evidence of a concentration of buildings burnt in Boudican fire of AD 61 along the main road to the bridgehead. Increased land reclamation and construction of more masonry buildings in the 2nd century AD indicate further growth. By the 3rd century large stone buildings at ten of the sites reported suggest an administrative area housing official residences. After the mid 4th century the settlement contracted to the area immediately around the bridgehead with a cemetery on previously occupied land to the south.

Following on from his earlier 2006 work on the suburban villas of Campania, Geoff Adams here turns his attention to the villas of the suburban environs of Rome itself. He uses both literary and archaeological evidence, but his principal method of enquiry is via a statistical survey of the architecture of the villas. Of particular interest are the ratio's of public to private space, and the percentages of space set aside for leisure and entertainment. Other types of villas (rural, urban, coastal) are also assessed, in order that the particular social functions of the suburban villa may be discerned.

Nine essays use landscape and placename studies, the survival of oral traditions and material culture to examine medieval folklore, ritual practises and the survival of pagan traditions into the Christian era. The book is the result of a conference held in COrk and there is thus a corresponding concentration on Irish evidence, although there are also essays on the medieval functions of prehistoric monuments in Spain, Estonia and Russia.

Despite being a pillar of belief in the Judeo-Christian tradition, the idea of revelation was deeply discredited over the course of the Enlightenment. The post-Enlightenment restoration of revelation among German religious thinkers is a fascinating yet underappreciated moment in modern efforts to navigate between reason and faith. The Rebirth of Revelation compares Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish reflections on revelation from 1750 to 1850 and asserts that a strategic transformation in the term's meaning secured its relevance for the modern age. Tuska Benes argues that "propositional" revelation, understood as the infallible dispensation of doctrine, gave way to revelation as a subjective process of inner transformation or the historical disclosure of divine being in the world. By comparatively approaching the unconventional ways in which Protestantism, Catholicism, and Judaism have rehabilitated the concept of revelation, The Rebirth of Revelation restores theology to a central place in modern European intellectual history.

This study makes use of computer technology and statistical techniques to show how multivariate analysis can be of use in the study of coin hoards. Rather than attempting to answer specific questions through the use of statistics, Kris Lockyear instead tries to identifying patterns as a whole within the datasets to draw conclusions about coin supply and circulation.

This report publishes and analyses archaeological work undertaken at the Romano-British settlement at Wilderspool in Warrington from 1991-93. Settlement at the site began in the 1st century AD, and it seems from the start to have been associated with the military. There is considerable evidence of industrial activity, principally iron working and pottery. Such evidence is most plentiful at times of known military activity in the area, and the authors suggest that the settlement's main function was as supplier to the army. There is evidence of increased agricultural activity from the 3rd century when industries went into decline. The evidence from Wilderspool is supplemented with that from Holditch in Staffordshire, a sizeable Romano-British settlement which peaked in size and importance in the early 2nd century, and then quickly fell in disuse after 150, the result, the authors suggest of a northward shift in military stationing.

The Romans ruled Britannia for more than 350 years, leaving an indelible mark on our landscape. Town and countryside were transformed by innovations in comfort and culture - albeit shot through with a uniquely British twist - glimpses of which can still be seen at numerous splendid sites and museums in England, Wales and Scotland. Roman Britain and Where to Find It provides the history of the best Roman villas, forts, walls and bathhouses, as well as the hidden gems which the uninitiated might pass by. It also explains how these remnants of the past fit into the bigger story, pointing out details which have their own tale to tell, connecting us with the people who lived here 2,000 years ago.

This work explores the contribution of the peoples of the Barbaricum to the shaping of early medieval technology in Europe, with a particular reference to iron-making. Within this general cultural framework, the case of Lombards is analyzed in more detail, tracing the way their iron-making technological heritage developed: first, during their settlement on the Lower Elbe (first centuries AD) characterized by a Western Germanic technical culture, then, in Central Europe (AD 3rd/4th-6th), where they came into contact with a Celtic and provincial Roman substratum, and finally in Italy (second half of AD 6th to 8th). At this stage, Lombard craftsmen, who possessed the full range of technical-artisanal skills of iron-production that were integral to western Germanic culture, would have come into contact with practitioners embodying the technical knowledge of the Mediterranean heritage. This encountering of material cultures seems to have resulted in reshaping of the entire economic structure of the peninsula, with local markets becoming of primary importance.

This volume, the proceedings of a 2005 conference looks at long-distance contacts and exchange and the collapse and creation of international systems during late antiquity. Broadly the papers posit that the decay of the Roman state lead to more not less long distance contact, with the spread of world relgions and new technologies both indicators of, and causes of this process. There is a theoretical paper from Ken Dark, then a series of more specialised studies which look at trade with China, Ethiopia and India and at the use of bracteates and pottery ampullae as evidence of long-distance exchange.

10 papers from a 2005 conference in Xanten look at issues relating to the interaction between women and the Roman army. Essays discuss the evidence for women and children around forts and whether in fact it were even permitted for women to enter a Roman fort, as well as the lives of women left at home while the husbands served in the military. Archaeological work and inscriptions are both used and geographically the collection covers both the Rhine frontier and Hadrian's wall. Papers in German and English.

This study brings a variety of approaches to bear on problems realting to fish eating, its prevalence and economic and cultural significance in classical Greece. Archaeological work is used to determine how widespread fishing was, and in which regions fishing was particularly intensive. Although the scale of fishing appears highly variable there appears to be little link between this and environmental factors. Accordingly, much of the book is given over to literary and anthropological research to determine the reasons for fish consumption, looking at the ancient classification of fish, their use in cultic practices, processes of distribution and marketing, and the relationship between fish consumption and social class.

One of the odder (and uglier or cuter dependent on your point of view) styles of Roman pottery is clearly the face pot - literally pots with facial features attatched in relief. This study creates a type series for such pots in the western provinces of the empire, and in doing so attempts to answer questions such as - What were their origins, Who or what did they represent and how were they used. The study also examines the distribution and dissemination across Europe and investigates their links with the army.

Despite the developing emphasis in current scholarship on children in Roman culture, there has been relatively little research to date on the role and significance of the youngest children within the family and in society. This volume singles out this youngest age group, the under one-year-olds, in the first comprehensive study of infancy and earliest childhood to encompass the Roman Empire as a whole: integrating social and cultural history with archaeological evidence, funerary remains, material culture, and the iconography of infancy, it explores how the very particular historical circumstances into which Roman children were born affected their lives as well as prevailing attitudes towards them. Examination of these varied strands of evidence, drawn from throughout the Roman world from the fourth century BC to the third century AD, allows the rhetoric about earliest childhood in Roman texts to be more broadly contextualized and reveals the socio-cultural developments that took place in parent-child relationships over this period. Presenting a fresh perspective on archaeological and historical debates, the volume refutes the notion that high infant mortality conditioned Roman parents not to engage in the early life of their children or to view them, or their deaths, with indifference, and concludes that even within the first weeks and months of life Roman children were invested with social and gendered identities and were perceived as having both personhood and value within society.

A large collection of 33 papers which cover a wide range of topics relating to the Late Roman military. Essays look at aspects of military reforms, of military strategy, from the broad picture to individual campaigns, at the administration and economic realties of the army, and at military architecture and particularly at the excavation of several military sites. Ultimately a picture is built up of change from Roman to Byzantine. Essays mostly in English with 5 in French and 2 in Italian.

This study, a revisiting of the author's PhD thesis, looks at Royal landholding in the Wessex shires of Hampshire and Dorset in the later Anglo-Saxon period. It analyses the techniques used for estate management across the different categories of landholding and examines the role of role agents. Of primary importance is evidence from Domesday Book backed up with other charters and wills. Ultimately conclusions are drawn about the nature of Royal power and the development of the Anglo-Saxon state.

'For weeks after his Christian baptism and confirmation into the Church of England Martin presented a vivid sight as he walked briskly along the Oxford streets. Dressed in white trousers and white open neck shirt (no jersey or jacket in even the coldest weather) and long white hair, it was a striking statement of a new life that would easily have been recognised by those early Christians who were clothed in white robes after their baptism in font or riverMartin is especially well placed, by virtue of his long-standing academic interests and his personal convictions, to build a picture of Christianity in Roman Britain. He has, after all, written about many of the crucial pieces of evidence. He can give us a clear and comprehensive survey of art in the age of Constantine. He can also identify and trace the difference that Christianity made to that art. Religion in the Roman world was highly diverse, but there were elements within it which lent themselves to a later, Christian interpretation, such as the myth of Bellerophon and the Chimera. There was also an implicit longing as expressed in Sol Invictus, which found its fulfillment in Christ the unconquered victor over sin and death, the sun which will never set. The classical heritage of myth and story was part of the education of a Roman gentlemen, the paidea, even when the empire became Christian, but a Christian could see in at least some of it a pointer and foreshadowing of Christ. Martin is able to see it in this way too. There are some in the modern world who like to stress the great gulf, the sharp difference between Christianity and other faiths. Martin shows that for the church in the fourth century the continuities and fulfillments were just as important. The 44-page bibliography of his writings is substantial evidence to the range and depth of Martin's work: a scholar's scholar indeed. So I feel specially honoured to have been invited to write this short preface to these essays honouring him.' (Richard Harries, former Bishop of Oxford). Contents: R. Bradley: Roman Interpretations of the Prehistoric Past; M. Aldhouse-Green: Monsters on the Rocks: Iconography of Transformation at Camonica Valley; E. Sauer: Native deities in southern Germany in the Roman period; C. Clay: Before there were Angles, Saxons and Jutes: an epigraphic study of the Germanic social, religious and linguistic relations on Hadrian's Wall; A. B. Marsden: Some sing of Alexander and some of Hercules: artistic echoes of Hercules and Alexander the Great on coins and medallions, A.D. 260-269; J. Boardman: Roman Gems: Problems of Date and Identity; J. Bagnall Smith: Four Miniature Swords from Harlow and others known from Roman Britain; V. Platt Burning Butterflies: Seals, Symbols and the Soul in Antiquity; L. Gilmour: The Face of an Angel; M. Darling: A Depiction of the Organ from Roman Britain; C. Johns; The Wroxeter Isis gem: an update; C. Thomas A curious piece of Granite; D. M. Bailey: A Collar for a God: an Egyptianising scene on a fragment of Roman cameo glass; C. Sparey-Green: Foot Impressions on a House Floor in Dorchester: a Divine Presence in Durnovaria?; K. Sutton and S. Worrell: Roman religious objects recorded by the Portable Antiquities Scheme in Oxfordshire and elsewhere; A. Cruse: Dioscorides of Anazarbus (fl . A.D. 70): from Mithridates to the Middle Ages; R. Isserlin: Some leaves from the invisible archive; G. Seidmann: Greville Chester? - Who was he?; D. Howlett: Continuities from Roman Britain; M. Biddle and B. Kjbye-Biddle: Winchester: from Venta to Wintancaestir; J. Onians: The Romsey roods: Christ, rods, and the geography of religion; J. Bertram From Duccius to Daubernoun: Ancient Antecedents of Monumental Brass Design: B. Gilmour Sub-Roman or Saxon, Pagan or Christian: who was buried in the early cemetery at St. Paul-in-the-Bail, Lincoln?; M. J. Florence: 'Le Conte du Graal' by Chretien de Troyes; G. Soffe: The Romanesque Font at Portchester; J. Blair: The 13th-century seal-matrix of Henley rural deanery; S. Watney: The Lily-Crucifi xion in Late Medieval English Art; K. Heard: Image and Identity in English Episcopal Seals, 1450-1550; M. Vickers: Saints Martin of Tours and Thomas of Canterbury in Urbino; L. Keen: Christ Crucified, Christ Risen: medieval ceramic tiles; L. Golden: A fantasia of Pagan myth in the Villa Farnesina: Agostino Chigi's homage to his lover, Imperia; A. MacGregor: The Cult of Master John Shorne; M. Campbell: An eagle lectern of the Gothic Revival at Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford; J. Munby: Two Oxford Engravings: Archaeology and the University in the 18th century; N. Ramsay: An English Monastic Profession-Vow; J. M. Steane: Chests, Cupboards and Boxes: a study of some of the methods used by Magdalen College, Oxford to store and retrieve information in the Late Medieval Period; C. Finn A Roman Pilgrimage.

This book examines archaeological and historical evidence for the socio-economic organization of the kingdom of East Kent, England, as a territorial and social system during the Early to Middle Anglo-Saxon period (AD 400-900). Explicit archaeological and theoretical frameworks are considered to propose a hierarchical model of the spatial organization of communities as a way of providing a micro-economic casestudy of state formation.

The idea of organised mass travel is one that does not really come about until the High Middle Ages, and this study looks at the mechanics of travel before then. It asks questions such as who travelled and why and examines the principle routes between England and Rome and the problems experienced by travellers over land during this period. The appendices contain lists of the known travellers to Rome and their routes, and a documentary appendix of sources which describe such travel.

Subtitled "Hungarian noble residences and their social context from the thirteenth through to the sixteenth century: an outline for methodology." This work aims to set up a research agenda to show how archaeology can contribute to an interdisciplinary study of society in the later Middle Ages, in this case in terms of a survey of the possibilities of using archaeology to study Hungarian nobility from the point of view of their living conditions and the functions of their residences. The author, drawn to this theme through an excavation in Pomaz (west of Budapest) in 1995, investigates the co-existence of various settlement types from the point of view of manorial buildings.

This work describes the organization of an agricultural homestead and its equipment and function and the ensuing research contributes towards an understanding of aspects of the social and economical status of peasants during the High and Late Middle Ages. Looking at homesteads, courtyards and villages, the author mainly focuses on the period between the 13th 15th centuries in the region of the present-day Czech Republic, as well as in other parts of Central Europe, extending the current knowledge base, with the intention of bringing more information on the development of the inner structure of the mediaeval village.

Oxbow says: To what extent did the indigenous population change their appearance and identity with the arrival of the Romans? Gillian Carr's revised thesis explores how we can detect shifts in modes of physical appearance and social identity by stuyding evidence from around 40 sites in Essex and Hertfordshire. Her study looks at artefacts traditionally symbolic of 'Romanisation', such as brooches, hairpins and other hair accoutrements, toilet instruments, and pigment and cosmetic pounders representing body tattooing and painting. Carr acknowledges that the link between artefacts and ethnicity or identity is somewhat problematic, especially with regard to differentiating between 'native' and Roman, although she does reach some interesting conclusions about the increased fluidity of identities in the late Iron Age, increased experimentation and attempts at social mobility through physical appearance.