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Books > Humanities > Archaeology > Archaeology by period / region > European archaeology

The Archaeology of Early Rome and Latium (Paperback, Revised): Ross R. Holloway The Archaeology of Early Rome and Latium (Paperback, Revised)
Ross R. Holloway
R1,234 Discovery Miles 12 340 Ships in 12 - 17 working days


The archaeology of early Rome has progressed rapidly and dramatically over the last century; most recently with the discovery of the shrine of Aeneas at Lavinium and the reports of the walls of the Romulan city discovered on the city slopes of the Palatine Hill. The Archaeology of Early Rome and Latium presents the most recent discoveries in Rome and its surroundings: princely tombs,inscriptions and patrician houses are included in a complete overview of the subject and the controversies surrounding it.
This comprehensively illustrated study fills the need for an accessible English guide to these new discoveries, and in preparation, the author interviewed most of the leading figures in current research on the early periods of Rome.

Hellenistic and Roman Sparta - A tale of two cities (Hardcover, 2nd edition): Paul Cartledge, Antony Spawforth Hellenistic and Roman Sparta - A tale of two cities (Hardcover, 2nd edition)
Paul Cartledge, Antony Spawforth
R3,932 Discovery Miles 39 320 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

In this new edition, Paul Cartledge and Antony Spawforth have taken account of recent finds and scholarship to revise and update their authoritative overview of later Spartan history, and of the social, political, economic and cultural changes in the Spartan community. This original and compelling account is especially significant in challenging the conventional misperception of Spartan 'decline' after the loss of her status as a great power on the battlefield in 371 BC. The book's focus on a frequently overlooked period makes it important not only for those interested specifically in Sparta, but also for all those concerned with Hellenistic Greece, and with the life of Greece and other Greek-speaking provinces under non-Roman rule.

Ancient Monuments and Modern Identities - A Critical History of Archaeology in 19th and 20th Century Greece (Hardcover): Sofia... Ancient Monuments and Modern Identities - A Critical History of Archaeology in 19th and 20th Century Greece (Hardcover)
Sofia Voutsaki, Paul Cartledge
R3,919 Discovery Miles 39 190 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Ancient Monuments and Modern Identities sets out to examine the role of archaeology in the creation of ethnic, national and social identities in 19th and 20th century Greece. The essays included in this volume examine the development of interpretative and methodological principles guiding the recovery, protection and interpretation of material remains and their presentation to the public. The role of archaeology is examined alongside prevailing perceptions of the past, and is thereby situated in its political and ideological context. The book is organized chronologically and follows the changing attitudes to the past during the formation, expansion and consolidation of the Modern Greek State. The aim of this volume is to examine the premises of the archaeological discipline, and to apply reflection and critique to contemporary archaeological theory and practice. The past, however, is not a domain exclusive to archaeologists. The contributors to this volume include prehistoric and classical archaeologists, but also modern historians, museum specialists, architectural historians, anthropologists, and legal scholars who have all been invited to discuss the impact of the material traces of the past on the Modern Greek social imaginary.

Medieval Archaeology (Hardcover): Roberta Gilchrist Medieval Archaeology (Hardcover)
Roberta Gilchrist
R22,086 Discovery Miles 220 860 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Medieval Archaeology has developed as a distinctive academic domain in the last fifty years or so. It is now taught widely at undergraduate and postgraduate level, and learned societies for Medieval Archaeology flourish across Europe. The subject is more interdisciplinary than most types of archaeology, engaging critically with fields such as History and Art History to provide fresh and independent insights to the medieval world. It draws on sources of evidence that are unique to Medieval Archaeology, such as extant medieval churches. Medieval Archaeology is literally history 'from below'; it offers unique access to people and practices that were never documented by medieval elites. (Medieval Archaeology also has relevance beyond academia. Indeed, much of the commercial archaeology that now takes place in Europe seeks to record and conserve medieval towns in advance of new developments.) Focusing on the archaeology of medieval Europe (c. 1000-1550AD), this new four-volume collection from Routledge enables researchers and advanced students to make better sense of a vast-and rapidly growing-corpus of scholarship. The gathered materials have been carefully selected to highlight the key issues and debates in the development and contemporary practice of Medieval Archaeology, and each volume includes a comprehensive introduction newly written by the editor. Medieval Archaeology is an essential work of reference. It is destined to be valued by specialists-as well as those working in allied areas such as Medieval Studies, History, and Art History-as a vital one-stop research tool.

The City in Late Antiquity (Hardcover): John Rich The City in Late Antiquity (Hardcover)
John Rich
R3,916 Discovery Miles 39 160 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

The city was the nexus of the Roman Empire in its early centuries. The City in Late Antiquity charts the change undergone by cities as the Empire was weakened by the third-century crisis, and later disintegrated under external pressures. The old picture of the classical city as everywhere in decline by the fourth century is shown to be far too simple, and John Rich seeks to explain why urban life disappeared in some regions, while elsewhere cities survived through to the Middle Ages and beyond.

The Undeciphered Signs of Linear B - Interpretation and Scribal Practices (Hardcover): Anna P. Judson The Undeciphered Signs of Linear B - Interpretation and Scribal Practices (Hardcover)
Anna P. Judson
R3,539 R2,796 Discovery Miles 27 960 Save R743 (21%) Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Decades after Michael Ventris deciphered Linear B and showed that its language was Greek, nearly one-sixth of its syllabic signs' sound-values are still unknown. This book offers a new approach to establishing these undeciphered signs' possible values. Analysis of Linear B's structure and usage not only establishes these signs' most likely sound-values - providing the best possible basis for future decipherments - but also sheds light on the writing system as a whole. The undeciphered signs are also used to explore the evidence provided by palaeography for the chronology of the Linear B documents and the activities of the Mycenaean scribes. The conclusions presented in this book therefore deepen our understanding not only of the undeciphered signs but also of the Linear B writing system as a whole, the texts it was used to write, and the insight these documents bring us into the world of the Mycenaean palaces. A colour version of figures 5.1-5.4 of chapter 5 can be found under the 'Resources' tab.

Understanding Roman Inscriptions (Hardcover): Lawrence Keppie Understanding Roman Inscriptions (Hardcover)
Lawrence Keppie
R3,916 Discovery Miles 39 160 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Lawrence Keppie's book offers the non-specialist a comprehensive and enjoyable guide to undestanding the texts of Roman inscriptions, as well as explaining the numerous different contexts in which they were produced. Every area of Roman life is covered, including: * the emperor * temples and altars to the gods * imperial administration * gravestones and tomb monuments * local government and society * the army and the frontiers * Christianity * trade, commerce and the economy * the later Roman Empire. For each inscription cited, the book provides the original Latin, an English translation and a commentary on the piece's significance. Illustrated with more than 80 photos and drawings, this is the ideal introduction to the most important source for the history and organisation of the Roman Empire.

Silchester Revealed - The Iron Age and Roman Town of Calleva (Paperback): Michael Fulford Silchester Revealed - The Iron Age and Roman Town of Calleva (Paperback)
Michael Fulford
R508 Discovery Miles 5 080 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

With its apparently complete town plan, revealed by the Society of Antiquaries of London's great excavation project, 1890-1909, Silchester is one of the best known towns in Roman Britain and the Roman world more widely. Since the 1970s excavations by the author and the University of Reading on several sites including the amphitheatre, the defences, the forum basilica, the public baths, a temple and an extensive area of an entire insula, as well as surveys of the suburbs and immediate hinterland, have radically increased our knowledge of the town and its development over time from its origins to its abandonment. This research has discovered the late Iron Age oppidum and allowed us to characterise the nature of the settlement with its strong Gallic connections and widespread political and trading links across southern Britain, to Gaul and to southern Europe and the Mediterranean. Following a review of the evidence for the impact of the Roman conquest of A.D. 43/44, the settlement's transformation into a planned Roman city is traced, and its association with the Emperor Nero is explored. With the re-building in masonry of the great forum basilica in the early second century, the city reached the peak of its physical development. Defence building, first in earthwork, then in stone in the later third century are major landmarks of the third century, but the town can be shown to have continued to flourish, certainly up to the early fifth century and the end of the Roman administration of Britain. The enigma of the Silchester ogham stone is explored and the story of the town and its transformation to village is taken up to the fourteenth century. Modern archaeological methods have allowed us to explore a number of themes demonstrating change over time, notably the built and natural environments of the town, the diet, dress, health, leisure activities, living conditions, occupations and ritual behaviour of the inhabitants, and the role of the town as communications centre, economic hub and administrative centre of the tribal 'county' of the Atrebates.

Wessex to 1000 AD (Paperback): Barry Cunliffe Wessex to 1000 AD (Paperback)
Barry Cunliffe
R1,863 Discovery Miles 18 630 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Wessex -- the ancient counties of Dorset, Somerset, Wiltshire, Hampshire and Berkshire -- is remarkable for its economic and social cohesion as a region, and for the extraordinary wealth of its ancient remains. In this authoritative survey, Barry Cunliffe sets the great monuments and famous sites in their full cultural context. His chief concern, however, is to interpret the landscape of the region, and the people who over so many centuries created it. In his hands it becomes an archaeological artefact as eloquent as Avebury and Stonehenge themselves.

Building for Eternity - The History and Technology of Roman Concrete Engineering in the Sea (Paperback): J.P. Oleson, M. D.... Building for Eternity - The History and Technology of Roman Concrete Engineering in the Sea (Paperback)
J.P. Oleson, M. D. Jackson, R.L. Hohlfelder, C.J. Brandon
R1,009 Discovery Miles 10 090 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

One marker of the majesty of ancient Rome is its surviving architectural legacy, the stunning remains of which are scattered throughout the circum-Mediterranean landscape. Surprisingly, one truly remarkable aspect of this heritage remains relatively unknown. There exists beneath the waters of the Mediterranean the physical remnants of a vast maritime infrastructure that sustained and connected the western world's first global empire and economy. The key to this incredible accomplishment and to the survival of structures in the hostile environment of the sea for two thousand years was maritime concrete, a building material invented and then employed by Roman builders on a grand scale to construct harbor installations anywhere they were needed, rather than only in locations with advantageous geography or topography. This book explains how the Romans built so successfully in the sea with their new invention. The story is a stimulating mix of archaeological, geological, historical and chemical research, with relevance to both ancient and modern technology. It also breaks new ground in bridging the gap between science and the humanities by integrating analytical materials science, history, and archaeology, along with underwater exploration. The book will be of interest to anyone interested in Roman architecture and engineering, and it will hold special interest for geologists and mineralogists studying the material characteristics of pyroclastic volcanic rocks and their alteration in seawater brines. The demonstrable durability and longevity of Roman maritime concrete structures may be of special interest to engineers working on cementing materials appropriate for the long-term storage of hazardous substances such as radioactive waste. A pioneering methodology was used to bore into maritime structures both on land and in the sea to collect concrete cores for testing in the research laboratories of the CTG Italcementi Group, a leading cement producer in Italy, the University of Berkeley, and elsewhere. The resulting mechanical, chemical and physical analysis of 36 concrete samples taken from 11 sites in Italy and the eastern Mediterranean have helped fill many gaps in our knowledge of how the Romans built in the sea. To gain even more knowledge of the ancient maritime technology, the directors of the Roman Maritime Concrete Study (ROMACONS) engaged in an ambitious and unique experimental archaeological project - the construction underwater of a reproduction of a Roman concrete pier or pila. The same raw materials and tools available to the ancient builders were employed to produce a reproduction concrete structure that appears to be remarkably similar to the ancient one studied during ROMACON's fieldwork between 2002-2009. This volume reveals a remarkable and unique archaeological project that highlights the synergy that now exists between the humanities and science in our continuing efforts to understand the past. It will quickly become a standard research tool for all interested in Roman building both in the sea and on land, and in the history and chemistry of marine concrete. The authors also hope that the data and observations it presents will stimulate further research by scholars and students into related topics, since we have so much more to learn in the years ahead.

Medieval and Early Modern Art, Architecture and Archaeology in Norwich (Paperback): Sandy Heslop Medieval and Early Modern Art, Architecture and Archaeology in Norwich (Paperback)
Sandy Heslop
R1,973 Discovery Miles 19 730 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

This volume explores the importance of Norwich as the second city of England for 500 years. It addresses two of the most ambitious Romanesque buildings in Europe: cathedral and castle, and illuminates the role of Norwich-based designers and makers in the region.

From the Baltic to the Black Sea - Studies in Medieval Archaeology (Hardcover): Leslie Alcock, David Austin From the Baltic to the Black Sea - Studies in Medieval Archaeology (Hardcover)
Leslie Alcock, David Austin
R3,934 Discovery Miles 39 340 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

A study of the closed world of medieval Eastern Europe which opens up a neglected archaeological tradition to English-speaking readers. It suggests new approaches to the formative period when migrating tribes emerged into the light of written history and founded the states on which the nationalities of modern Europe are based. The book examines early European ethnic formations and states, the demography of medieval populations and the nature of rural settlement and urban development. There are chapters on the contact between Byzantium and medieval Hungary and Scandinavia, with an assessment of the Byzantine influence on Avar goldsmiths, as well as descriptions of new research into Avar chieftan-burials and into coinage in the late Viking Age. There is also analysis of the medieval populations of Czechoslovakia and Denmark, of social organization in Poland and cultural conflict in Livonia. Finally studies of early settlement in Bohemia and the Danube valley are complemented by detailed accounts of the origin and growth of three great medieval cities - Lubeck, Prague and Kiev. "From the Baltic to the Black Sea" challenges the intellectual assumptions of medieval archaeology, question

Behavioral Biology - Neuroendocrine Axis (Paperback): Trevor Archer, Stefan Hansen Behavioral Biology - Neuroendocrine Axis (Paperback)
Trevor Archer, Stefan Hansen
R1,058 Discovery Miles 10 580 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

This book is the result of an international symposium in biological psychology, held in honor of Knut Larsson. This renowned researcher -- in his search for the true meaning of "mind vs. matter" -- became involved in many divergent areas of the field, such as the neurobiology of sexual behavior and sexual differentiation, aspects of functional neuroanatomy, behavioral endocrinology, and psychopharmacology. Through experimentation and much consultation with other area specialists, Larsson observed such phenomena as the adaptation of behavior-determining neuroendocrine events to the physical environment and the hormonal regulation of sexual behavior and differentiation. This tribute to his research presents important features of necessary paradigms for the analysis and study of experimental psychology within the biological perspective.

Cosmography and the Idea of Hyperborea in Ancient Greece - A Philology of Worlds (Hardcover): Renaud Gagne Cosmography and the Idea of Hyperborea in Ancient Greece - A Philology of Worlds (Hardcover)
Renaud Gagne
R3,531 R2,787 Discovery Miles 27 870 Save R744 (21%) Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Cosmography is defined here as the rhetoric of cosmology: the art of composing worlds. The mirage of Hyperborea, which played a substantial role in Greek religion and culture throughout Antiquity, offers a remarkable window into the practice of composing and reading worlds. This book follows Hyperborea across genres and centuries, both as an exploration of the extraordinary record of Greek thought on that further North and as a case study of ancient cosmography and the anthropological philology that tracks ancient cosmography. Trajectories through the many forms of Greek thought on Hyperborea shed light on key aspects of the cosmography of cult and the cosmography of literature. The philology of worlds pursued in this book ranges from Archaic hymns to Hellenistic and Imperial reconfigurations of Hyperborea. A thousand years of cosmography is thus surveyed through the rewritings of one idea. This is a book on the art of reading worlds slowly.

The Archaeology of Medieval Germany - An Introduction (Hardcover): Gunter P. Fehring The Archaeology of Medieval Germany - An Introduction (Hardcover)
Gunter P. Fehring; Translated by Ross Samson
R3,914 Discovery Miles 39 140 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Medieval archaeology is a relatively young discipline. It relies heavily on and contributes to the neighbouring disciplines of history and geography as well as certain of the natural sciences. The kinds of sources investigated in the context of medieval archaeology also cast light on many aspects of life in later centuries. The main sources used are: graveyards, churches and churchyards; castles and fortifications; rural and urban settlements; technical production sites and routes of communication. Closely allied to these are the numerous finds of small objects of everyday life, from cutlery and tools to animal remains and grain. This book is a comprehensive discussion of what can be established from the use of such materials about the culture and daily life of medieval Germany. Each subject is augmented with the use of many illustrations. Besides methodological questions, the author considers what can be learnt about the history of settlement and architecture, of technology, of economic and social matters, of churches and missions, and of population, diet and vegetation.

The Excavation of Roman and Mediaeval London (Hardcover): W. F. Grimes The Excavation of Roman and Mediaeval London (Hardcover)
W. F. Grimes
R4,370 Discovery Miles 43 700 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

This is an immensely fascinating work, published originally in 1968, which is of great value in understanding London s past. The immediate background to the excavations was the bombing of London during the Second World War, which led to the destruction of more than fifty of the three hundred and fifty or so acres that make up the walled city. The interval before rebuilding was a magnificent opportunity for archaeological excavation. The Royal Society of Antiquaries of London established the Roman and Mediaeval London Excavation Council to organise an extended programme which began in July 1947 and went on until 1962. This volume reports on the major series of excavations and deals in detail with Cripplegate, the Temple of Mithras and many mediaeval churches including St Bride s, Fleet Street."

Frontiers of the Roman Empire: The Saxon Shore and the Maritime Coast - Frontieres de l'Empire Romain : Le Litus Saxonicum... Frontiers of the Roman Empire: The Saxon Shore and the Maritime Coast - Frontieres de l'Empire Romain : Le Litus Saxonicum et la Cote Maritime (English, French, Paperback)
David J. Breeze, Tony Wilmott, Sofie Vanhoutte, Richard Bridgland
R476 Discovery Miles 4 760 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

The economic and political challenges along the maritime borders of the Roman Empire were multiple. The North Sea coasts were the focus of the attention of traders within the framework of commercial exchanges, of the General Staff preparing for the conquest of Britain under Claudius, and for the defence of the coastlines from the time that their protection became required. The design of a defensive system and the establishment of a supportive force followed a long path through five centuries, adapting to each development and changing strategy and evolving military installations. It had to face the threat of Saxon pirates, not to mention the use of the Roman fleet for political purposes as under Carausius. Military systems are complex because they rely upon the combination of various elements, ports, fleets - thus the famous Classis Britannica - forts protecting estuaries and watch-towers. This border represents a page in military maritime history, but its coasts, in Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium and France, contain archaeological sites of high heritage value that deserve a large audience.

Britannia Romana - Roman Inscriptions and Roman Britain (Paperback): R.S.O. Tomlin Britannia Romana - Roman Inscriptions and Roman Britain (Paperback)
R.S.O. Tomlin
R878 Discovery Miles 8 780 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Britannia Romana: Roman Inscriptions and Roman Britain is based on the author's 40 years' experience of the epigraphy of Roman Britain. It collects 487 inscriptions (mostly on stone, but also on metal, wood, tile and ceramic), the majority from Britain but many from other Roman provinces and Italy, so as to illustrate the history and character of Roman Britain (AD 43-410). Each inscription is presented in the original (in Latin, except for eight in Greek), followed by a translation and informal commentary; they are linked by the narrative which they illustrate, and more than half (236) are accompanied by photographs. All Latin terms in the narrative and commentary are translated and explained. The author demonstrates his unrivalled ability to read and understand Roman inscriptions and their importance as a source of historical knowledge. They are treated by chronology or theme in 14 chapters. The first eight take the narrative from Claudius' invasion (AD 43) to the death of the last emperor to attempt the conquest of Britain, Septimius Severus (AD 211). The next four cover the general themes of soldier and civilian, economy and society, government, religion. The last two continue the narrative to the death of the last emperor to rule Roman Britain, Constantine III (AD 411).

Medieval Art, Architecture and Archaeology in Cracow and Lesser Poland (Hardcover): Agnieszka Roznowska-Sadraei Medieval Art, Architecture and Archaeology in Cracow and Lesser Poland (Hardcover)
Agnieszka Roznowska-Sadraei; Edited by Tomasz Weclawowicz
R4,369 Discovery Miles 43 690 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

The papers in this volume, which were presented in 2011, at the first conference the British Archaeological Association held in Poland, explore the medieval art, architecture and archaeology of the city of Cracow and the surrounding region of Lesser Poland, as well as venturing into southern Silesia and the Baltic coast of the country. The contributors study a wide range of subjects, from the Italian influences on Polish Romanesque architecture and the originality of Cracow's Romanesque churches to the impact of astronomical treatises on ecclesiastical sculpture and patronage. The cultural influence of the Cistercians is considered in four papers that highlight the contribution of the abbeys in Lesser Poland to the study of Cistercian monasticism and architecture, and the life of the Order. The fascinating topics of patronage, ceremony and power politics are studied in papers that explore foundations connected to Casimir the Great, the most celebrated of the Polish kings, and Zbigniew Olesnicki, one of the most prolific episcopal patrons of the era. The volume highlights the role of Cracow and Lesser Poland as a vibrant artistic centre fostering links with Italy, Bohemia, Germany and France, but also touches on the cultural significance of two other important Hanseatic cities of medieval Poland - Wroclaw and Gdansk. The contributors embrace a wide selection of media and approaches, from church architecture and monastic archaeology to sculpture, micro-architecture, manuscripts, and even medieval clocks. The papers raise issues not only of style, iconography, ceremony and patronage, but also of politics, economy, law, philosophy and theology, as well as horology, trade and shipbuilding. This collection, which brings together the work of British, Polish, French, German and Italian scholars on this artistically important yet little-studied region of medieval Europe, will be of lasting value to scholarship.

EAA 176: Fransham - People and land in a central Norfolk parish from the Palaeolithic to the eve of Parliamentary Enclosure... EAA 176: Fransham - People and land in a central Norfolk parish from the Palaeolithic to the eve of Parliamentary Enclosure (Paperback)
Andrew Rogerson
R864 Discovery Miles 8 640 Ships in 12 - 17 working days
The Archaeology of Medieval England and Wales (Hardcover): John Steane The Archaeology of Medieval England and Wales (Hardcover)
John Steane
R4,223 R2,904 Discovery Miles 29 040 Save R1,319 (31%) Ships in 12 - 17 working days

In the preceding 25 years to this book s publication in 1985 there was an extensive and unprecedented burst of archaeological activity in evidence from below-ground deposits, above-ground structures, and artefacts. During the boom of the late 1960s and 1970s, which led to go much central town redevelopment, it was buried remains which yielded the most dramatic information. In the recession of the 1980s it was realised that upstanding remains had a lot to offer as well and they were being subject to ever more sophisticated study techniques. This book examines those recent developments in archaeology and assesses their bearing on the study of medieval English and Welsh history. Taking a series of important themes such as government, religion and the countryside, the book offers a chronological approach from the coming of the Vikings, 850 AD, to the Reformation in 1530. This approach focuses on the impact of man on the urban and rural landscape. An important text for students of ancient history."

The Coming of Rome (Routledge Revivals) (Hardcover): John Wacher The Coming of Rome (Routledge Revivals) (Hardcover)
John Wacher
R4,207 Discovery Miles 42 070 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

The Coming of Rome, first published in 1979, examines some basic features of Roman Britain: the cities, the towns, and the monuments of an urban culture. J.S. Wacher considers the evidence, mainly from inscriptions, of the people who inhabited or visited Britain during approximately the first two centuries of Roman rule. The Roman conquest of Britain and the progressive extension of Roman control marked a dramatic transformation of British society. Although there was much contact between pre-Roman Britain and the Continent, the advent of Romanisation meant incorporation into a much larger economic system. But Britain stood on one of the most distant frontiers of the Roman world, and the Romano-British society which gradually evolved was thus distinctive. Profusely illustrated throughout, The Coming of Rome will appeal to historians and archaeologists, as well as the general reader interested in some of the most formative centuries of Britain's development.

Aristocratic Society in Ancient Crete (Routledge Revivals) (Hardcover): R. Willetts Aristocratic Society in Ancient Crete (Routledge Revivals) (Hardcover)
R. Willetts
R5,100 Discovery Miles 51 000 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Aristocratic Society in Ancient Crete, first published in 1955, investigates the emergence and progress of Dorian society on Crete from the 8th century BC onwards. The major contribution of Cretan culture in this period was in the field of law - law and order are traditionally linked, and Dorian Crete remained steadfast in its pursuit of order. The author offers an explanation for the protracted aristocratic character of Cretan society, basing his study on the crucial Code of Gortyna. The primitive foundations of the social system are examined, illuminating the tribal institutions which formed the basis of the aristocratic states which developed. The four classes of the Cretan states, and the mutual relations of these classes, are defined, and the stages whereby family institutions developed are analysed. Finally, political and judicial organisation is scrutinised, and the Cretan culture is situated in the wider horizon of Mediterranean civilisation.

Pannonia and Upper Moesia (Routledge Revivals) - A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire (Hardcover):... Pannonia and Upper Moesia (Routledge Revivals) - A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire (Hardcover)
Andras Mocsy
R5,427 Discovery Miles 54 270 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

In Pannonia and Upper Moesia, first published 1974, Andras Mocsy surveys the Middle Danube Provinces from the latest pre-Roman Iron Age up to the beginning of the Great Migrations. His primary concern is to develop a general synthesis of the archaeological and historical researches in the Danube Basin, which lead to a more detailed knowledge of the Roman culture of the area. The economic and social development, town and country life, culture and religion in the Provinces are all investigated, and the local background of the so-called Illyrian Predominance during the third century crisis of the Roman Empire is explained, as is the eventual breakdown of Danubian Romanisation. This volume will appeal to students and teachers of archaeology alike, as well as to those interested in the Roman Empire - not only the history of Rome itself, but also of the far-flung areas which together comprised the Empire's frontier for centuries.

Norse America - The Story of a Founding Myth (Hardcover): Gordon Campbell Norse America - The Story of a Founding Myth (Hardcover)
Gordon Campbell
R749 R606 Discovery Miles 6 060 Save R143 (19%) Ships in 9 - 15 working days

The story of the Vikings in North America as both fact and fiction, from the westward expansion of the Norse across the North Atlantic in the tenth and eleventh centuries to the myths and fabrications about their presence there that have developed in recent centuries. Tracking the saga of the Norse across the North Atlantic to America, Norse America sets the record straight about the idea that the Vikings 'discovered' America. The journey described is a continuum, with evidence-based history and archaeology at one end, and fake history and outright fraud at the other. In between there lies a huge expanse of uncertainty: sagas that may contain shards of truth, characters that may be partly historical, real archaeology that may be interpreted through the fictions of saga, and fragmentary evidence open to responsible and irresponsible interpretation. Norse America is a book that tells two stories. The first is the westward expansion of the Norse across the North Atlantic in the tenth and eleventh centuries, settling in Greenland and establishing a shore station at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland (to which a chapter of the book is devoted) and ending (but not culminating) in a fleeting and ill-documented presence on the shores of the North American mainland. The second is the appropriation and enhancement of the westward narrative by Canadians and Americans who want America to have had white North European origins, who therefore want the Vikings to have 'discovered' America, and who in the advancement of that thesis have been willing to twist and manufacture evidence in support of claims grounded in an ideology of racial superiority.

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