This Fourth Edition brings the reader up to date on gas technologies and equipment that have evolved since the Third Edition was published in 1990. It is both a comprehensive overview and a source reference for supplementary data on every aspect of handling gases in compressed, liquefied, and cryogenic forms. Properties, safety considerations, equipment, and regulations relevant to compressed gases are all addressed. The Fourth Edition gives information relating to current standards from the various standards developing organizations in the field, as well as the latest shipping requirements, storage and handling procedures and uses. The Fourth Edition of Handbook of Compressed Gases is the only compressed gas reference that combines gas-specific information on 66 compressed gases, including physical constants, handling, storage and transportation, and safety requirements as well as comprehensive, detailed information on valves and pressure relief devices, cylinder maintenance, bulk containers and transportation, and oxygen cleaning. The handbook has been reformatted to present information in a more ordered, logical sequence, using specific labeling and marking information to make the Fourth Edition even more useful than its predecessor. This new edition includes: The latest changes in DOT regulations (HM-206, HM-215A, HM-215B), Exposure limits set by ACGIH and OSHA which have been reviewed and updated, New developments in safety equipment, along with the latest training requirements to mitigate a compressed gas incident. Since this handbook is not product-specific, it contains coverage of gases across the spectrum of the industry - not just those produced by one manufacturer. It is aready source of useful information on natural gases, refrigerants, medical gases, atmospheric gases, and equipment and systems for oxygen service. All professionals whose work includes the manufacture, handling, or use of gas will find the Fourth Edition of Handbook of Compressed Gases extremely valuable. It serves the needs of engineers, technicians, researchers, maintenance personnel, health specialists, transportation directors, purchasing agents, hazardous materials officials, and chemical handlers.

Air and Gas Drilling Manual, Fourth Edition: Applications for Oil, Gas and Geothermal Fluid Recovery Wells, and Specialized Construction Boreholes, and the History and Advent of the Directional DTH delivers the fundamentals and current methods needed for engineers and managers engaged in drilling operations. Packed with updates, this reference discusses the engineering modelling and planning aspects of underbalanced drilling, the impacts of technological advances in high angle and horizontal drilling, and the importance of new production from shale. in addition, an in-depth discussion is included on well control model planning considerations for completions, along with detailed calculation examples using Mathcad. This book will update the petroleum and drilling engineer with a much-needed reference to stay on top of drilling methods and new applications in today's operations.

The impetus for this book is twofold. First, in response to the well documented oil shocks of the 1970s there arose a resurgence of research activity in the synthetic fuels area. This book attempts to capture some of the leading edge advances which have been made over the past decade in the area of the chemistry of coal conversion. The second driving force behind this book is to jog people's memories about the fundamental truths of the energy industry, i. e. , there IS a finite amount of liquid hydrocarbons on and under the earth's surface, most of the easy to find, produce, and use liquid hydrocarbons have been exploited, and the real need continues to be for liquid hydrocarbons for use as trans portation fuels. The uncertainty is not if synthetic liquids will be needed, but rat her when they will be needed. The inability to answer that question accurately caused many of the financial and research disruptions following the double shocks of the 1970s. Since future projections can only be based upon the historical record, they cannot anticipate major disruptions such as, e. g. , discovery of huge easily producible oils fields, or, on the other side, global or regional economic disruptions such as warfare. With this level of uncertainty, then, the second impetus is to point out how much research remains to be done at a time when fiscal support for fossil fuels research in the Uni ted States is rapidly spiraling downward.

This monograph was prepared for the Agency for International Development, Washington D. C. 20523. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance ofthe following Research Assistants in the Department of Agricultural Engineering: G. Lamorey, E. A. Osman and K. Sachs. J. L. Bumgarner, Draftsman for the Department, did most ofthe ink drawings. The writing of the monograph provided an unique opportunity to collect and study a significant part of the English and some German literature on the subject starting about the year 1900. It may be concluded that, despite renewed worldwide efforts in this field, only in significant advances have been made in the design of gas producer-engine systems. Eschborn, February l3, 1984 Albrecht Kaupp Contents Chapter I: Introduction and Summary 1 Chapter II: History of Small Gas Producer Engine Systems 8 Chemistry of Gasification 25 Chapter III: Gas Producers 46 Chapter IV: Chapter V: Fuel 100 Chapter VI: Conditioning of Producer Gas 142 Chapter VII: Internal Combustion Engines 226 Chapter VIII: Economics 268 Legend 277 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION Gasification of coal and biomass can be considered to be a century old technology."

Featuring a detailed analysis of current approval requirements and the relevant safety assessment methods for gas cylinders in general and with main focus on composite cylinders for storing compressed natural gas and hydrogen, this book demonstrates how current regulations and standards limit the ability to reduce cost and weight. Based on this data, it then highlights the potential offered by the proposed approval procedure based on probabilistic safety assessment After addressing the economic potential of probabilistic safety assessments, the book details working procedures and improving cycles and (slow) bursts as methods for assessing residual strength. It then discusses methods for statistically evaluating test data, as well as sample- size and distribution-character considerations. A definition of sample strength is elaborated in terms of the performance sheets developed by the author. On this basis, it discusses safety as a property of service life and interpreted as an issue of degradation, and explores aspects of artificial aging for simulating the end-of-life reliability level. Lastly, the book considers control and inspection aspects: quality of production, degradation prediction using destructive sample tests parallel to operation, retesting periods and correcting for under- and overestimates of safe lifetime. Presented in schematic diagrams, illustrations and tables, this information enables manufacturers and operators to use this new approach in practice and supports the improvement of current regulations and standards.

In recent years carbon dioxide has played an increasingly important role in biomass processing. This book presents the state-of-the-art of a range of diverse approaches for the use of carbon dioxide in biomass valorisation. The book explores cutting-edge research and important advances in green high-pressure technologies. It gives an overview of the most relevant and promising applications of high-pressure CO2-based technologies in biomass processing from the perspective of the biorefinery concept. Demonstrating the interdisciplinary aspects of high-pressure technologies from biology, chemistry and biochemical engineering areas, this book brings researchers and industrialists up to date with the latest advances in this field, including novel technologies for energy; biochemicals and materials production; and green chemical engineering processes.

Advanced Biomass Gasification: New Concepts for Efficiency Increase and Product Flexibility provides a thorough overview on new concepts in biomass gasification and consolidated information on advances for process integration and combination, which could otherwise only be gained by reading a high number of journal publications. Heidenreich, Muller and Foscolo, highly respected experts in this field, start their exploration with the compact UNIQUE reactor, gasification and pyrolysis, gasification and combustion, and catalysts and membranes. The authors then examine biomass pre-treatment processes, taking into account the energy balance of the overall conversion process, and look into oxygen-steam gasification and solutions for air separation, including new options for integration of O2-membranes into the gasifier. Several polygeneration strategies are covered, including combined heat and power (CHP) production with synthetic natural gas (SNG), biofuels and hydrogen, and new cutting-edge concepts, such as plasma gasification, supercritical water gasification, and catalytic gasification, which allows for insights on the future technological outlook of the area. This book is then a valuable resource for industry and academia-based researchers, as well as graduate students in the energy and chemical sectors with interest in biomass gasification, especially in areas of power engineering, bioenergy, chemical engineering, and catalysis.

Dynamic Description Technology of Fractured Vuggy Carbonate Gas Reservoirs delivers a critical reference to reservoir and production engineers on the basic characteristics of fractured vuggy gas reservoirs, combining both static and dynamic data to improve reservoir characterization accuracy and development. Based on the full lifecycle of well testing and advanced production decline analysis, this reference also details how to apply reservoir dynamic evaluation and reserve estimation and performance forecasting. Offering one collective location for the latest research on fractured gas reservoirs, this reference also covers physical models, analysis examples, and processes, 3D numerical well test technology, and deconvolution technology of production decline analysis. Packed with many calculation examples and more than 100 case studies, this book gives engineers a strong tool to further exploit these complex assets.

Natural Gas has been called 'the prince of hydrocarbons': an abundant resource that is versatile and competitive with other fuels and popular throughout the world. The advent of newer technologies that can deliver natural gas to worldwide markets, coupled with its reputation as a clean-burning, efficient energy source, make natural gas the international 'fuel of the future'.It offers a thorough understanding of the entire natural gas value chain, including detailed discussion of emerging sectors such as Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), Gas-To-Liquid (GTL), and Coal Bed Methane (CBM). It covers gas terms, conversion units, commercialization and marketing issues. It explores current and emerging international players, and the latest in technology development.

Natural gas in deep shale formations, which can be developed by hydraulic fracturing and associated technologies (often collectively referred to as "fracking") is dramatically increasing production of natural gas in the United States, where significant gas deposits exist in formations that underlie many states. Major deposits of shale gas exist in many other countries as well. Proponents of shale gas development point to several kinds of benefits, for instance, to local economies and to national "energy independence". Shale gas development has also brought increasing expression of concerns about risks, including to human health, environmental quality, non-energy economic activities in shale regions, and community cohesion. Some of these potential risks are beginning to receive careful evaluation; others are not. Although the risks have not yet been fully characterized or all of them carefully analyzed, governments at all levels are making policy decisions, some of them hard to reverse, about shale gas development and/or how to manage the risks. Risks and Risk Governance in Shale Gas Development is the summary of two workshops convened in May and August 2013 by the National Research Council's Board on Environmental Change and Society to consider and assess claims about the levels and types of risk posed by shale gas development and about the adequacy of existing governance procedures. Participants from engineering, natural, and social scientific communities examined the range of risks and of social and decision-making issues in risk characterization and governance related to gas shale development. Central themes included risk governance in the context of (a) risks that emerge as shale gas development expands, and (b) incomplete or declining regulatory capacity in an era of budgetary stringency. This report summarizes the presentations on risk issues raised in the first workshop, the risk management and governance concepts presented at the second workshop, and the discussions at both workshops. Table of Contents Front Matter Introduction Workshop 1: Risks of Unconventional Shale Gas Development Workshop 2: Governance of Risks of Shale Gas Development References

Nanoscale metallic and ceramic materials, also called nanomaterials, have held enormous attraction for researchers over the past few years. They demonstrate novel properties compared with conventional (microcrystalline) materials owing to their nanoscale features. Recently, mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy processes for the fabrication of metal-ceramic/alloy-ceramic nanocomposites with a unique microstructure have been developed. This book focuses on the fabrication of nanostructured hydrogen storage materials and their nanocomposites. The potential application of the research presented in the book fits well into the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020, where one of the societal challenges is secure, clean, and efficient energy. Wherever possible, the authors have illustrated the subject by their own results. The goal of the book is to provide comprehensive knowledge about materials for energy applications to graduate students and researchers in chemistry, chemical engineering, and materials science.

Oil and Gas Exploration: Methods and Application presents a summary of new results related to oil and gas prospecting that are useful for theoreticians and practical professionals. The study of oil and gas complexes and intrusions occurring in sedimentary basins is crucial for identifying the location of oil and gas fields and for making accurate predictions on oil findings. Volume highlights include: * Advanced geophysical techniques for achieving hydrocarbon exploration efficiency from beneath the Earth * Discussion of theoretical and practical approaches in solving problems related to exploring and mining new oil and gas deposits * New geological concepts for predicting potential hydrocarbon targets * Novel methods of control of the outworking of these deposits using different geophysical methods, significant for optimization of mining hydrocarbon and carbonate deposits * Estimation of the degree of outworking of oil and gas deposits, to facilitate the use of space-time monitoring of different kinds of fields * Analysis of exploration data by an efficient processing system, based on strong methods proven mathematically Oil and Gas Exploration: Methods and Application is a valuable resource for exploration geophysicists, petroleum engineers, geoengineers, petrologists, mining engineers, and economic geologists, who will gain insights into exploring new methods involved in finding natural resources from our Earth.

The accelerated growth of the world population creates an increase of energy needs. This requires new paths for oil supply to its users, which can be potential hazardous sources for individuals and the environment. Risk Analysis for Prevention of Hazardous Situations in Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering explains the potential hazards of petroleum engineering activities, emphasizing risk assessments in drilling, completion, and production, and the gathering, transportation, and storage of hydrocarbons. Designed to aid in decision-making processes for environmental protection, this book is a useful guide for engineers, technicians, and other professionals in the petroleum industry interested in risk analysis for preventing hazardous situations.

Natural gas extraction from shale formations, which includes hydraulic fracturing, is increasingly in the news as the use of extraction technologies has expanded, rural communities have been transformed seemingly overnight, public awareness has increased, and regulations have been developed. The governmental public health system, which retains primary responsibility for health, was not an early participant in discussions about shale gas extraction; thus public health is lacking critical information about environmental health impacts of these technologies and is limited in its ability to address concerns raised by regulators at the federal and state levels, communities, and workers employed in the shale gas extraction industry. Health Impact Assessment of Shale Gas Extraction is the summary of a workshop convened in 2012 by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine to discuss the human health impact of shale gas extraction through the lens of a health impact assessment. Eminent scientists, physicians, public health experts, and representatives from government agencies at federal and state levels, from nongovernment organizations, from the business sector, and from interest groups representing the interests of the citizens met to exchange ideas and to inform on hydraulic fracturing as a means of extraction of natural gas. This report examines the state of the science regarding shale gas extraction, the direct and indirect environmental health impacts of shale gas extraction, and the use of health impact assessment as a tool that can help decision makers identify the public health consequences of shale gas extraction. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Opening Session 3 Geographic Footprint of Shale Gas Extraction 4 Occupational Health and Community Impacts 5 Air Quality 6 Water Quality 7 Sustainable Energy 8 Research Opportunities: Research Community 9 Research Opportunities: Federal Representatives Appendix A: Agenda Appendix B: Speaker Biosketches Appendix C: Acronyms

Hydrogen is widely billed as the fuel of the future. For this to be a reality there is a pressing need for a safe, economic and reliable way to transport hydrogen, particularly for automotive applications. This has prompted a world-wide effort to develop novel materials that are re-usable and capable of storing and releasing significant (> 6 wt%) quantities of hydrogen. In addition to compressed (either liquid or gaseous) hydrogen, two main themes are being explored: adsorption of hydrogen by materials and "chemical hydrogen" where hydrogen is reacted with a material. The discussion will focus on both themes, from synthesis and characterisation to application of such novel materials. The focus will be on the wider issues involved in synthetic routes, characterisation, materials properties, rather than simply on examples. The importance of the interplay of theory and experiment will be stressed. Faraday Discussion 151, organised by the Faraday Division, aims to bring together the diverse range of workers in the field of hydrogen storage materials, from those involved in materials discovery and characterisation, to those studying mechanisms or developing applications. The Discussion will both inform people of alternative strategies and encourage new ideas and approaches. The themes cover: -Application of theory and spectroscopic methods to understand hydrogenation/dehydrogenation mechanisms -Novel approaches such as catalysed hydrogenation/dehydrogenation of organic molecules, encapsulation of nanosized materials in carbon or polymers -Chemical hydrogen: characterisation and properties of main group and transition metal borohydrides and alanates, ternary and quaternary metal hydrides, reactive hydride composites -Adsorbed/physisorbed hydrogen on or in MOFs, promoted carbons and other materials with large internal or external surface area -Applications including uses for automotives and novel battery materials

I remember that the idea of this book emerged ?rst in Toulouse, during the Third Conference on Energy Markets - 3 years ago now. Anna Cret` ? gave a talk on a model dealing with seasonal gas storage in the USA, and Christian Von Hirschausen was her discussant. Both of them were devoting their efforts to understand the natural gas market in Europe and the relevant liberalization process. I found their interest in storage rather original, so I encouraged Anna to collect the most original cont- butions on this topic. Back in Milan with this idea in mind, she organized a working group at IEFE- Bocconi University, where she works. Then, during the following year, she - changed ideas and organized several meetings with the book's contributors. She regularly invited the most important Italian gas sector representatives to these me- ings, to make sure that the economic models were well suited to tackle the issues at stake in the European gas industry.

Economic and environmental requirements for advanced power generating systems demand the removal of corrosive and other sulfurous compounds from hot coal gas. After a brief account of the world energy resources and an overview of clean coal technologies, a review of regenerable metal oxide sorbents for cleaning the hot gas is provided. Zinc oxide, copper oxide, calcium oxide, manganese oxide based as well as supported and mixed metal oxide sorbents are treated. Performance analysis of these sorbents, effects of various parameters on the desulfurization efficiency, kinetics of sulfidation and regeneration reactions, sulfiding and regeneration mechanisms are discussed. Two chapters present recent results in the direct production of elemental sulfur from regeneration or SO2-rich gases.

Gas Lift Systems Design and Optimization: A Modern Modeling Approach captures how to optimize gas lifted fields using various modeling tools and communications technologies. This book presents a holistic design that assures a comprehensive system methodology. To help achieve the goals of production optimization, this text examines certain vital concepts such as - fluid properties and inflow capacities, gas lift design options, gas lift supply and production gathering facilities as well as operation of processing equipment. Furthermore, various field management strategies are demonstrated in this solid approach, which will enable engineers to apply and achieve many key performance indicators in field operations. A technical book that covers all aspects of production optimization of gas lift systems, it details efficient and practical ways of designing and managing gas lifted network systems from a field perspective. Gas lift system optimization methods described herein establish that superior economic benefits can be achieved if each component of the whole network is reviewed and optimized, instead of optimizing the well performance alone. Additionally, the book highlights the use of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data science technologies that are available today to take asset optimization to greater heights and extend its benefits. The author brings to the table his 30+ years of leading-edge insight and practical know-how, which will equip the reader with the wisdom to embark on field gas lift system optimization using modern, pragmatic, applied, and proven methods.

The Palgrave Handbook of Natural Gas and Global Energy Transitions provides an in-depth and authoritative examination of the transformative implications of the ongoing global energy transitions for natural gas markets across the world. With case studies from Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Latin America, South America, Australia, and the Middle East, the volume introduces readers to the latest legal, policy, technological, and fiscal innovations in natural gas markets in response to ongoing global energy transitions. It outlines the risk mitigation strategies and contractual techniques - focusing on resilience planning, low-carbon business models, green procurement, climate-smart infrastructure development, accountability, gender justice, and other sustainability safeguards - that are required to maximize the full value of natural gas as a catalyst for a just and equitable energy transition and for energy security across the world. Written in an accessible style, this book outlines the guiding principles for a responsible and low-carbon approach to the design, financing, and implementation of natural gas development and commercialization. It is an indispensable text and reference work for students, scholars, practitioners, and stakeholders in natural gas, energy, infrastructure, and environmental investments and projects.

Explore a thorough and up to date overview of the current knowledge, developments and outstanding challenges in turbulent combustion and application. The balance among various renewable and combustion technologies are surveyed, and numerical and experimental tools are discussed along with recent advances. Covers combustion of gaseous, liquid and solid fuels and subsonic and supersonic flows. This detailed insight into the turbulence-combustion coupling with turbulence and other physical aspects, shared by a number of the world leading experts in the field, makes this an excellent reference for graduate students, researchers and practitioners in the field.

This book chiefly describes the theories and technologies for natural gas hydrate management in deepwater gas wells. It systematically explores the mechanisms of hydrate formation, migration, deposition and blockage in multiphase flow in gas-dominated systems; constructs a multiphase flow model of multi-component systems for wells that takes into account hydrate phase transition; reveals the influence of hydrate phase transition on multiphase flows, and puts forward a creative hydrate blockage management method based on hydrate blockage free window (HBFW), which enormously improves the hydrate prevention effect in deepwater wells. The book combines essential theories and industrial technology practice to facilitate a deeper understanding of approaches to and technologies for hydrate management in deepwater wells, and provides guidance on operation design. Accordingly, it represents a valuable reference guide for both researchers and graduate students working in oil and gas engineering, offshore oil and gas engineering, oil and gas storage and transportation engineering, as well as technical staff in the fields of deepwater oil and gas drilling, development, and flow assurance.

This book will introduce the reader to the fundamentals of biogas production, properties, and uses. The chapters focus on biogas as a renewable energy source, biogas production, the chemistry and engineering aspects of anaerobic digestion, landfill gas, biomass gasification, biogas upgrading technology, among other topics.

How Can We Lower the Power Consumption of Gas Sensors? There is a growing demand for low-power, high-density gas sensor arrays that can overcome problems relative to high power consumption. Low power consumption is a prerequisite for any type of sensor system to operate at optimum efficiency. Focused on fabrication-friendly microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and other areas of sensor technology, MEMS and Nanotechnology for Gas Sensors explores the distinct advantages of using MEMS in low power consumption, and provides extensive coverage of the MEMS/nanotechnology platform for gas sensor applications. This book outlines the microfabrication technology needed to fabricate a gas sensor on a MEMS platform. It discusses semiconductors, graphene, nanocrystalline ZnO-based microfabricated sensors, and nanostructures for volatile organic compounds. It also includes performance parameters for the state of the art of sensors, and the applications of MEMS and nanotechnology in different areas relevant to the sensor domain. In addition, the book includes: An introduction to MEMS for MEMS materials, and a historical background of MEMS A concept for cleanroom technology The substrate materials used for MEMS Two types of deposition techniques, including chemical vapour deposition (CVD) The properties and types of photoresists, and the photolithographic processes Different micromachining techniques for the gas sensor platform, and bulk and surface micromachining The design issues of a microheater for MEMS-based sensors The synthesis technique of a nanocrystalline metal oxide layer A detailed review about graphene; its different deposition techniques; and its important electronic, electrical, and mechanical properties with its application as a gas sensor Low-cost, low-temperature synthesis techniques An explanation of volatile organic compound (VOC) detection and how relative humidity affects the sensing parameters MEMS and Nanotechnology for Gas Sensors provides a broad overview of current, emerging, and possible future MEMS applications. MEMS technology can be applied in the automotive, consumer, industrial, and biotechnology domains.