The recent growth in unconventional natural gas production has also produced a profusion of publications on the exploration, development, production, infrastructure, economics, uses, and environmental impacts of these resources. This book summarises the current state of published descriptions of the potential environmental impacts of unconventional natural gas upstream operations within the Lower 48 United States. It also examines the technology, impacts and regulations of hydraulic fracturing, which is a key technique that has enabled the economic production of natural gas from shale deposits, or plays.

Recent advances in combining two drilling techniques, hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, have allowed access to large deposits of shale resources -- that is, crude oil and natural gas trapped in shale and certain other dense rock formations. As a result, the cost of that "tight oil" and "shale gas" has become competitive with the cost of oil and gas extracted from other sources. Virtually non-existent a decade ago, the development of shale resources has boomed in the United States, producing about 3.5 million barrels of tight oil per day and about 9.5 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of shale gas per year. This book discusses the economic and budgetary effects of producing oil and natural gas from shale. It also examines the production, infrastructure, and market issues in U.S. shale gas development; and potential budgetary effects of immediately opening most federal lands to oil and gas leasing.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has proposed regulations to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from existing power plants. EPA believes that its proposed Clean Power Plan (CPP) will "protect public health, move the United States towards a cleaner environment, and fight climate change while supplying Americans with reliable and affordable power." Burning fossil fuels to produce electricity results in the release of carbon dioxide, and represents the largest source of GHG emissions in the United States. This book discusses the implications for the electric power sector. It also examines the carbon dioxide emission rate goals in EPA's proposed rule for existing power plants; and discusses the Congressional responses and options to the EPA regulation of greenhouse gases.

This book provides in-depth information on basic and applied aspects of biohydrogen production. It begins with an introduction to the topic, and follows with the basic scientific aspects of biohydrogen production, such as the enzyme involved in biohydrogen production, the microorganisms and metabolic engineering information. It then provides state-of-art information on various aspects of biohydrogen production methods such as from solid wastes, from industrial effluents, thermo-chemical route for biohydrogen production, etc. It also includes information on engineering aspects such as the design of bioreactors for biohydrogen production and scale-up issues. Finally, it touches on the issues of hydrogen economy and commercialization. The book introduces you to all aspects of biohydrogen research, helping you understand the various issues involved and plan your own research based on recent findings and commercial needs.

Provides information on the most advanced and innovative biohydrogen technologies, including fermentation and metabolic processesProvides examples on large-scale and commercial applications of biohydrogen processes and explains the steps necessary for scaling-upExplains the chemistry/theory of the processes involved and provides information on integration of the various processes and technologies on biohydrogenGuides through the process design, reactors and materials selectionDevotes a whole chapter on the economical aspects of the processes and their commercialization

Volcanic gas reservoirs are the new natural gas frontier. Once thought too complex, too harsh on the drilling bit, and too difficult to characterize, reservoir engineers and petroleum geologists alike now manage more advanced seismic and logging tools, making these "impossible" field developments possible. Bridging meaningful information about these complicated provinces and linking various unconventional methods and techniques, "Volcanic Gas Reservoir Characterization" Describes a set of leading-edge integrated volcanic gas reservoir characterization techniques, helping to ensure the effective development of the fieldReveals the grade and relationship of volcanic stratigraphic sequencePresents field identification and prediction methods, and interpretation technology of reservoir parameters, relating these to similar complex fields such as shale

These innovative approaches and creative methods have been successfully applied to actual development of volcanic gas reservoirs. By sharing the methods and techniques used in this region with reservoir engineers and petroleum geologists all over the world, those with better understanding of these unconventional basins will begin to consider volcanic rock like any other reservoir.
Summarizes the research and explains detailed case studies of volcanic gas reservoir developments, showing the latest achievements and lessons learnedSupplies knowledge on volcanic gas reservoir basins to provide meaningful insight into similar complex reservoirs such as shale, coal bed methane, and heavy oil basinsContains extensive methodology, strong practicality and high innovation, making this an ideal book for both the practicing and seasoned reservoir engineer and petroleum geologists working with complex reservoirs

This book addresses several aspects of the changing context of natural gas in the U.S. electric power sector. Increasingly plentiful and affordable natural gas has catalysed major changes in U.S. power generation and has helped to boost U.S. economic recovery. Increased substitution of natural gas for coal in power generation has also cut U.S. GHG emissions. However, processes to produce natural gas, shale gas in particular, have also elevated environmental and safety concerns in certain regions of the country. The rapid rise of natural gas is also beginning to drive more thought on longer-term energy policy issues such as the appropriate level of generation diversity (given the history of volatile prices for natural gas), and trajectories of natural gas use that will still allow GHG mitigation sufficient to address the climate challenge. This book is intended to help inform these energy policy and investment discussions, and outlines the current dynamics of natural gas in the power sector and the selected challenges and opportunities in the use of natural gas to generate electricity.

This book presents and discusses research in the study of natural gas systems. Topics discussed include flammability and individual risk assessment for natural gas pipelines; guidelines for developing gas fields associated with edge-water drive; fuzzy estimation and stabilisation in gas life wells based on a new stability map and human health risks assessment due to natural gas pipelines explosions.

The Marcellus Shale is a sedimentary rock formation deposited over 350 million years ago in a shallow inland sea located in the eastern United States where the present-day Appalachian Mountains now stand. This shale contains significant quantities of natural gas. New developments in drilling technology, along with higher wellhead prices, have made the Marcellus Shale an important natural gas resource. This book explores water resources and natural gas production from the Marcellus Shale; the impact of Marcellus Shale gas play on current and future Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) activities and applying this technology to solve America's energy challenges.

Natural gas is considered a potential bridge fuel to a low carbon economy because it is cleaner burning than its hydrocarbon rivals coal and oil. Natural gas combustion emits about two-thirds less carbon dioxide than coal and one-quarter less than oil when consumed in a typical electric power plant. Additionally, improved methods to extract natural gas from certain shale formations has significantly increased the resource profile of the United States, which has spurred other countries to try to develop shale gas. If the United States and other countries can bring large new volumes of natural gas to market, then natural gas could play a larger role in the world's economy. This book examines key aspects of global natural gas markets, including supply and demand, as well as major U.S. developments.

This study was to analyze the future role of natural gas in the energy mix of countries of South East Europe. The study further identifies regional, cross-border and country-specific gas infrastructure projects that are economically, financially and technically sound. The study also analyses, and makes proposals for, the institutional and policy issues relating to funding and implementing gas infrastructure projects. The study examines sources of gas supply from Russia, the Caspian region and other current and prospective producer countries through Turkey and other transit routes (including LNG) and assesses costs of supply and gasification prospects in nine gas markets in the South East Europe region: Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Kosovo Macedonia Montenegro Romania Serbia These markets are all signatories of the Athens Memoranda of 2002 and 2003, which commit the participants to regional cooperation in electricity and gas."

You get information needed to evaluate a reservoir, determine the particular requirements of the job, and design a storage facility that will operate at its full potential.

Underground Gas Storage Facilities combines background information with a systematic approach for examining a specific reservoir to determine the most appropriate day-to-day method of operation. It presents a thorough discussion of topics such as estimating customer requirements, types of storage, sizing of surface facilities, and estimating deliverability. Of particular interest is the section on the economics of storage design, which examines the specific cost factors involved and presents examples to determine an economically optimum design.
Information and technical tools to evaluate a reservoir
Determine the particular requirements of the job at hand
Design a storage facility that will operate at its full potential

Process descriptions, design methods, operating procedures and troubleshooting are covered in detail in this hands-on reference. You will gain a better understanding of surface operations between the wellhead and the point of custody transfer or transport from the production facilities. Contents: Characterization of natural gas and its products Phase behavior of natural gas Water-hydrocarbon phase behavior Field processing of natural gas Prevention of hydrate formation Gas sweeting Gas dehydration using glycol, solid desiccants, LTX, & CaCl Compression Gas measurement Heat & cooling Transportation Natural gas liquids recovery Glossary Material & energy balances OPSIM: conversion of units Physical properties.

Gasification is one of the most important advancements that has ever occurred in energy production. Using this technology, for example, coal can be gasified into a product that has roughly half the carbon footprint of coal. On a large scale, gasification could be considered a revolutionary development, not only prolonging the life of carbon-based fuels, but making them "greener" and cleaner. As long as much of the world still depends on fossil fuels, gasification will be an environmentally friendlier choice for energy production. But gasification is not just used for fossil fuels. Waste products that would normally be dumped into landfills or otherwise disposed of can be converted into energy through the process of gasification. The same is true of biofeedstocks and other types of feedstocks, thus making another argument for the widespread use of gasification. The Handbook of Gasification Technology covers all aspects of the gasification, in a "one-stop shop," from the basic science of gasification and why it is needed to the energy sources, processes, chemicals, materials, and machinery used in the technology. Whether a veteran engineer or scientist using it as a reference or a professor using it as a textbook, this outstanding new volume is a must-have for any library.

Nanoscale metallic and ceramic materials, also called nanomaterials, have held enormous attraction for researchers over the past few years. They demonstrate novel properties compared with conventional (microcrystalline) materials owing to their nanoscale features. Recently, mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy processes for the fabrication of metal-ceramic/alloy-ceramic nanocomposites with a unique microstructure have been developed. This book focuses on the fabrication of nanostructured hydrogen storage materials and their nanocomposites. The potential application of the research presented in the book fits well into the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020, where one of the societal challenges is secure, clean, and efficient energy. Wherever possible, the authors have illustrated the subject by their own results. The goal of the book is to provide comprehensive knowledge about materials for energy applications to graduate students and researchers in chemistry, chemical engineering, and materials science.

In recent years carbon dioxide has played an increasingly important role in biomass processing. This book presents the state-of-the-art of a range of diverse approaches for the use of carbon dioxide in biomass valorisation. The book explores cutting-edge research and important advances in green high-pressure technologies. It gives an overview of the most relevant and promising applications of high-pressure CO2-based technologies in biomass processing from the perspective of the biorefinery concept. Demonstrating the interdisciplinary aspects of high-pressure technologies from biology, chemistry and biochemical engineering areas, this book brings researchers and industrialists up to date with the latest advances in this field, including novel technologies for energy; biochemicals and materials production; and green chemical engineering processes.

This book will introduce the reader to the fundamentals of biogas production, properties, and uses. The chapters focus on biogas as a renewable energy source, biogas production, the chemistry and engineering aspects of anaerobic digestion, landfill gas, biomass gasification, biogas upgrading technology, among other topics.

How Can We Lower the Power Consumption of Gas Sensors? There is a growing demand for low-power, high-density gas sensor arrays that can overcome problems relative to high power consumption. Low power consumption is a prerequisite for any type of sensor system to operate at optimum efficiency. Focused on fabrication-friendly microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and other areas of sensor technology, MEMS and Nanotechnology for Gas Sensors explores the distinct advantages of using MEMS in low power consumption, and provides extensive coverage of the MEMS/nanotechnology platform for gas sensor applications. This book outlines the microfabrication technology needed to fabricate a gas sensor on a MEMS platform. It discusses semiconductors, graphene, nanocrystalline ZnO-based microfabricated sensors, and nanostructures for volatile organic compounds. It also includes performance parameters for the state of the art of sensors, and the applications of MEMS and nanotechnology in different areas relevant to the sensor domain. In addition, the book includes: An introduction to MEMS for MEMS materials, and a historical background of MEMS A concept for cleanroom technology The substrate materials used for MEMS Two types of deposition techniques, including chemical vapour deposition (CVD) The properties and types of photoresists, and the photolithographic processes Different micromachining techniques for the gas sensor platform, and bulk and surface micromachining The design issues of a microheater for MEMS-based sensors The synthesis technique of a nanocrystalline metal oxide layer A detailed review about graphene; its different deposition techniques; and its important electronic, electrical, and mechanical properties with its application as a gas sensor Low-cost, low-temperature synthesis techniques An explanation of volatile organic compound (VOC) detection and how relative humidity affects the sensing parameters MEMS and Nanotechnology for Gas Sensors provides a broad overview of current, emerging, and possible future MEMS applications. MEMS technology can be applied in the automotive, consumer, industrial, and biotechnology domains.

In Chapter One, Antonio Colmenar-Santos, Enrique Rosales-Asensio, David Borge-Diez, and Manuel Castro-Gil present an overview of current research on equitable alternatives for recently constructed concentrated solar power plants in Spain. Next, Chapter Two by Dian Andriani, Arini Wresta, Arifin Santosa, and Kusnadi discusses the idea that various raw materials can be used for biogas production. Additionally, the authors discuss modern biogas production technologies. In Chapter Three, Caroline Borges Agustini and Mariliz Gutterres provide a review on the significance of biogas production in conjunction with its characteristics and handling problems. Following this, the authors go on to review current microorganism identification techniques as well as crop optimisation techniques. In Chapter Five, Sina Gilassi, Seyed Mohammad Taghavi, Serge Kaliaguine, and Denis Rodrigue suggest commercial polymer hollow fibres could be used to improve separation efficiency and CH4 purity in biogas production. Vladimir I. Shcherbakov, Nadezhda V. Kuznetsova, and Tatiana V. Shchyukina present research with the goal of determining favourable conditions for methane forming bacteria vital functions, fermentation processes intensification methods, and developing advance capacity reactors in Chapter Six. Afterwards, Chapter Seven by Spyridon Achina and Vasileios Achinas deliberates on the physicochemical properties of biogas and the need for further research on the subject. In Chapter Eight, Kevin N. Nwaigwe, Uchenna C. Egbufor, Sambas N. Asoegwu, and Christopher C. Enweremadu propose water hyacinth as a substrate for biogas production. Chapter Nine by Preseela Satpathy, PhD examines recent trends in biogas technology advancements. Next, Chapter Ten by Caroline Borges Agustini and Mariliz Gutterres explores the anaerobic process characteristics of anaerobic digestion, as well as its efficiency. In Chapter Eleven, Mohamed Habib Sellami exhibits a modelling approach designed to hypothesise the performance, impact, and profitability of systems cogenerating energy from released biogas. In conclusion, Chapter Twelve by K. N. Nwaigwe, E. E. Anyanwu and C. C. Enweremadu presents a synopsis on bioreactor technology development trends.

Uncertainties in the social, economic, and natural environment are changing workplace behaviors and are setting new demands, especially laws that govern business and society in general. Chapter One discusses this trend in relation to the oil and gas industry. Chapter Two provides a review on the mechanisms and interactions leading to loss of cement integrity, and presents approaches that have tested successfully under the reservoir condition to enhance the resistance of cements when it is exposed to supercritical CO2. Chapter Three deals with the pollution of surface and groundwater by oil products, (ie: prevention of their spreading, integrated approach to modeling of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in an oil refinery), impact assessment of effluent discharge on receiving water and removal of selected oil substances by ozonation and O3/UV processes. Chapter Four gives an overview of the emerging technologies for biomass conversion, hydrocarbon chemistry and sugar and sugar-derivative chemistry. Herein, bio-crude production and characterization; model catalytic cracking, the hydrocracking of ketal-compounds and new results concerning the fluidized catalytic cracking of model ketal-compounds are also described.