Natural gas continues to be the fuel of choice for power generation and feedstock for a range of petrochemical industries. This trend is driven by environmental, economic and supply considerations with a balance clearly tilting in favor of natural gas as both fuel and feedstock. Despite the recent global economic uncertainty, the oil and gas industry is expected to continue its growth globally, especially in emerging economies. The expansion in LNG capacity beyond 2011 and 2012 coupled with recently launched and on-stream GTL plants poses real technological and environmental challenges. These important developments coupled with a global concern on green house gas emissions provide a fresh impetus to engage in new and more focused research activities aimed at mitigating or resolving the challenges facing the industry.
Academic researchers and plant engineers in the gas processing industry will benefit from the state of the art papers published in this collection that cover natural gas utilization, sustainability and excellence in gas processing.
Provides state-of-the-art contributions in the area of gas processingCovers solutions to technical and environmental problemsInput from academia and industry

Advances in Gas Processing: Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Gas Processing Symposium 11-1 4 January, 2010, Doha, Qatar, reviews the state of knowledge in gas processing. The contributions are organized around five main themes: (i) environmental sustainability; (ii) natural gas processing technologies; (iii) energy efficiency in operations; (iv) design and safety; and (v) operational excellence. The papers on environmental sustainability cover topics such as the biogasification of waste monoethanolamine; the role of LNG in a carbon constrained world; and sustainable water management. The papers on natural gas processing technologies include the removal of acid gases from natural gas streams via membrane technology and selective control of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis hydrocarbons product distribution. The papers on energy efficiency in operations cover lifted turbulent jet flame in a cross-flow; novel hybrid biomass and coal processes; and the adoption of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The papers on design and safety include studies on the optimal design and operation of a GTL process and efficient design, operating, and control strategies for LNG plants. The papers on operational excellence deal with topics such as chemicals in gas processing; the monitoring and optimization of hydrocarbon separation equipment; and the inhibition of gas hydrate formation.

Liquid loading can reduce production and shorten the life-cycle of a well costing a company millions in revenue. A handy guide on the latest techniques, equipment, and chemicals used in de-watering gas wells, Gas Well Deliquification, 2nd ed. continues to be the engineer's choice for recognizing and minimizing the effects of liquid loading. The second edition serves as a guide discussing the most frequently used methods and tools used to diagnose liquid loading problems and reduce the detrimental effects of liquid loading on gas production.
With new extensive chapters on Coal Bed Methane and Production Automation Gas Well Deliquification, 2nd edition proves to be the essential reference for operating engineers, reservoir engineers, consulting engineers and service companies who supply gas well equipment New to this second edition, Gas Well Deliquification provides managers with a comprehensive look into the methods of successful Production Automation as well as tools for the profitable use, production and supervision of Coalbed gases.
-Turnkey solutions for the problems of liquid loading interference
-Based on decades of practical, easy to use methods of de-watering gas wells
-Expands on the 1st edition's useful reference with new methods for utilizing Production Automation and managing Coal Bed Methane

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is the only viable way to extract and transport natural gas from areas not serviceable by a pipeline, but it also poses safety risks. This book examines the safety concerns regarding LNG, and examines the debate between its advocates and its opponents. The text considers risks on the extraction, transportation, and maintenance of LNG; includes discussion of case studies and LNG-related accidents over the past half-century; and summerizes the findings of the Governmental Accountability Office's (GAO) survey of nineteen LNG experts from across North America and Europe.

The book is written for engineers and students who wish to address the preliminary design of gas turbine engines, as well as the associated performance calculations, in a practical manner. A basic knowledge of thermodynamics and turbomachinery is a prerequisite for understanding the concepts and ideas described. The book is also intended for teachers as a source of information for lecture materials and exercises for their students. It is extensively illustrated with examples and data from real engine cycles, all of which can be reproduced with GasTurb (TM). It discusses the practical application of thermodynamic, aerodynamic and mechanical principles. The authors describe the theoretical background of the simulation elements and the relevant correlations through which they are applied, however they refrain from detailed scientific derivations.

Corrosion in Amine Treating Units, Second Edition presents a fully updated resource with a broadened focus that includes corrosion in not only refining operations, but also in oil and gas production. New sections have been added on inhibition, corrosion modeling and metallic coatings. More detailed descriptions of the degradation mechanisms and Integrity Operating Windows (IOW) are now included, as is more in-depth information on guidelines for what sections and locations are most vulnerable to corrosion and how to control corrosion in amine units e.g., using corrosion Loop descriptions and providing indicative integrity operating windows for operation to achieve a suitable life expectance.

Primarily this book describes the thermodynamics of gas turbine cycles. The search for high gas turbine efficiency has produced many variations on the simple "open circuit" plant, involving the use of heat exchangers, reheating and intercooling, water and steam injection, cogeneration and combined cycle plants. These are described fully in the text.

A review of recent proposals for a number of novel gas turbine cycles is also included. In the past few years work has been directed towards developing gas turbines which produce less carbon dioxide, or plants from which the CO2 can be disposed of; the implications of a carbon tax on electricity pricing are considered.

In presenting this wide survey of gas turbine cycles for power generation the author calls on both his academic experience (at Cambridge and Liverpool Universities, the Gas Turbine Laboratory at MIT and Penn State University) and his industrial work (primarily with Rolls Royce, plc.) The book will be essential reading for final year and masters students in mechanical engineering, and for practising engineers.

Gaseous photomultipliers are defined as gas-filled devices capable of recording single ultraviolet (UV) and visible photons with high position resolution. Used in a variety of research areas, these detectors can be paired with computers to treat and store imaging information of UV-light. Position-Sensitive Gaseous Photomultipliers: Research and Applications explores the advancement of gaseous detectors as applied for single photon detection. Emphasizing emerging perspectives and new ways to apply gaseous detectors across research fields, this research-based publication is an essential reference source for engineers, physicists, graduate-level students, and researchers.

This book examines the economics and related impacts of unconventional shale gas development. While focusing on the Marcellus and Utica Shales in the Mid-Atlantic region, additional insights from other regions are included to provide a broader view of these issues. Shale gas development in recent years has changed the energy discussion in the US, as existing reserves of natural gas coupled with horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing make exploitation of these reserves economically feasible. The importance of natural gas is seen as likely to continue to expand over the coming years, and is expected to increase even further with environmental considerations, such as greenhouse gas emissions. Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing producing natural gas from deposits such as the Marcellus Shale is making the US a net producer of natural gas. Previous studies have examined the economic impact of exploration and production in the region. Other studies have addressed legal, environmental, biodiversity, and public health impacts of unconventional shale development. This is the first volume to focus solely on the economics and related financial impacts of this development. This book not only fills the research gap, but also provides information that policy makers and the public need to better understand this pressing issue.

Arc welding is one of the key processes in industrial manufacturing, with welders using two types of processes - gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). This new book provides a survey-oriented account of the modeling, sensing, and automatic control of the GMAW process.
Researchers are presented with the most recent information in the areas of modeling, sensing and automatic control of the GMAW process, collecting a number of original research results on the topic from the authors and colleagues.

Providing an overview of a variety of topics, this book looks at the classification of various welding processes; the modeling aspects of GMAW; physics of welding; metal transfer characteristics; weld pool geometry; process voltages and variables; power supplies; sensing (sensors for arc length, weld penetration control, weld pool geometry, using optical and intelligent sensors); control techniques of PI, PID, multivariable control, adaptive control, and intelligent control. Finally, the book illustrates a case study presented by the authors and their students at Idaho State University, in collaboration with researchers at the Idaho National Engineering and Environment Laboratory.

Until now the topic of gas dynamics has been included as a section in comprehensive textbooks on physical chemistry, or discussed at too high a level for undergraduate or graduate students. This book, based on courses given by the author in several countries, aims to fill this gap. To make the subject more accessible to students, there is a very strong emphasis on current applications of the theory. Part I introduces the kinetic theory of gases with relevance to molecular energies and intermolecular forces. Part II focuses on how these theories are used to explain real techniques and phenomena involving gases, allowing students to answer questions such as: 'How does a Laser work?' and 'What is a shock wave?' By stressing the practical implications, the book explains the theory of gas dynamics in a highly readable and comprehensible manner.

In recent years, interest in the technology of gas cleaning at high temperatures has grown, driven in part by environmental legislation but also by demands for increases in process efficiency and intensity - notably for power generation and waste incineration. Some techniques for high temperature gas cleaning have now reached practical exploitation, and industrial applications are described by some of the contributors to this volume. This book should be of interest to all in the process industries and in the associated research community who are concerned with collecting particulates and gaseous components at temperatures above 200 degrees centigrade. Many of the major industrial trials of hot gas cleaning techniques since 1986, in both North America and Europe, are included. In particular, authors from both academic and industrial sectors consider: developments in processes and devices to remove particles from hot gas streams; measurement and analysis of particulate and gaseous components; combined processes for the removal of vapours and acid gases using "dry scrubbing" and related techniques; and applications in the process industries and in advanced power generation. This book should be of interest to chemical and process engineers in the industrial and academic sectors.

The two volumes of Handbook of Gas Sensor Materials provide a detailed and comprehensive account of materials for gas sensors, including the properties and relative advantages of various materials. Since these sensors can be applied for the automation of myriad industrial processes, as well as for everyday monitoring of such activities as public safety, engine performance, medical therapeutics, and in many other situations, this handbook is of great value. Gas sensor designers will find a treasure trove of material in these two books.

The project CLEAN (CO2 Large-Scale Enhanced Gas Recovery in the Altmark Natural Gas Field) provides site specific knowledge for a potential future pilot project. This contributed volume gives an overview and final results of the entire project which is finalized to the end of 2012.

This book is focused on the management of gas consumers, especially in cases of gas supply disruptions. It addresses natural gas consumers from numerous different fields, including those in the industrial sector, the electric power industry, and public utilities. It highlights various ways gas supply can be affected and demonstrates the approaches that can help recovery from reduced, stopped, and restored gas deliveries. The algorithms involved in transitioning gas consumers from normal to emergency operation, and the algorithm for recovering normal operation after an emergency in the gas supply system is terminated are explored thoroughly. By clearly explaining several approaches, this book will enable specialists to more effectively manage gas-consuming enterprises in emergency situations associated with gas supply disruption

The two volumes of Handbook of Gas Sensor Materials provide a detailed and comprehensive account of materials for gas sensors, including the properties and relative advantages of various materials. Since these sensors can be applied for the automation of myriad industrial processes, as well as for everyday monitoring of such activities as public safety, engine performance, medical therapeutics, and in many other situations, this handbook is of great value. Gas sensor designers will find a treasure trove of material in these two books.

Natural gas is playing an increasing role in meeting world energy demands because of its abundance, versatility, and its clean burning nature. As a result, lots of new gas exploration, field development and production activities are under way, especially in places where natural gas until recently was labeled as stranded . Because a significant portion of natural gas reserves worldwide are located across bodies of water, gas transportation in the form of LNG or CNG becomes an issue as well. Finally natural gas is viewed in comparison to the recently touted alternatives. Therefore, there is a need to have a book covering all the unique aspects and challenges related to natural gas from the upstream to midstream and downstream. All these new issues have not been addressed in depth in any existing book. To bridge the gap, Xiuli Wang and Michael Economides have written a new book called "Advanced Natural Gas Engineering." This book will serve as a reference for all engineers and professionals in the energy business. It can also be a textbook for students in petroleum and chemical engineering curricula and in training departments for a large group of companies."

This book focuses on the fundamental principles and latest research findings in hydrogen energy fields including: hydrogen production, hydrogen storage, fuel cells, hydrogen safety, economics, and the impact on society. Further, the book introduces the latest development trends in practical applications, especially in commercial household fuel cells and commercial fuel cell vehicles in Japan. This book not only helps readers to further their basic knowledge, but also presents the state of the art of hydrogen-energy-related research and development. This work serves as an excellent reference for beginners such as graduate students, as well as a handbook and systematic summary of entire hydrogen-energy systems for scientists and engineers.

Coalbed gas has been considered a hazard since the early 19th century when the first mine gas explosions occurred in the United States in 1810 and France in 1845. In eastern Australia methane-related mine disasters occurred late in the 19th century with hundreds of lives lost in New South Wales, and as recently as 1995 in Queensland's Bowen Basin. Ventilation and gas drainage technologies are now in practice. However, coalbed methane recently is becoming more recognized as a potential source of energy; rather than emitting this gas to the atmosphere during drainage of gassy mines it can be captured and utilized. Both economic and environmental concerns have sparked this impetus to capture coalbed methane. The number of methane utilization projects has increased in the United States in recent years as a result, to a large extent, of development in technology in methane recovery from coal seams. Between 1994 and 1997, the number of mines in Alabama, Colorado, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia recovering and utilizing methane increased from 1 0 to 17. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that close to 49 billion cubic feet (Bet) of methane was recovered in 1996, meaning that this amount was not released into the atmosphere. It is estimated that in the same year total emissions of methane equaled 45. 7 Bcf. Other coal mines are being investigated at present, many ofwhich appear to be promising for the development of cost-effective gas recovery.

This book had its genesis in a symposium on gas hydrates presented at the 2003 Spring National Meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. The symposium consisted of twenty papers presented in four sessions over two days. Additional guest authors were invited to provide continuity and cover topics not addressed during the symposium. Gas hydrates are a unique class of chemical compounds where molecules of one compound (the guest material) are enclosed, without bonding chemically, within an open solid lattice composed of another compound (the host material). These types of configurations are known as clathrates. The guest molecules, u- ally gases, are of an appropriate size such that they fit within the cage formed by the host material. Commonexamples of gas hydrates are carbon dioxide/water and methane/water clathrates. At standard pressure and temperature, methane hydrate contains by volume 180 times as much methane as hydrate. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has estimated that there is more organic carbon c- tained as methane hydrate than all other forms of fossil fuels combined. In fact, methane hydrates could provide a clean source of energy for several centuries. Clathrate compounds were first discovered in the early 1800s when Humphrey Davy and Michael Faraday were experimenting with chlorine-water mixtures.

Starting at the dawn of science, History of Industrial Gases traces the development of gas theory from its Aristotelian roots to its modern achievements as a global industry. Dr. Almqvist explores how environmental protection, geographical areas, and the drive for higher purity and efficiency affected development in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and how they will influence the future of this rapidly expanding industry. The roles of major contributing companies are also discussed to provide an informative and thought-provoking treatise valuable to anyone who studies or works in this fascinating field.

Petroleum engineering now has its own true classic handbook that reflects the profession's status as a mature major engineering discipline.
Formerly titled the Practical Petroleum Engineer's Handbook, by Joseph Zaba and W.T. Doherty (editors), this new, completely updated two-volume set is expanded and revised to give petroleum engineers a comprehensive source of industry standards and engineering practices. It is packed with the key, practical information and data that petroleum engineers rely upon daily.

The result of a fifteen-year effort, this handbook covers the gamut of oil and gas engineering topics to provide a reliable source of engineering and reference information for analyzing and solving problems. It also reflects the growing role of natural gas in industrial development by integrating natural gas topics throughout both volumes.
More than a dozen leading industry experts-academia and industry-contributed to this two-volume set to provide the best, most comprehensive source of petroleum engineering information available.

Gas Treating: Absorption Theory and Practice provides an introduction to the treatment of natural gas, synthesis gas and flue gas, addressing why it is necessary and the challenges involved. The book concentrates in particular on the absorption desorption process and mass transfer coupled with chemical reaction. Following a general introduction to gas treatment, the chemistry of CO2, H2S and amine systems is described, and selected topics from physical chemistry with relevance to gas treating are presented. Thereafter the absorption process is discussed in detail, column hardware is explained and the traditional mass transfer model mechanisms are presented together with mass transfer correlations. This is followed by the central point of the text in which mass transfer is combined with chemical reaction, highlighting the associated possibilities and problems. Experimental techniques, data analysis and modelling are covered, and the book concludes with a discussion on various process elements which are important in the absorption desorption process, but are often neglected in its treatment. These include heat exchange, solution management, process flowsheet variations, choice of materials and degradation of absorbents. The text is rounded off with an overview of the current state of research in this field and a discussion of real-world applications. This book is a practical introduction to gas treating for practicing process engineers and chemical engineers working on purification technologies and gas treatment, in particular, those working on CO2 abatement processes, as well as post-graduate students in process engineering, chemical engineering and chemistry.

This book chiefly describes the theories and technologies for natural gas hydrate management in deepwater gas wells. It systematically explores the mechanisms of hydrate formation, migration, deposition and blockage in multiphase flow in gas-dominated systems; constructs a multiphase flow model of multi-component systems for wells that takes into account hydrate phase transition; reveals the influence of hydrate phase transition on multiphase flows, and puts forward a creative hydrate blockage management method based on hydrate blockage free window (HBFW), which enormously improves the hydrate prevention effect in deepwater wells. The book combines essential theories and industrial technology practice to facilitate a deeper understanding of approaches to and technologies for hydrate management in deepwater wells, and provides guidance on operation design. Accordingly, it represents a valuable reference guide for both researchers and graduate students working in oil and gas engineering, offshore oil and gas engineering, oil and gas storage and transportation engineering, as well as technical staff in the fields of deepwater oil and gas drilling, development, and flow assurance.

This book provides an analysis of the reaction mechanisms relevant to a number of processes in which CO2 is converted into valuable products. Several different processes are considered that convert CO2 either in specialty chemicals or in bulk products or fuels. For each reaction, the mechanism is discussed and the assessed steps besides the dark sites of the reaction pathway are highlighted. From the insertion of CO2 into E-X bonds to the reduction of CO2 to CO or other C1 molecules or else to C2 or Cn molecules, the reactions are analysed in order to highlight the known and obscure reaction steps. Besides well known reaction mechanisms and energy profiles, several lesser known situations are discussed. Advancing knowledge of the latter would help to develop efficient routes for the conversion of CO2 into valuable products useful either in the chemical or in the energy industry. The content of this book is quite different from other books reporting the use of CO2. On account of its clear presentation, "Reaction Mechanisms in Carbon Dioxide Conversion" targets in particular researchers, teachers and PhD students.