Growth, as we conceive it, is the study of changeinan organism not yet mature. Differential growth creates form: external form through growth rates which vary from one part of the body to another and one tissue to another; and internal form through the series of time-entrained events which build up in each cell the special ized complexity of its particular function. We make no distinction, then, between growth and development, and if we have not included accounts of differentiation it is simply because we had to draw a quite arbitrary line somewhere. lt is only rather recently that those involved in pediatrics and child health have come to realize that growth is the basic science peculiar to their art. It is a science which uses and incorporates the traditional disciplines of anatomy, physiology, biophysics, biochemistry, and biology. It is indeed a part of biology, and the study of human growth is a part of the curriculum of the rejuvenated science of Human Biology. What growth is not is a series of charts of height and weight. Growth standards are useful and necessary, and their construction is by no means void of intellectual challenge. They are a basic instrument in pediatric epidemiology. But they do not appear in this book, any more than clinical accounts of growth disorders. This appears to be the first large handbook-in three volumes-devoted to Human Growth."

Oxygen free radicals and other reactive oxygen species are being postulated as causal agents in an increasing number of pathological conditions. Indeed, some investigators are suggesting that highly destructive reactive oxygen species are the final common path lead ing to tissue damage following a wide variety of insults including trauma, hypoxia, ischemia, hyperoxia, radiation, some toxins, and even strenuous athletic pursuits. But, as Robert Floyd points out, "Proof of the importance of oxygen free radicals and the oxidative damage they initiate depend on unequivocal evidence for the pres ence of free radicals and a clear association of their formation with the induction of the dysfunction of pathological conditions. " Since such proof does not come easily, there have been and will continue to be many controversies regarding the role played by reactive oxygen species in tissue damage. There have been many recent reviews of the chemistry and pos sible role of reactive oxygen species in many types of organ dys functions, tissue damage, degenerative diseases, and aging. This book is not such a review. Rather it presents for a diverse audience of physical-organic chemists, biochemists, medical researchers, and other investigators of pathophysiology, discussions of a variety of is sues important for understanding reactive oxygen species and their role in tissue damage."

Modification of embryonic development by genetic differences in the mother is a well-regcognized phemomenon, but little is known about the genet ics of these maternal traits or the mechanisms by which they act. To illustrate the genetic approach to the problem, examples are given of how differences in embryonic response to a teratogen can be partitioned into those resulting from differences in embryonic genotype (including the possible role of X-linked genes in producing reciprocal cross differences), maternal genotype, and cytoplasmically transmitted factors. The advantages and limitations of analysis by appropriate crosses, in utero treatments, embryo transfers, and in vitro experiments are illustrated. The numerous inbred strains of the mouse, with well-documented physiology, the recently developed recombinant inbred strains, and the existence of easily identified biochemical marker genes offer at tractive opportunities, so far largely unexploited, for causal analysis of mater nal effects on teratological responses. VII. ADDENDUM Since this chapter was written, several relevant papers have appeared. The strain difference between AI] and C57BU6] mice in frequency of cleft-palate response to cortisone was fitted to a model of normally distributed log tolerance (Biddle and Fraser, 1976). Genetic differences, both in maternal uterine environment and embryonic response, can be represented in terms of their effect on the median effective dose required for the cleft-palate re sponse. The maternal effect of AI] dams relative to C57BU6] dams caused a two-fold reduction in embryonic tolerance to cortisone-induced cleft palate."

In many university curricula, the power electronics field has evolved beyond the status of comprising one or two special-topics courses. Often there are several courses dealing with the power electronics field, covering the topics of converters, motor drives, and power devices, with possibly additional advanced courses in these areas as well. There may also be more traditional power-area courses in energy conversion, machines, and power systems. In the breadth vs. depth tradeoff, it no longer makes sense for one textbook to attempt to cover all of these courses; indeed, each course should ideally employ a dedicated textbook. This text is intended for use in introductory power electronics courses on converters, taught at the senior or first-year graduate level. There is sufficient material for a one year course or, at a faster pace with some material omitted, for two quarters or one semester. The first class on converters has been called a way of enticing control and electronics students into the power area via the "back door". The power electronics field is quite broad, and includes fundamentals in the areas of * Converter circuits and electronics * Control systems * Magnetics * Power applications * Design-oriented analysis This wide variety of areas is one of the things which makes the field so interesting and appealing to newcomers. This breadth also makes teaching the field a challenging undertaking, because one cannot assume that all students enrolled in the class have solid prerequisite knowledge in so many areas.

This book makes a case for a multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary approach to energy research-one that brings more of the social sciences to bear. Featuring eight studies from across the spectrum of the social sciences, each applying multiple disciplines to one or more energy-related problems, the book demonstrates the strong analytical and policy-making potential of such a broadened perspective. Case studies include: energy transitions of households in developing countries, the 'curse of oil', politics and visions for renewables, economics and ethics in emissions trading, and carbon capture and storage.

The goals of the science of photobiology can be divided into four categories: to develop (I) ways to optimize the beneficial effects of light on man and his environment, (2) methods to protect organisms, including man, from the detrimental effects of light, (3) photochemical tools for use in studies of life processes, and (4) photochemical therapies in medicine. To achieve these goals will require the knowledgeable collaboration of biologists, chemists, engineers, mathematicians, physicians, and physicists; because photobiology is a truly multidisciplinary science. While a multidis ciplinary science is more intellectually demanding, it also has a greater potential for unexpected breakthroughs that can occur when data from several areas of science are integrated into new concepts for theoretical or practical use. Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews continues to provide in depth coverage of the many specialty areas of photobiology. It is hoped that these reviews will provide an important service to the younger scientists in the field and to senior scientists in related fields, because they provide a ready access to the recent literature in the field, and more importantly, they frequently offer a critical evaluation of the direction that the field is taking, or suggest a redirection when appropriate. Since it is important that this review series remain responsive to the needs of photochemists and photobiologists, the Editor would value com ments and suggestions from its readers."

The Corrosion Resistant Metals Committee and the Nuclear Metallurgy Committee of the Institute of Metals Division of The Metallurgical Society of AlME sponsored a 2-1/2 day symposium on "Corrosion by Liquid Metals." The symposium was held in Philadelphia, October 13-15, 1969, during the 1969 Fall Meeting of the Metallurgical Society and the Materials Engineering Con gress of the American Society for Metals. Cosponsors included the American Society for Metals and the American Nuclear Society. The purpose of the symposium was to bring together the several aspects of the subject of corrosion by liquid metals, so that perspective could be provided on the entire subject, to help in dividuals dealing with liquid metal corrosion problems acquire a sound basis of understanding, and to provide an opportunity for discussion between those doing research in this field. An exposition of the subject is timely, in view of the in creasing development of liquid metal heat and power sources for special purposes, including heat-pipe systems, NASA's SNAP power systems, and the AEC's liquid metal fast breeder reactor system. This book contains the proceedings of the symposium divided into four separate topics: I. Corrosion of Steels by Sodium, II. Alkali-Refractory Metal Interactions, III. Corrosion by Non-Alkali Metals, and IV. Analysis of Solid-Liquid Metal Inter actions (two sessions)."

The workshop entitled "The Role of Cell Interactions in Early Neurogenesis" was held at the Institut d'Etudes Scientifiques in Cargese, Corsica on May 29th to June 3rd, 1983. The setting was ideal for a small meeting whose purpose was to generate as much discussion as possible between the various participants. One of the major topics of this conference was neural induction, that is, the first step in neurogenesis. Neural induction remains poorly understood at the molecular level as compared to the sub- sequent steps of neuronal migration and differentiation. It thus appeared important to unite different researchers working on this fundamental process of neural induction with scientists studying later steps of neurogenesis in order to exchange ideas and suggestions. We would like to acknowledge the invaluable assistance of Marie- France Hanseler, the administrative assistant of CNRS who is respon- sible for the Institute. The workshop was primarily sponsored by CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France), NATO and EMBO (European Molecular Biology Organization). Additional financial support was generously provided by the International Society of Developmental Biologists, the European Developmental Biology Organiz- ation, the European Council, the Universite Paul Sabatier (Toulouse), la Societe Francaise de Biologie du Developpement, les Etablisse- ments Fabre (Fr~nce) et les Etablissements Sarget (France). The proceedings from this workshop comprise the present volume and there are five general chapters. In addition to the principal lectures given at the Institute, many participants presented short reports and all of these are included in this volume.

The Cargese Summer Institute 1B75 on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions at High Energies was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (M. LEVY et J. L. BASDEVANT), the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. GASTMANS) and the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. SPEISER et J. WEYERS) who made in 1973 the first contacts with some lecturers, who, on the advice of NATO, joined th their efforts and worked in common. It was the 16 Summer Insti- rd tute held at Cargese and the 3 one organized by the two depart- ments of Theoretical Physics at Leuven and Louvain-Ia-Neuve. When the two groups decided (independently) on the subject of the school, they could not know how lucky their choice eventually would turn out to be : rarely has it been possible ~o present an audience with such a great number of new and decisive discoveries who are likely to stimulate the imagination of theoreticians and the research projects of experimentalists alike. Such were the decisive confirmation of the neutral currents, the di-muon events, the slowly decaying new particles, etc. The organizers were grate- ful indeed that they could find physicists from almost all great centers of high energy physics who had themselves participated in these discoveries. Although the theorists could not match during the last two years the spectacular success of their experimental colleagues, there has been enough important programs, especially in field theory : renormalization of gauge theories, the Brout- Englert-Higgs mechanism, etc...

In The Letter in Black Radical Thought, Tendayi Sithole unmasks the logics of dehumanization in the terrain of black radical thought by looking at the letter as the site of examination and political intervention. Through his expansive demonstration and original argument, he analyzes the letters of Sylvia Wynter, Assata Shakur, George Jackson, Aìme Césaire, and Frantz Fanon. Through a close reading, and thus illuminating critical takes by these black radical thinkers, Sithole orchestrates a thematic approach, revealing the challenges to dehumanization which emerge in these letters. All the afore-mentioned figures are read anew through the typology of the letters they have penned. This typology consists of epistemic, fugitive, intramural, and resignation letters. The Letter in Black Radical Thought shows how these letters confront and combat dehumanization in novel ways.

Recently there have been major developments in the experimental techniques available for the study of the primary events following the absorption of ultra-violet and visible radiation by biological systems. These techniques, which include absorption, emission, resonance Raman, electron spin resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance and photoacoustic spectroscopies, can be used to study the fate of transient species with lifetimes ranging from seconds to nanoseconds and extending in some cases, such as laser flash photolysis, to pico 12 15 (10- S)- and even femtoseconds (10- s). In parallel with these developments there has been a dramatic increase in the use of light in medicine via the direct photochemical alteration of endogenous molecules (phototherapy) or via the photoactivation of drugs in the skin or other tissue (photochemotherapy). Thus neonatal hyperbili rubinaemia can be routinely treated by phototherapy and psoriasis is frequently treated by PUVA photochemotherapy. A promising new photo chemotherapy used the phototoxicity of porphyrin drugs activated by red light to destroy solid malignant tumors. While some of the overall qualitative effects of such treatments are known, only recently have we begun to understand the associated molecular mechanisms. The primary molecular processes involve short-lived species. The pur pose of this Advanced Study Institute was to review some newer experi mental techniques for the study of such species, the application of these techniques to biological and medical systems and to examine the value of such information in phototherapeutic situations."

In today's complex world, we have come to rely increasingly on those who have expertise in specific areas and can bring their knowledge to bear on crucial social, political and scientific questions. Taking the viewpoint that experts are consulted when there is something important at stake for an individual, a group, or society at large, Experts in Science and Society explores expertise as a relational concept. How do experts balance their commitment to science with that to society? How does a society actually determine that a person has expertise? What personal traits are valued in an expert? From where does the expert derive authority? What makes new forms of expertise emerge? These and related questions are addressed from a wide range of areas in order to be inclusive, as well as to demonstrate similarities across areas. Likewise, in order to be culturally comparative, this volume includes examples and discussions of experts in different countries and even in different time periods. The topics include the roles of political experts, scientific experts, medical experts, legal experts, and more.

This book offers a step-by-step guide to the experimental planning process and the ensuing analysis of normally distributed data, emphasizing the practical considerations governing the design of an experiment. Data sets are taken from real experiments and sample SAS programs are included with each chapter. Experimental design is an essential part of investigation and discovery in science; this book will serve as a modern and comprehensive reference to the subject.

The goals of the science of photobiology can be divided into four categories: to develop (I) ways to optimize the beneficial effects of light on man and his environment, (2) methods to protect organisms, including man, from the detrimental effects of light, (3) photochemical tools for use in studies of life processes, and (4) photochemical therapies in medicine. To achieve these goals will require the knowledgeable collaboration of biologists, chemists, engineers, mathematicians, physicians, and physicists; because photobiology is a truly multidisciplinary science. While a multidis ciplinary science is more intellectually demanding, it also has a greater potential for unexpected breakthroughs that can occur when data from several areas of science are integrated into new concepts for theoretical or practical use. Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews continues to provide in depth coverage of the many specialty areas of photobiology. It is hoped that these reviews will provide an important service to the younger scientists in the field and to senior scientists in related fields, because they provide a ready access to the recent literature in the field, and more importantly, they frequently offer a critical evaluation of the direction that the field is taking, or suggest a redirection when appropriate. Since it is important that this review series remain responsive to the needs of photochemists and photobiologists, the Editor would value com ments and suggestions from its readers."

Why another textbook on the design of wood sets this book apart is its inclusion of "struc structures? In many years of teaching structural tural planning. " Most textbooks show only the design in wood, the authors have used virtually selection of member proportions or number of every textbook available, as well as using only connectors in a joint to satisfy a given, com a code and no textbook at all. The textbooks pletely defined situation. This book, on the used have included both the old and the rela other hand, shows the thinking process needed tively modem; some have been fairly good, but to determine whether or not the member is re in our opinion each has deficiencies. Some quired in the first place. Following this, the books have too few solved examples. Others spacing and continuity of the member are de omit important material or have an arrange cided, its loads are determined, and finally its ment making them difficult to use as formal shape and size are selected. teaching tools. By writing this book, we intend We believe that illustrating structural plan to correct such deficiencies. ning as well as detailed member and connec The prime purpose of this book is to serve as tion design is of considerable value in helping a classroom text for the engineering or archi the student make the transition from the often tecture student."

This, the ninth volume in the series, appears some 13 years after the first. Like most of its predecessors, Volume 9 is deliberately eclectic, covering a range of topics that the editors think worthy of inclusion. Some of the chapters, such as the review of the literature on benzodiazepines, represent areas that have received relatively little attention in previous volumes-largely because the literature has not previously been "ripe" for review. Others represent literatures that have been reviewed in the past but which continue to advance in sufficient measure that their ripening never ceases. Shepard Siegel's contribution represents a relative rarity in previous volumes: a chapter not laden with a consideration of current empirical work, but a reflective essay designed to stir thought with some pro vocative ideas. The editors trust that readers will continue to find Research Advances to be an important repository of knowledge in the alcohol and drug fields. The Editors Toronto IX Contents 1. THE HUMAN PHARMACOLOGY OF NICOTINE Neal L. Benowitz 1. Introduction 2. Nicotine in Tobacco Products 2 3. Phannacokinetics of Nicotine 4 4. Nicotine and Cotinine Blood Levels during Tobacco Use 14 5. Intake of Nicotine during Cigarette Smoking 18 6. Biochemical Markers of Nicotine Intake 18 7. Regulation of Nicotine Intake during Cigarette Smoking 23 8. Phannacology of Nicotine 28 9. Importance of Nicotine in Human Disease 41 References 45 2. BENZODIAZEPINES AS DRUGS OF ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE 53 Howard D. Cappell, Edward M. Sellers, and Usoa Busto 1."

MOLECULAR ENZYMOLOGY, BECAUSE OF ITS CHEMICAL AND MATHEMATICAL content, is often regarded as a formidable and forbidding topic by undergraduates on a biology or biochemistry course, As a result of teaching enzymology to undergraduates for a number of years, we recognize the areas which appear to cause the most common difficulties in conceptual understanding. We feel that a book treating those areas by means of a logical approach carefully developed from basic principles fills a gap in the multiplicity of enzymology texts currently available. In writing this book we h; lVe had in mind the needs of Honours Biochemistry students, in particular those who may take a special interest in enzymology. The text covers the main bulk of the material required in the second and third years of such courses. In addition, those taking courses in Biological Chemistry may well find the book to be of central interest. The book begins with a description of the fundamentals of catalysis, illustrating these with simple chemical reactions which may be supposed to serve as models of catalytic processes. Protein structure is discussed in terms of the fundamental forces which determine the shape and dynamic behaviour of protein molecules. The approach emphasizes those features thought to be most intimately involved in the catalytic function of enzyme molecules, and is illustrated with specific examples.

As new faculty members in the Section of Psychiatry and Human Behavior at Brown University, we began collaborating on research into assessment and treatment of sexual problems in the fall of 1975. Although each of us arrived with clinical and research in terests in the broad field of sexual problems, the idea for this book grew out of our early discussions and a consensus on the future direction of research. We noted that there had been an extremely rapid increase in knowledge of human sexual behavior as well as sexual disorders and their treatment over the last few decades. It has also become increasingly apparent that sexual problems, broadly conceived, comprise a sizable fraction of the problems for which people seek treatment, and that, although the treatment of sexual problems was achieving some success, treatment was for the most part slow, costly, and without any guarantee of successful outcome. Furthermore, there were many people with sexual prob lems for whom treatment was not available. With these ideas in mind, it seemed timely for investigators in the field of human sex uality and its disorders to turn their attention to the problem of prevention. Organizing a symposium on the topic enabled us to invite leading investigators in the study of sexual behavior to address this area. The chapters in this volume are an outgrowth and refinement of the formal papers delivered at the symposium, which was held in the spring of 1976."

Electronic funds transfer (EFT) systems include a wide range of computer-based payment systems and sources that substitute electronic and digital transfers for movements of cash and paper checks. A few years ago some people were predict ing that EFT would replace paper money and coins entirely and that we would soon be a "checkless" and' 'cashless" society. Such sweeping changes have not occurred, but a slower evolution is clearly underway. Although checks, cur rency, and coin are likely to be here for many years to come, EFT is becoming an established part of our worldwide payment transfer system, and the implications and consequences of this technology are real. They include: * Alterations in personal finance and in the process of purchasing and paying for consumer goods and services. * Changes in the structure of financial and retail organizations and their mode of interaction in the marketplace. * Modifications in the flow of funds in our society and in the interactions among economic institutions. * Alterations in the prospects for invasion of personal privacy, perpetration of fraud and theft, and violation of antitrust regulations. * Changes in the regulatory and competitive balance among the numerous financial institutions in the United States. Such alterations foretell important impacts on people and society. Benefits are forthcoming, but the costs will also be real.

The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) was discovered as a con sequence of the chronic problem encountered by cancer biologists in the early years of this century: the failure to maintain tumor lines by serial passage in outbred mice. A number of observations pointed to genetic similarity being a prerequisite for successful transplantation and they were incorporated into a genetic theory of transplantation by C.C. Little. This prompted scientists like Little to initiate breeding experiments designed to test his hypothesis and produce genetically identical mice which would permit the growth of trans planted tumors. Most inbred strains of mice commonly used in immunology derive from those efforts. Transplantation of normal tissues obeyed the same rules found for malignant tissues and rejection was shown to be an immunological phenomenon. G.D. Snell showed that a single genetic locus determined rapid rejection of skin grafts. This was initially called the Major Histocompatibility Locus but was subsequently shown to include many functionally related genes and renamed the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). In mouse this is the H-2 complex and man the HLA complex. During this same period P.A."

This volume consists of lectures delivered at the Sixth Inter national Nathiagali Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs held at Islamabad from June 15 to July 2, 1981. The College used to be held at one of the scenic hill resorts of Pakistan, Nathiagali, hence the name of the College. The College was organized by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), under the patronage of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, with a view to providing an opportunity for local physicists and physicists from developing countries for learning of the latest developments in various branches of physics. The University Grants Commission provided a financial grant for the participation of physicists from the universities of Pakistan. The College had 18 lecturers from 7 countries. The total participation in the College was by over 200 people from 18 different countries. There were 15 days of concentrated lecturing during the day followed by seminars and discussion sessions in the evenings. From its inception the College has had a broad-based, multi disciplinary emphasis. The purpose of the College has been to provide physicists in the developing countries with enough information in various branches of physics so that they can shift, or broaden, their field of research. In the poor countries, like Pakistan, physicists cannot always get facilities and opportunities to continue research in their original field of specialisation at a reasonable level."

Considerable worldwide interest has arisen in recent years in the controlled use of enzymes as catalysts in industrial processing, analytical chemistry and medical therapy. This interest has genera ted the new interdisciplinary field of Enzyme Engineering, which includes both the scientific and technologic aspects of the produc tion, purification, immobilization, and application of enzymes in a variety of situations and reactor configurations. A series of Engineering Foundation conferences on Enzyme Engineering was initia ted to provide an international forum for the exchange of ideas and information over the entire range of this new field. The outstanding success of the first two conferences attests to the vigor and poten tial of this field to contribute significantly to a better under standing and resolution of some of the major problems faced by man kind. The first conference, which was held August 9-13, 1971, at Henniker, New Hampshire, U. S. A., aided significantly in molding the several traditional disciplines that interact to form the field of Enzyme Engineering. The conference was highly successful mainly because many of the key scientists and engineers from the several facets of Enzyme Engineering were brought together for the first time at a single residential meeting. The result was an exchange of ideas and "education" of one another in the pertinent principles of the diverse disciplines which contribute to this field. The second conference, held August 5-10, 1973, at Henniker, New Hampshire, U. S. A."

This book deals with the organic chemistry of polymers which find technological use as adhesives, fibres, paints, plastics and rubbers. For the most part, only polymers which are of commercial significance are considered and the primary aim of the book is to relate theoretical aspects to industrial practice. The book is mainly intended for use by students in technical institutions and universities who are specializing in polymer science and by graduates who require an introduction to this field. Several excellent books have recently appeared dealing with the physical chemistry of polymers but the organic chemistry of polymers has not received so much attention. In recognition of this situation and because the two aspects of polymer chemistry are often taught separately, this book deals specifically with organic chemistry and topics of physical chemistry have been omitted. Also, in this way the book has been kept to a reasonable size. This is not to say that integration of the two areas of polymer science is undesirable; on the contrary, it is of the utmost importance that the inter-relationship should b~ appreciated. I wish to record my thanks to my colleagues with whom I have had many helpful discussions, particularly Mrs S. L. Radchenko. I also thank Miss E. Friesen for obtaining many books and articles on my behalf and Mr H. Harms for encouragement and assistance. I am also grateful to Mrs M. Stevens who skilfully prepared the manuscript. Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Technology, Ryerson Polytechnical Institute, K. J. S.

Other books in this series focus on behavior at the individual level, approached from the viewpoints of biochemistry, anatomy, physiology, and psychology. In this volume we show how the functioning nervous systems of interacting individuals are coordinated, with the ultimate creation of complex social structures. The intri cacies of an individual's nervous system have been subject to intense inquiry, and research at the chemical, cellular, and organ levels has made remarkable progress. Work at the social level has been conducted somewhat independently, by way of behavioral phenomena and communicative interactions. With the emergence of a large body of information from neurobiology, the beginnings of an integrated approach are possible. New data on social functions are presented in the chapters to follow, and the forward-looking reader may wish to reflect on how they clarify understanding of interactions between two or more independent nervous systems. The outcome is harmonious social structure and improvement in the inclusive fitness of group-living individuals. We believe that there is in prospect a new way of looking at social function that will ultimately increase our understanding of the highest and most complex levels of neurobiology. The modern approach to the study of social behavior involves more than the recording of interactions between animals. Each individual brings to the process of social interaction the implications of its prior genetic and experiential history."