This book presents previously unexamined connections between teaching practices and specific philosophical ideas, locating the prior beliefs and practical knowledge of early childhood practitioners in urban India within a broader social and historical religio-philosophical context.

The biggest challenges in public health today are often related to attitudes, diet and exercise. In many ways, this marks a return to the state of medicine in the eighteenth century, when ideals of healthy living were a much more central part of the European consciousness than they have become since the advent of modern clinical medicine. Enlightenment advice on healthy lifestyle was often still discussed in terms of the six non-naturals - airs and places, food and drink, exercise, excretion and retention, and sleep and emotions. This volume examines what it meant to live healthily in the Enlightenment in the context of those non-naturals, showing both the profound continuities from Antiquity and the impact of newer conceptions of the body. Chapter 8 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9780429465642

First published in 1976. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

'1989 was as important a date as 1945; it was a watershed.' - Lord Dahrendorf. The essays assembled in this volume are a thoughtful and lively commentary on Europe after the revolution of 1989. Must revolutions fail? Certainly, the open society has its own problems, not least that of citizens in search of meaning. The Good Society has to square the circle of prosperity, civility and liberty. Social science can help us understand what needs to be done, and intellectuals have a responsibility to initiate and accompany change. All this raises questions for Europe which extend far beyond the all too narrow confines of the European Union.

First Published in 1973. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Public librarians do not usually see themselves as politicians. However, as decision-makers in an institutional setting, affected by a variety of pressures and conflicting interests, they are involved in politics in both the broad and narrow sense. Moreover, recent developments in the public library system have brought the librarian directly into the political sphere. Professor Shavit's study, the first major work on the subject in over 35 years, fills a major gap in scholarship on the public library in the political process and provides a detailed survey of the political context in which the modern library functions.

From the viewpoint of carrying out multi-disciplinary studies between economics and other social sciences, Pareto's theories are especially important as they are the core of contemporary orthodox economics. His sociology is constructed very differently from his economics. First the former deals with non-rational social behaviour of human beings, whilst the latter with rational behaviour; secondly, in the methodology the former is empirical and inductive, while the latter is logical and deductive. The present volume is a revamping of works by two authorities on Pareto. It combines Alfonso de Pietri-Tonelli's address to the Italian Association for Advancement of Science on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of Pareto's death with selected chapters of Vilfredo Pareto, sa vie et son oeuvre, Payot, Paris, 1928 by G.H. Bousquet.

Scholars of different schools have extensively analyzed world systems as networks of communication under the fashionable heading globalization.' Our collected new research pushes the argument one step further. Globalization is not a homogenization of all social life on earth. It is a heterogeneous process that connects the global and the local on different levels. To understand these contemporary developments this book employs innovative concepts, strategies of research, and explanations. Globalization is a metaphor for different borderstructures, new borderlines, and conditions of membership, which emerge in a global world-system. As a world-system expands it incorporates new territories and new peoples. The process of incorporation creates frontiers or boundaries of the world-system. These frontiers or boundary zones are the locus of resistance to incorporation, ethnogenesis, ethnic transformation, and ethnocide.

First Published in 1971. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

This volume presents articles by an interdisciplinary and international group of scholars spanning the social sciences, humanities, and law. It offers new perspectives on political relationships, politics, legal reform, law and the family, race relations and gender issues.

How can humans learn to function most effectively in their individual and social lives and best approach important ethical and social concerns? "Developing Sanity in Human Affairs" answers this question through application of general semantics to the fields of education, counseling, communication, critical thinking, journalism, and ethics.

General semantics, developed by Alfred Korzybski, is concerned with how humans can learn to evaluate and act more responsibly in conducting their individual and social lives. The chapters in this collection deal with these issues in education and counseling, social and cultural areas, critical thinking, communications, humanism, and ethics. Highlights include the Alfred Korzybski Memorial Lecture, which bridges past and present work in general semantics and applications to important current problems in media and other areas of communication. Traditional and revisionist perspectives on foundations in general semantics are presented, as are dialogues on critical thinking and general semantics.

This volume is the product of a conference on the theme 'Development - the Next Twenty-five Years' which the Institute of Social Studies held in Decem ber 1977 to mark its own twenty-fifth anniversaryas a centre of development studies. We felt it appropriate at that point in time to caU together specialists from all over the world in an attempt to assess the 'state of play' in our field as we move into the last quarter of the twentieth century. 1 For several days, therefore, the Institute's new building house d a remarkable concentration of knowledge and experience concerning the problems of the so-calle d less developed countries, drawn from all over the world. Although it was inevitable that the participants should represent the past (and it was several times re marked that, in that sense, there were too few women present), the earnest and sometimes heated discussions looked to the future as much as to what had happened in the last twenty-five years. As the discussions proceeded, three things became apparent. Firstly, although the papers submitted did not fully reveal it, the ongoing debate between radicals and moderates, those who saw possibilities of change only basically through a direct break with existing structures and those who felt change possibIe within them, is by no means at an end."

This book reformulates the master narrative of erotic discourse in medieval literature. Individual chapters offer fresh readings of the nature and claims of erotic attachments in Abelard and Heloise, Marie de France, Jean de Meun, Dante, Boccaccio, and Chaucer - writers profoundly influenced by Augustine and Ovid.

As underscored by the emergence of the Los Angeles school of contemporary urban studies, the Southern California experience--its popular culture, politics, economics, spatial structure, ethnic diversity, technologies, and lifestyles--has an impact and relevance well beyond it own immediate geographic setting. This book explores the parallel and interlinked constructions of identities, imaginations, and activities in and between Southern California and the world beyond. In particular, the volume shows how the local and global are interfused with one another, making it evident that the connections involve more than a process of globalization. Approaching the subject from three perspectives, the volume considers how the Southern Californian way of life--as reflected through entertainment, politics, legal institutions, technology, cultural trends--influences the lifestyles of other parts of the world; how Southern California, as a primary repository of peoples and cultures from throughout the world, absorbs and transforms this living diaspora of foreign cultures into something that is uniquely Southern Californian; and how Southern California functions as a major nexus within a global network of linked activities and the special roles of Southern California within the context of these global networks. The book provides a panoramic and stimulating perspective on the multiplexed connectivities between global phenomena and the Southern California experience.

Even though the democratic decline has been deemed a global phenomenon, the question of how it manifests itself in the postcommunist world and how it varies across different regions with divergent levels of democratic consolidation has not been sufficiently addressed yet. This book tries to fill the gap and examines the causes and nature of the deteriorating quality of democracy in Central Europe as well as the reversal or stagnation of democratization processes in Southeastern and Eastern Europe. The political elite plays a key role in initiating legislative changes that may lead to democratic backsliding. Its constant commitment to the rule of law and to the practice of selfrestraint in securing the independence of judiciary and the rights of political opposition appears hence indispensable for sustainable liberal democracy.

"The Nature of Money" draws on neglected intelectual traditions in the social sciences to develop a theory of the social relation of money. Geoffrey Ingham argues that mainstream economics and sociology fail to grasp the specific nature of money. It is seen either as a 'neutral veil' over the operation of the 'real' economy or its existence is simply taken for granted.

Defining money as a socially and politically constructed 'promise to pay', Ingham applies this approach to a range of important historical and analytical questions. The origins of money, the 'cashless' monetary systems of the ancient Near Eastern empires, the pre-capitalist coinage of Greece and Rome and the emergence of capitalist credit-money are all given new interpretations. In contrast to the conventional focus on production and property relations, ir is argued that capitalism's distinctiveness is to be found in the social structure A comprising complex linkages between firms, banks and states A by which private debts are routinely 'monetized'. Monetary 'disorders' A inflation, deflation, the collaspe of currencies A are the result of disruptions of, or the inability to sustain, these creditAdebt relations. Finally, this concept of money is used to clarify confusion in the recent debates on the emergence of new forms and spaces of money A such as global electronic money, local exchange trading schemes and the euro.

In the past twenty years, social injustice has increased enormously in Britain and the United States, regardless of the party in power. At the same time, the idea of social justice itself has been subverted, as the mantras of personal responsibility and equal opportunity have been employed as an excuse for doing nothing about the enrichment of the few at the expense of the many and for making ever harsher demands on the poor and vulnerable.

With grace and wit, Brian Barry exposes the shoddy logic and distortion of reality that underpins this ideology. Once we understand the role of the social structure in limiting options, we have to recognize that really putting into practice ideas such as equal opportunity and personal responsibility would require a fundamental transformation of almost all existing institutions.

Barry argues that only if inequalities of wealth and income are kept within a narrow range can equal prospects for education, health and autonomy be realized. He proposes a number of policies to achieve a more equal society and argues that they are economically feasible. But are they politically possible?

The apparent stability of the status quo is delusory, he responds: radical changes in our way of life are unavoidable. Whether these changes are for better or for worse depends partly on the availability of a coherent set of principles and a programme flowing from them that is capable of mobilizing the growing discontent with business as usual. That is, ultimately, why social justice matters.

In recent years sociologists of sciences have become more interested in scien tific elites, in the way they direct and control the development of sciences and, beyond that, in which the organization of research facilities and resources generally affects research strategies and goals. In this volume we focus on scientific establishments and hierarchies as a means of bringing aspects of these concerns together in their historical and comparative contexts. These terms draw attention to the fact that much scientific work has been pursued within a highly specific organizational setting, that of universities and aca demic research institutes. The effects of this organizational setting as well as its power relations, and its resources in relation to governmental and other non-scientific establishments in society at large, deserve closer attention. One significant aspect of scientific establishments and hierarchies and of the power relations impinging upon scientific research, is the fact that the bulk of leading scientists have the professional career, qualifications and status of a professor. As heads or senior members of departments, institutes and laboratories, professors form the ruling groups of scientific work. They are the main defenders of scientific - or departmental - autonomy, accept or resist innovations in their field, play a leading part in fighting scientific controversies or establishing consensus. Even where research units are not directly controlled by professors, authority structures usually remain strongly hierarchical. These hierarchies too deserve attention in any explora tion of the social characteristics of scientific knowledge and its production."