This book - never before published - is eminent sociologist Harold Garfinkel's earliest attempt, while at Harvard in 1948, to bridge the growing gap in U.S. sociology. This gap was generated by a Parsonsian paradigm that emphasized a scientific approach to sociological description, one that increasingly distanced itself from social phenomena in the influential ways studied by phenomenologists.It was Garfinkel's idea that phenomenological description, rendered in more empirical and interactive terms, might remedy shortcomings in the reigning Parsonsian view. Garfinkel soon gave up the attempt to repair scientific description and his focus became increasingly empirical until, in 1954, he famously coined the term 'Ethnomethodology'. However, in this early manuscript can be seen more clearly than in some of his later work the struggle with a conceptual and positivist rendering of social relations that ultimately informed Garfinkel's position. Here we find the sources of his turn toward ethnomethodology, which would influence subsequent generations of sociologists.This book is essential reading for all social theory scholars and graduate students and for a wider range of social scientists in anthropology, ethnomethodology, and other fields.

This book - never before published - is eminent sociologist Harold Garfinkel's earliest attempt, while at Harvard in 1948, to bridge the growing gap in U.S. sociology. This gap was generated by a Parsonsian paradigm that emphasized a scientific approach to sociological description, one that increasingly distanced itself from social phenomena in the influential ways studied by phenomenologists.It was Garfinkel's idea that phenomenological description, rendered in more empirical and interactive terms, might remedy shortcomings in the reigning Parsonsian view. Garfinkel soon gave up the attempt to repair scientific description and his focus became increasingly empirical until, in 1954, he famously coined the term 'Ethnomethodology'. However, in this early manuscript can be seen more clearly than in some of his later work the struggle with a conceptual and positivist rendering of social relations that ultimately informed Garfinkel's position. Here we find the sources of his turn toward ethnomethodology, which would influence subsequent generations of sociologists.This book is essential reading for all social theory scholars and graduate students and for a wider range of social scientists in anthropology, ethnomethodology, and other fields.

"Politics of Culture in Iran i"s the first comprehensive study of modern anthropology within the context of Iranian studies and politics in the twentieth century.
This book analyzes the ways in which anthropology and culture in Iran has interacted with Iranian politics and society. In particular it highlights how and why anthropology and culture became part of wider socio-political discourses and how they were appropriated and rejected by the pre- and post- revolutionary regimes. The author shows that there have been three main phases of Iranian anthropology, corresponding broadly to three periods in the social and political development of Iran and include:
- The Period of Nationalism: lasting approximately from the Constitutional Revolution (1906-11) and the end of the Qajar dynasty until the end of Reza Shah's reign (1941).
- The Period of Nativism: from the 1950s until the Islamic Revolution (1979)
- The Post-Revolutionary Period
This book also places Iran within an international context by demonstrating how western anthropological concepts, theories and methodologies affected epistemological and political discourses in Iranian anthropology. Politics of Culture in Iran is essential reading for those with interests in Iranian society and politics and anthropology.""

This book sets out a framework for rethinking the three key areas of schooling that are most affected by technology's impact on education today: knowledge as curriculum, learning and pedagogy, and literacy across the curriculum. Carey Jewitt shows how all three are reshaped by the multimodal resources and facilities of new technologies, and points the way to rethinking teaching and learning in this environment.
The author proceeds practically through an exhaustive analysis of teaching and learning with technology-mediated materials such as CD-ROMs, web-sites, the internet, computer programming applications and computer games. She relates each in turn to the main curriculum topics of English, Mathematics and Science. Through this detailed scrutiny, the following questions emerge:
- How do the new technologies reshape knowledge as curriculum?
- How does the use of new technologies in the classroom reshape learning and pedagogy?
- As writing moves from page to screen, what is the impact on students' situated literary practices and how does it affect learning?
Through these questions this book demonstrates that mode, technology and curriculum knowledge are fundamentally connected, and describes how teacher and student roles in the classroom could be altered in response to new technologies. Carey Jewitt calls for a reconceptualization of literacy and reading as a "multimodal design" and demands that the need for new strategies and policies around literacy right across the board, and particularly in relation to assessment, should be seriously and urgently addressed.

Poststructuralism, particularly through the writings of Michel Foucault and Judith Butler, has achieved remarkable success in challenging our belief in natural sex categories and instincts. Here, Carrie Hull endorses the progressive ideals of poststructuralism while demonstrating the superiority of a realist account of sex and sexuality. Embracing biological and cultural variability, Hull nonetheless shows that the sexed body is naturally structured and deeply meaningful. Poststructuralist philosophers have argued that biological sex is a continuum rather than a binary, and that sex identity and drive are entirely performances of cultural norms rather than expressions of innate qualities. Hull draws parallels with Nelson Goodman, W.V.O. Quine, and B.F. Skinner to show that these poststructuralist theories are rooted in a nominalist, relativist, and behaviourist philosophy, and develops an alternative framework using arguments from contemporary and critical realism. Employing colourful illustrations from biology, anthropology and psychology, Hull demonstrates the rich potential of realist philosophy, and concludes that it is philosophically and scientifically correct, on one hand, and politically advisable, on the other, to maintain a distinction - albeit attenuated - between sex and gender, and sexuality and behaviour.

The capabilities approach to equality, developed by Amartyr Sen and Martha Nussbaum, seeks to answer the question: what is a proper measure of a person's condition for the purposes of determining what we owe each other, as a matter of justice?

While the capabilities theory has avoided many of the conceptual difficulties that have undermined competing accounts of egalitarian justice, recent criticisms have raised questions regarding the focus, structure and justification of the theory. In this volume, leading scholars present new and original essays that address these controversies.

Gender and Social Capital brings together leading scholars to provide a critical analysis of the social capital thesis from a gendered perspective. Robert Putnam argues that women have played an important role in creating and sustaining stocks of social capital. Yet there has been relatively little in the way of sustained critical analysis of Putnam's thesis as it related to women, despite clear evidence of the existence of gendered patterns of associational involvement and women's numerical under-representation in democratic institutions. The contributors investigate several facets of the interaction between social capital and gender, including the gendered nature of associational involvement, the privileging of gender inequalities within the theoretical conception of social capital, the gendered use of social capital representation, and political consumerism as a form of social capital. The book provides a critique of Putnam's theory from several different approaches (theoretical, historical, comparative and empirical), drawing on original research from several advanced democracies (Belgium, Britain, Canada, Sweden and the United States).

This study explored the experience of foreign language faculty in American colleges and universities. Foreign language faculty, because of the gender make-up of the field, their employment status, and their intellectual reputation are a particularly marginalized subset of the professoriate. Therefore, by studying their experience, it is possible to gain insights into the causes and effects of faculty marginalization in general--insights that are much needed in order to distribute academic power more evenly. In addition, in an increasingly globalized world, foreign language as a field of study and teaching makes important contributions to higher education, the U.S. economy, and more broadly, the promotion of cultural awareness and global understanding.
The study revealed that foreign language faculty population in terms of faculty status and rank. Women, faculty in the "less commonly taught languages," and responded to their marginalization in different ways, with faculty in the less commonly taught languages working most proactively to improve their status. Faculty administrative duties, such as committee service, appear to be a key way that faculty can work to alleviate their own marginalization, and participants also offered a variety of suggestions for institutional policy changes that would improve their experience.

An essential tool for those planning to undertake social research, this exceptional book tackles many of the specific concerns and issues that arise. A well structured text, it offers a comprehensive introduction to a range of important areas in project management, including: commissioning research preparing a tender or grant application risk and stakeholder analysis managing the field work and data analysis financial management ethics, confidentiality and copyright. This book provides a unique source of guidance for anyone seeking to commission, manage or carry out social research. It will especially benefit researchers working in a variety of different contexts, including those in academia, central or local government, 'quangos', public bodies or private consulting companies.

At no time in U.S. history has there been a more effective challenge to medical expertise and authority than that mounted by the contemporary Laetrile movement. The efficacy of Laetrile has been debated for over twenty-five years, but despite vigorous opposition from the medical community, support for the purported cancer treatment continues to gro

The pioneers who started the world's first open universities flew by the seat of their pants. Their successors, now launching and reshaping open-learning programmes in the internet age, no longer need to.
Drawing on forty years' experience of implementing open and distance learning, this book will guide decision makers - in the private and public sectors - about how they can teach and train more students, more effectively, learning from the successes and avoiding the failures of the past. The book is richly illustrated with case study materials from varied international experiences, and the main issues covered include:
Pedagogical options - teaching materials, student-support and tutorial arrangements
Administrative options - single-mode/dual-mode institutions, recruitment strategies, communication structures
Collaborative options - market alliances, public-private partnerships and the necessary conditions for success
Funding - capital and recurrent expenditure, factors for cost-effectiveness
Quality control, accreditation and assessment - awarding credits and monitoring the quality of the institution
This book is written for anyone planning to develop programmes or projects of open and distance learning, either through an educational institution or for training in the private, corporate or NGO sector.

Critically exploring the ways in which men and masculinities are commonly theorized, this multidisciplinary text opens up discussions on such relationships, and shows that, as with feminisms, there is a diversity of theoretical traditions. It draws on a variety of examples, and explores new directions in the complexities of diverse male identities and emotional lives across different histories, cultures and traditions.
"Transforming Masculinities" explores new ways of thinking men's power and the tensions men often feel in relation to prevailing cultural masculinities. Questioning the idea that masculinities can be understood exclusively as relationships of power, this book explores how men's power has to be understood in relation to specific cultures and traditions and how transformations in gender relations across generations mean we have to think in new ways about men, masculinities, cultures, bodies, sexualities and emotional life. Challenging the universal applicability of Western modelsof hegemonic masculinity Seidler suggests that we need to think differently about diverse cultural masculinities and recognize that men have to engage critically with their own cultural traditions to create more equal and loving relationships.
Written in a practical, versatile manner by an established author in this field, it points to new directions in thinking, and makes essential reading for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers in the fields of sociology, gender studies, politics, philosophy and psychology.

Public spaces are no longer democratic places where all people are embraced and tolerated, but instead centers of commerce and consumption. Increasing privatization through collaborative public/private partnerships between municipalities and local businesses has transformed such places as Bryant Park and Union Square in the center of New York City into environments maintained by video surveillance and police control. Even city squares and village greens are no longer places for public discussion and casual loitering, but instead have become filled with regulated Green Markets, military re-enactments, and seasonal country fairs.
The linkage between public space and the globalizing political economy deserves closer scrutiny because societal mobilization about public space influences the shape of civil society, and by extension, democratic participation. With the increased globalization of the public realm, the boundaries of communication and social practices are increasingly informed by multiple cultural settings creating new forms of public space. Studies of public spaces are rarely comparative much less global in their scope. This book expands this focus of work on public space to include a consideration of the transnational--in the sense of moving people and transformations in the nation/state--to expand our vision of what a public space is and how our notion of the "public" has changed.

First published in 1952, the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences [IBSS]--consisting of volumes covering anthropology, economics, political science, and sociology--has long been established as an essential bibliographic reference for students, researchers and librarians in the social sciences worldwide.
Key features
* Rigorous standards: IBSS is the most authoritative selective bibliography ever produced. Articles and books are selected on merit by some of the world's most expert librarians and academics.
* Unsurpassed comprehensive coverage: includes over 2000 journals and the latest monograph publications--more than any other comparable resource.
* Global scope: scholarship covered in IBSS includes work from over 30 languages, including publications in Eastern Europe and the developing world.
* Ease of use: all non-English titles are word sections. Extensive author, subject and place name indexes are provided in both English and French.

This thought-provoking study challenges the usefulness of existing parameters for assessing and describing the development of children in early education settings, and shows how notions of developmentally appropriate practices exclude vitally important social and political constructs of gender. By repositioning gender at the centre of our view of children's interactions and emotional, physical, intellectual and social development, Blaise highlights the imbalance of power in the classroom and the continually shifting performances and understanding of young children's awareness of gender and gender roles. Insightful and inspiring for classroom practitioners, this book will also be of interest to anyone concerned with child development, gender studies, feminist and queer studies, and all those fascinated by the socialization of our children.

This thought-provoking study challenges the usefulness of existing parameters for assessing and describing the development of children in early education settings, and shows how notions of developmentally appropriate practices exclude vitally important social and political constructs of gender. By repositioning gender at the centre of our view of children's interactions and emotional, physical, intellectual and social development, Blaise highlights the imbalance of power in the classroom and the continually shifting performances and understanding of young children's awareness of gender and gender roles. Insightful and inspiring for classroom practitioners, this book will also be of interest to anyone concerned with child development, gender studies, feminist and queer studies, and all those fascinated by the socialization of our children.

The definitive biography of the life and work of Elton Mayo (1880-1949) is the first full, accurate account of the activities and intimate life of one of Australia and America's pioneering social scientists. Mayo, who established the scientific study of organizational behavior, was highly influential in American social science and business management theory, following his work at the Harvard Business School and the Western Electric Company.

Still the subject of vigorous debate, Mayo's ideas spanned several disciplines--psychology, sociology, philosophy, and business management. Mayo developed the field of industrial psychology by applying the results of scientific research to the problems of work in order to improve the life of industrial workers and managers and to encourage collaboration between administrators and their subordinates. Trahair's biography traces the origins of Mayo's ideas in order to help clarify aspects of the debate.

Alfred W. Clark of La Trobe University commented, "It will become a definitive biography...it is based on a masterly grasp of detail into Mayo's life, theories and impact.... Trahair's expression is always clear and lively; he never writes a turgid sentence, let alone a paragraph"; while Arthur G. Bedeian at Auburn University noted that Elton Mayo A Humanist Temper is "laced with wit and insight, and graced with style. For all its scholarship, it is wholly readable. Historians interested in the development of the social sciences should find the book particularly valuable. It offers a searching example of the scientific enterprise."

Baron Peter Apor lamented the passing of traditional Transylvanian practices and the "Metamorphosis," written in 1783, is not a memoir in the usual sense so much a record of a vanishing way of that the life author had enjoyed in his youth, and had been told of by his elders. Apor focuses on the world he knew: upper-class society, the company of Princes and Counts. He gives detailed accounts of Transylvanian dress, feasts, rituals, ceremonials, travelling, weddings, funerals and other social functions that are unrivalled for gusto, humour and color. Here, for example, are young Lords whose horses had harnesses set with gems; Counts with forty castles; hospitality of a truly prodigious nature beginning with vermouth at breakfast drunk from silver goblets; fine banquets taken to the sound of pipes and violins, finishing with rousing dances such as the Mouse Dance.

For a year Wendy Wallace, a leading educational journalist, spent one day per week in a school; observing and analyzing how tough life is for teachers, pupils and parents and assessing how schools really operate in the current educational system. The result is this heartfelt description of the life of one school that could really be any school, showing not only the problems schools encounter but also how creative solutions can fit around an educational system that all too often can be seen as a straitjacket.
Detailing the highs and lows of school life, this behind the scenes look is an intimate account of how people in one unique inner city primary school approach issues facing schools and communities everywhere. Focusing on the progress of individual children, and the enormous pressures placed on members of staff, this book illuminates contemporary school life and provides a human and touching account of major and minor successes and failures. By turns both highly entertaining and surprising the author incisive journalistic eye focuses on how individuals cope with government initiatives, the needs of pupils and of the community at large.
As the author says, while some children go to school to top up the life they are already leading at home, others go to get a life. Yet although what actually occurs in schools is a matter of incessant public debate few people know much about what real life is really like within them. That is until now.

Definitions of human beings as "symbolic animals" emphasize our capacity to form theories and general laws that can be applied to common social experience. This is balanced by an equally strong will to define events and conditions that are particular to specific times, places, and individuals. In this volume, Dennis H. Wrong argues that the scientific standard of universal laws and propositions has only limited relevance to human historical phenomena.
Wrong identifies the essential questions for social science as the place of nature and nurture in forming personality, the sources of variation in human conduct and culture, the causes of deviations from social norms, how human motivations are socially shaped and controlled to make society possible, and, finally, the causes of social change. Because successive generations of thinkers have given varying answers to these questions, no cumulative progress can be said to have occurred. Wrong argues that the unity of theory and research sought by American sociologists cannot be obtained in social theory.
In terms of sociological practice, this has created a disparity between the canonical theories of Marx, Durkheim, and Weber, and the empirically oriented methodologies of current social research--especially questionnaires, fieldwork, and statistical research. Wrong attributes this disparity to postmodern skepticism about the potential of the social sciences to create a body of knowledge that might positively reshape human society. Between the large-scale theoretical constructs of classical theory and the overly particularistic tendencies associated with postmodernism, Wrong argues for a historically oriented approach emphasizing unforeseen, accidental agents as a foundation for modestly conceived theories.
Wrong emphasizes that the capacity to avoid predictable, standardized responses, whether they are based on instinct or ingrained habit, is the source of human creativity. "Homo sapiens" is as much a particularizing as a generalizing animal. That is the major theme of this effort at the humanization of a discipline divided by space, time, and purpose.
Dennis H. Wrong is professor emeritus of sociology at New York University. He is the author of "Reflections on a Politically Skeptical Era, The Oversocialized Conception of Man," and "Power: Its Forms, Bases, and Uses."

The ultimate guide for the student encountering anthropology for the first time, Anthropology: The Basics explains and explores key anthropological concepts including:

• 
  
• what is anthropology?
• 
  
• how can we distinguish cultural differences from physical ones?
• 
  
• what is culture, anyway?
• 
  
• how do anthropologists study culture?
• 
  
• what are the key theories and approaches used today?
• 
  
• How has the discipline changed over time?

This student-friendly text provides an overview of the fundamental principles of anthropology and is an invaluable guide for anyone wanting to learn more about this fascinating subject.

This is the most complete and detailed account of the traditional domestic and daily life of the Chinese in the mid-nineteenth century. Writing in the 1860s, Doolittle concentrates on social and religious customs, revealing the people through their practices and material culture which he observed for over fourteen years. Colorful, exotic and compelling, this is a more telling portrait than any history or encyclopedia, an innovative tour de force of popular culture, and a classic ahead of its time. Agricultural and household matters, betrothal and marriage, the treatment of disease, popular gods and goddesses, punishments and celebrations, annual customs and festivals, superstitions, business customs, charitable practices, vegetarians, charms and omens, fortune-telling, opium and opium smoking are among the subjects dealt with, accompanied by charming engravings. Doolittle lived midway between Shanghai and Canton, the origin of the overseas Chinese diaspora. The world he describes here may have vanished in mainland China but it endures in Chinatowns and Chinese homes around the world.

Incorporating Japanese language materials and field-based research, this compelling collection of essays takes a comparative look at the changing notions of gender and sexual diversity in Japan, considering both heterosexual and non-heterosexual histories, lifestyles and identities.

Written by key Japanese authors and Western scholars the volume examines how non-conformist individuals have questioned received notions and challenged social norms relating to sex and gender. The chapters depict the plurality of gender positions; from housewives opposed to gender roles within marriage to heterosexual men wishing to be more involved in family life. Including material not previously published in English, this volume gives an overview of the important changes taking place in gender and sexuality studies within Japanese scholarship.

"American Identities" is a dazzling array of primary documents and critical essays culled from American history, literature, memoir, and popular culture that explore major currents and trends in American history from 1945 to the present.

"Changing Higher Education" seeks to make to make sense of the many changes that have taken place in learning and teaching in higher education and offers insights into where teaching and learning might be moving in the future.
Acknowledging the vital influence of Lewis Elton, leading researchers in the field examine and reflect on different aspects of changes to teaching. Focusing on five key areas, they:
- Outline changes in higher education and ways of thinking about teaching and learning that have occurred over the last thirty years
- Inspect the development of students' learning in higher education
- Examine the development of learning technologies in higher education
- Consider accreditation and scholarship of teaching and learning in higher education.
- Develop a framework through which to understand and question the future development of learning and teaching in higher education
"Changing HigherEducation" provides an in-depth analysis of the changes in learning and teaching that have taken place over the last thirty years. It offers staff and educational developers and those studying postgraduate qualifications in learning and teaching higher education an insightful framework through which to understand and question current and future developments in learning and teaching in higher education.