To what extent do cyberspace operations increase the risks of escalation between nation-state rivals? Scholars and practitioners have been concerned about cyber escalation for decades, but the question remains hotly debated. The issue is increasingly important for international politics as more states develop and employ offensive cyber capabilities, and as the international system is increasingly characterized by emergent multipolarity. In Escalation Dynamics in Cyberspace, Erica D. Lonergan and Shawn W. Lonergan tackle this question head-on, presenting a comprehensive theory that explains the conditions under which cyber operations may lead to escalation. In doing so, they challenge long-held assumptions about strategic interactions in cyberspace, arguing that cyberspace is not as dangerous as the conventional wisdom might suggest. In some cases, cyber operations could even facilitate the de-escalation of international crises. To support their claims, Lonergan and Lonergan test their theory against a range of in-depth case studies, including strategic interactions between the United States and key rivals; a series of case studies of the role of cyber operations in international crises; and plausible future scenarios involving cyber operations during conflict. They then apply their analytical insights to policymaking, making the case that skepticism is warranted about the overall efficacy of employing cyber power for strategic ends. By exploring the role of cyber operations in routine competition, crises, and warfighting, Escalation Dynamics in Cyberspace presents nuanced insights about how cyberspace affects international politics.

NATO's 2010 Strategic Concept officially broadened the alliance's mission beyond collective defense, reflecting a peaceful Europe and changes in alliance activities. NATO had become an international security facilitator, a crisis-manager even outside Europe, and a liberal democratic club as much as a mutual-defense organization. However, Russia's re-entry into great power politics has changed NATO's strategic calculus. Russia's aggressive annexation of Crimea in 2014 and its ongoing military support for Ukrainian separatists dramatically altered the strategic environment and called into question the liberal European security order. States bordering Russia, many of which are now NATO members, are worried, and the alliance is divided over assessments of Russia's behavior. Against the backdrop of Russia's new assertiveness, an international group of scholars examines a broad range of issues in the interest of not only explaining recent alliance developments but also making recommendations about critical choices confronting the NATO allies. While a renewed emphasis on collective defense is clearly a priority, this volume's contributors caution against an overcorrection, which would leave the alliance too inwardly focused, play into Russia's hand, and exacerbate regional fault lines always just below the surface at NATO. This volume places rapid-fire events in theoretical perspective and will be useful to foreign policy students, scholars, and practitioners alike.

First published in 1996, this encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference resource that pulls together a vast amount of material on a rich historical era, presenting it in a balanced way that offers hard-to-find facts and detailed information. The volume was the first encyclopedic account of the United States' colonial military experience. It features 650 essays by more than 130 historians, archaeologists, anthropologists, geographers, and other scholarly experts on a variety of topics that cover all of colonial America's diverse peoples. In addition to wars, battles, and treaties, analytical essays explore the diplomatic and military history of over 50 Native American groups, as well as Dutch, English, French, Spanish, and Swiss colonies. It's the first source to consult for the political activities of an Indian nation, the details about the disposition of forces in a battle, or the significance of a fort to its size, location, and strength. In addition to its reference capabilities, the book's detailed material has been, and will continue to be highly useful to students as a supplementary text and as a handy source for reporters and papers.

A new Regent was leading Scotland in the fall of 1332. Robert the Brus had been buried at Dunfermline Abbey; his most loyal lieutenants James Douglas and Thomas Randolph were dead as well. Tragedy struck quickly at Duplin Moor; the subterfuge of Scots in sympathy to Edward Balliol and the Disinherited led many brave patriots to their unnecessary deaths. This third book of the Douglas Trilogy, the sequel to the 'Braveheart' legacy takes the reader through the volatile years of the 14th century as the author crafts the true stories of the next generation of Douglas knights; the grandsons of Sir William le Hardi, Lord Douglas. Returning from their exile in Normandy and adventures in Piacenza, Italy, young William and his cousin Archibald the Grim seize the gauntlets of the doughty Douglas; the Patriotic Cause stirring in their blood they set their sights on liberating Scotland. Follow these Earls of Douglas as they embrace the words of the old Crusader; following their truth, defending the cause of Freedom in this exciting conclusion of the real-life story of the Douglas Clan and the Scottish Wars for National Independence.

Independence and Deterrence , commissioned by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, continues the story of Britain's atomic project begun in Britain and Atomic Energy 1939-1945 , and covers the years from 1945 to the first British bomb test at the end of 1952. Volume 1 studies policy making at the highest levels - the strategic, political and international considerations, the administrative and constitutional machinery. It shows how and why Britain decided to make atomic bombs and follows traumatic negotiations for Anglo-American atomic collaboration and their effect on Britain's relations with Europe and the Commonwealth. There is important material on Anglo-Canadian affairs. The book sheds new light on Britain's rights to consultation on any American use of atmoic bombs. Volume 2 studies the execution of the project. It analyses the cost of the project in money and manpower, the problems of health and safety, secrecy and security, the relationship between government and private industry. Above all it gives a 'nuts and bolts' description of the work of the scientists and engineers in carrying out - with great success - a complex technological project operating on the furthest frontiers of knowledge, which culminated in making and testing the Mark I weapon. There is an illuminating chapter on the origins of Britian's nuclear power programme and her choice of reactor. These chapters emphasise not only ecomomic, managerial and technological aspects, but also the great influence of personalities. This is the first peacetime official history to be authorised for publication. It has been written with free access to official documents and very little has been modified or omitted on public interest grounds. Most of the material is completely new. Ronald Clark wrote of Britain and Atomic Energy , '[Mrs Gowning] has been able to let cats out of bags by the litterful'. This is even more true of Independence and Deterrence.

"BRING OUR BABY HOME" "This is a powerful story that must be shared. It is about Hero's, the best of human deeds, of caring, and unwavering morality despite destruction and chaos. Above all, this story is a story of humanity and grit that shows what heroism is about." Linda Quan, M.D. Bellevue, WA "A riveting, true story, told by a former U.S. Army Medic Sergeant (a scrounging-Houdini) about a brilliant young military surgical team that saved hundreds of American troops' lives before, during and after the blood-ridden 1968 TET Offensive; as well as that of a newborn Montagnard girl, who returned to the U.S. with that war weary sergeant to live a free, full, productive life as his daughter, and to become an American citizen." Sgt. James C. Hudson Kelseyville, CA Reporter-Photographer, Green Beret Magazine, 5th Special Forces Group, RVN 1969-70

A data-rich analysis of how the four inter-related crises of 2020 — the COVID-19 pandemic, the economic collapse and K-shaped recovery, the clashes over the legacy of racism and policing, and assaults on the legitimacy of democratic institutions (abetted by conspiracy theories) — shaped not only the 2020 election, but also the future of our democracy. The 2020 election cycle was one of the most tumultuous in the nation's history. Early in the cycle, a global pandemic hit the US, paralyzing much of the economy and raising a multitude of questions about how people would go about voting. Then, beginning in late spring, a series of police brutality cases set off a nationwide wave of protests and civil disturbances related to racial justice concerns. In the final phase, the president of the United States refused to accept the results and incited his followers to storm the US Capitol. How did all of these momentous events shape voters' opinions? And what impact did they have on the outcome? To answer these questions, Kathleen Hall Jamieson and her collaborators surveyed 9,000 Americans over the course of the year to determine how voters reacted to the events on the ground, the campaigns' attempts at persuasion, and the post-election chaos that followed Biden's victory. Generally, American voters saw the multitude of crises through the lens of their polarized partisan predispositions. But why? Jamieson and her co-authors first stress that America has multiple electorates, and they are exposed to different informational environments. The divergent messages they received shaped not only their vote choice, but also how they made sense of these crises. Interestingly, though, while many voters were locked in place by their partisan priors, a majority of those who ended up voting for either Biden or Trump were unsure of their choice and whether they would actually vote at some point during the year. What led to both the wavering in people's choices and the attitudes they eventually adopted were in large part due to the differing media environments enveloping them: the messages from the campaigns, from their family and friends, as well from those in mass and social media. But this is not a simple story of "echo chambers," where individuals are immersed in only one type of media — far from it. The distinct media environments in which these electorates experienced the election were in fact complex and varied, and the interaction between these different types of media was key. Indeed, most voters were subject to cross-cutting information pressures and not only one type of partisan source. This book's focus on the ebb and flow of the campaign over time and the centrality of wavering voters makes this an authoritative and essential account of one of the most momentous American elections ever.

Ever since the possibility of nuclear fission arose in the minds of the physicists of the 1930s, nuclear weapons seem to have had a momentum of their own. In charge of them, and driven by them, are the nuclear decision-makers. This book takes the reader behind the tests and deployments of bombs and missiles to reveal who takes the decisions to develop nuclear weapons and what kind of people they are. Ranging from the laboratories where 'Star Wars' weapons are being invented, to the Design Bureau where Soviet missiles are developed, to Mururoa Atoll, testing site of the French neutron bomb, to the lake-side compound in the Beijing, from which the modernisation of Chinese nuclear weapons is directed, to the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment at Aldermaston, where warheads for British nuclear weapons are designed, the author asks: who is in charge of nuclear weapons?

This book offers a nuanced and detailed examination of two of the most important current debates about contemporary Russia's international activity: is Moscow acting strategically or opportunistically, and should this be understood in regional or global terms? The book addresses core themes of Russian activity - military, energy and economic - but it offers an unusual multi-disciplinary analysis to these themes. Monaghan incorporates both regional and thematic specialist expertise to give a fresh perspective to each of these core themes. Underpinned by detailed analyses of the revolution in Russian geospatial capabilities and the establishment of a strategic planning foundation, the book includes chapters on military and maritime strategies, energy security and economic diversification and influence. This serves to highlight the connections between military and economic interests that shape and drive Russian strategy. -- .

These are the personal journals of Homer A. Plimpton, who joined the 39th Volunteer Regiment of Illinois in 1861 and rose from Private to Colonel of the regiment. "On April 2nd of 1865, what remained of the 39th participated in the attack on Fort Gregg, a rebel defense position guarding Petersburg. Led by Captain Plimpton, the 39th charged the fort, which was made of earthworks in a semi-circle with a deep moat in front. The 1889 regimental history has this to say about Homer: 'His career as a soldier was noticeable for the unwearied attention to duty of whatever kind and was remarkable as an example of rapid and well-deserved promotion'." Charles Stanley, student of the 39th regiment and Chicago based reporter. The Mural on the front cover is the Battle of Fort Gregg, used by permission of the US National Park Service.

The first biography of one of George Washington's most able and controversial generals examines the military career of William Maxwell from British army commissary to commander of the New Jersey Continental troops in major northern battles and campaigns and numerous confrontations with British incursionary forces into New Jersey. As Washington's first commander of the light infantry troops, Maxwell had crucial roles in the battles of Cooch's Bridge (Iron Hill), Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, and Springfield, and led the New Jersey brigade in the Sullivan Indian expedition. Maxwell and his brigade frequently served as a probing arm for Washington's army. This book addresses the role of Maxwell as commander and describes the participation and ordeals of his New Jersey brigade. It offers insights into the quality of leadership both of Washington and the officer corps in general, giving a rare view of the Revolutionary War at the brigade level and the politics of command.

Fighting with the Bengal Yeomanry Cavalry by John Tulloch Nash
Private Metcalfe at Lucknow by Henry Metcalfe
Two vital recollections of the great Indian uprising
This is another Leonaur volume which includes two essential perspectives of a single conflict within one book for great value reading. The first account sees the Mutiny from the perspective of a hastily thrown together unit of irregular cavalry. The author-a gentleman volunteer-saw much hard riding, tough campaigning and brutal action. He has recorded it all here for posterity in this rare but vital first hand account. By contrast, Private Metcalfe's is an authentic voice of the ordinary infantryman of the Queen Empress's regular army. A soldier of the 32nd Foot from the age of thirteen Metcalfe was of the stuff that 'kept the map red'. Rough, tough, nostalgic and capable of acts of violence and great kindness by turns, Metcalfe possessed almost limitless endurance, stoicism and good humour throughout one of the most demanding actions of the war-the siege of the Residency at Lucknow.

Based largely on field visits and interviews with key individuals, this is the first study to focus on Pakistan's security policies under the rule of General Zia ul-Haq.

Global Security Beyond the Millennium offers American and Russian perspectives concerning the evolution of the US-Russian post-Cold War security relationship. American and Russian contributors discuss obstacles and opportunities in bilateral cooperation and security challenges for the two countries on the threshold of the twenty-first century.