Evolutionary Medicine is based upon the view that many contemporary social, psychological, and physical illnesses are related to an incompatability between current human lifestyles and environments and the conditions under which human biology developed. This book, featuring contributions from many of the leading workers in this devloping area, provides a good introduction and overview to this emerging field.

Breast cancer research has never been in such an exciting and hopeful phase as today. From a clinical perspective, the discovery of genetic markers of risk in a proportion of familial breast cancer cases has opened up new vistas for understanding and ultimately preventing this disease. On the other hand, aggressive - even daring - therapies are being proven to be effective against advanced breast cancer. For the breast cancer experimentalist, this is also a time of great advance. Although animal and cell culture breast cancer models have proven to be of great use, there are now increasing opportunities to test the concepts developed in these models in actual clinical samples and cases. It is gratifying to see how well these concepts "translate" into the clinical setting. A very active area of research that is linking the laboratory to the clinic is the dissection of the biology and elucidation of the significance of proliferate breast disease and the identification of true, "high risk" or "preneoplastic" legions within the previously ill-defined spectrum of fibrocystic or benign breast disease. One anticipates that discoveries made here will also lead to earlier detection, intervention and prevention of life-threatening cancer.
Even, however, as we look with optimism to the eventual eradication of breast cancer, we are once again forced to face the reality that we have not yet achieved our goal. Thus, we are saddened by the much too premature death of Dr. Helene Smith from breast cancer. Helena's work was at the forefront of efforts to understand the biology of human breast cancer at the molecular level. Her insight, open-mindedness, and refusal to sacrifice relevance for convenience will continue to set the standard for all breast cancer researchers. This volume is dedicated to her memory.

It should not come as too much of a surprise that biological membranes are considerably more complex than lipid bilayers. This has been made quite clear by the fluid-mosaic model which considers the cell membrane as a two-dimensional solution of a mosaic of integral membrane proteins and glycoproteins firmly embedded in a fluid lipid bilayer matrix. Such a model has several virtues, chief among which is that it allows membrane components to diffuse in the plane of the membrane and orient asymmetrically across the membrane. The model is also remarkable since it provokes the right sort of questions. Two such examples are: Does membrane fluidity influence enzyme activity? Does cholesterol regulate fluidity? However, it does not go far enough. As it turns out, there is now another version of this model, the so-called post-fluid mosaic model which incorporates two concepts, namely the existence in the membrane of discrete domains in which specific lipid-lipid, lipid-protein and protein-protein interactions occur and ordered regions that are in motion but remain separate from less ordered regions. We must admit that both are intriguing problems and of importance in guiding our thinking as to what the next model might be.
We have chosen not to include the subject of membrane transport in the present volume. This obviously represents a break with convention. However, the intention is to have the topic covered subsequent volumes relating to organ systems. It would be right to regard this as an attempt to strengthen the integrated approach to the teaching of medicine.

The present volume is the first in the advances in oncobiology series. It is meant to be useful not only to clinical and non-clinical oncologists but also to graduate students and medical students. The individual chapters are presented as self-contained summaries of current knowledge rather than as reviews. The last chapter deals with the subject of chemotherapy.

This volume is intended to complete the Cell Chemistry and physiology module. It is about how the traditional boundaries of cell chemistry and physiology are being erased by molecular biology. We do not think it necessary to elaborate on this theme, particularly since the body of core knowledge found in this volume brings us a stage closer to answering the question, "what makes cell biology into a new discipline?"
The first part of the volume deals with the chemistry of actin and myosin and is followed by chapters on cell motility, ATP synthesis in muscle, and contraction in smooth and skeletal muscle. Here the reader is immediately made aware of the contributions molecular biology is making to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle contraction. It is perhaps enough to point out that Huxley's concept of the cross-bridge cycle and generation of force can now be explained in molecular terms. Topics such as muscle fatigue and muscle disorders, as well as malignant hyperthermia are bound to arouse active learning in the student and set the stage for problem-based learning.
Most medical students look askance at thermobiology. We think this is a mistake; hence, we have included a section dealing with this subject. This brings us to the chapter on the heat shock response, which at the very outset makes clear that many stressors besides heat are known to result in heat shock gene expression. Many of the heat shock proteins occur in unstressed cells and some of them behave as chaperones. These proteins also reach high levels in a wide range of diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. Whether certain diseases are the result of mutations in the heat shock genes is not yet known. As will be appreciated, much of the work done in this field involved the use of cultured cells. Animal cells in culture are the subject of the last chapter.

This volume illustrates the extent to which the traditional distinction between biochemical and physiological processes is being obliterated by molecular biology. It can hardly be doubted that the revolution in cell and molecular biology is leading to core knowledge that provides an outline of the integrative and reductionist approach. We view this as the beginning of a new era, that of the integration of learning.
As in the preceding volumes, the choice of topics has been deliberate not only because of the need to keep the volume within reasonable bounds but also because of the need to avoid information over-load. Several relevant topics are dealt with in other modules; for example, the role of G proteins in transmembrane signalling is covered in the Membranes and Cell Signalling module (i.e., Volume 7). Omissions are of course inevitable but they are minor. A case in point is the subject of phosphatases, the treatment of which does not take into account calcineurin. One of the key functions of this Ca2+ -activated protein phosphatase that is also regulated by calmodulin is to desphosphorylate voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. The mere recognition of such omissions before or after consulting textbooks and journals should be a spur to a more complete discussion by the student of the subject in a small group teaching setting.

This is the first of a 4-volume module that is an introduction to the study of cell chemistry and physiology. It is not intended to be encyclopedic in nature but rather a general survey of the subject with an emphasis on those topics that are central to an understanding of cell biology and those that are certain to become of increasing importance in the teaching of modern medicine.
We have followed what appeared to as to be the logical divisions of the subject beginning with proteins. Allewell and her colleagues stress the point that proteins fold spontaneously to form complex three-dimensional structures and that some of them unfold with the help of proteins called chaperones. Michaelis-Menten kinetics are shown by Nelsestuen to describe the behaviour of enzymes in the test tube. The formalism is particularly useful in the search for agents of therapeutic value, as exemplified by methotrexate. Uptake by mammalian cells of substrates and their metabolic conversions are discussed by van der Vusse and Reneman. However, both Welch and Savageau expound the view that the cell is not simply a bagful of enzymes. The biologist is urged by Savageau to abandon Michaelis-Menten formalism and apply the Power Law. The biologist is also told that the approach to arriving at a theory of metabolic control would have to be one of successive approximations requiring the use of the computer. Information gained from comparative biochemistry is shown by Storey and Brooks to have shed new light on mechanisms of metabolic rate depression and freeze tolerance, and to be applicable to organ transplantation technology. We are reminded that enzyme adaptation is partly the result of the presence of a hydrating shell of vicinal water that stabilises conformation of the enzyme. Vicinal water, according to Drost-Hausen and Singleton, lies adjacent to most solids and protein interfaces. The kinks or breaks observed in the slope of the Arrhenius plot are attributed to structural changes in vicinal water. Regulation of cell volume is shown by Hempling to involve regulation of cell water. It could be that the osmo-receptor or volume detection system is a protein that links the cytoskeleton to specific K and C1 channels. Additionally, it is interesting that aquaporins, which are water channel-forming membrane proteins, are now known to exist in both renal and extra-renal tissues. One of the renal porins is affected by vasopressin.
We then pass on to protein synthesis (Rattan) and other important topics including protein glycosylation (Hounsell), methylation (Clarke), ADP-ribosylation (Pearson) and prenylation (Gelb). Among the four types of lipids attached to membrane proteins are the prenyl groups. Ford and Gross in their chapter on lipobiology drive home the point that there is an accumulation of acyl carnitine and lysophospholipids during myocardial infarction.

Neoglycoconjugates are not only useful for the basic understanding of protein-carbohydrate interactions, but they have many practical applications as well. They are powerful reagents in many cell biology studies and excellent tools for the isolation and characterization of animal and plant lectins, separation of cells, as well as for the targeting of drugs, artificial vaccines, and diagnostic reagents. Volume 247 and its companion Volume 242 contain many practical methods on how to prepare and use neoglycoconjugates. Volume 242 deals with synthesis and 247 with biomedical applications.

This fourth volume in the series, dedicated entirely to the results of the first European study of the effects of long-term confinement and isolation. The volume continues to attempt to fulfill the aim of this series, to bring the findings and accomplishments in the field of space biology and medicine to a wider group of scientists than merely the relatively small group of biologists and physiologists currently involved in space experimentation.
The contributions are not only nicely spread geographically with three chapters from the United States, two each from Russia, Europe, and Japan, they also offer a wide range of topics in the field, covering humans, animals, plants, cells, and even potential extraterrestrial beings.
As before, not only problems investigated and results obtained are reviewed, but also some of the technical aspects peculiar to this field are treated. An example in this volume is the chapter on virtual environments by Ellis, which is meant to help investigators understand the opportunities that these techniques might offer for future investigations.
In view of the limitations on flight opportunities and the constraints still inherent in orbital experimentation, it is also important to consider the information that can be obtained from studies on the ground. In addition to simulation studies like bed rest for human subjects (see the chapter by Edgerton et al. on neuromuscular adaptation), tail suspension of rats, and plants on a clinostat (see the chapter by Masuda et al.), there is the interesting possibility of using gravitropic mutants for studying the effects of weightlessness on plant growth as described by Takahashi and Suge.
Two chapters are devoted to a review of the results on rats flown on nine Cosmos biosatellite flights between 1973 and 1989: the chapter by Krasnow deals with the neuromorphological effects of micro- and hypergravity; that by Popova and Grigoriev with the metabolic effects of spaceflight. The effects of weightlessness on heart and lung function in humans are reviewed in detail by Bonde-Petersen and Linnarson.
While the study of humans, animals, and plants in spaceflight have taught us much about the effects of the space environment on living organisms, we still have a very limited understanding of the mechanisms operating in these effects. The chapter by Rijken et al. on the effects of gravity on the cellular response to epidermal growth factor demonstrates how, by a judicious use of experiments on the ground and in sounding rockets, the mechanism of a microgravity effect on cell growth could be unravelled.
The question whether there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe has intrigued mankind for a long time. In the chapter by Coulter et al. on NASA's High Resolution Microwave Survey the project to search for the existence of such life is described. The postscript to this chapter tells how through an unfortunate decision of the U.S. Congress this project after a successful start is threatened with an untimely ending.

Volume 1 of the series "Fundamentals of Medical Cell Biology" is devoted to evolutionary biology. This is presented in two parts: in the first, the structure and dynamics of RNA, DNA, and protein are dealt with. The second part is concerned with the origins and cellular basis of life.

The seventh volume of a multi-volume work designed for medical students with rudimentary knowledge of cellular biology. It is the key discipline for the basic medical sciences and clinical medicine to be taught in an integrated curriculum. This text features developmental biology.

Volume 1 of the series "Fundamentals of Medical Cell Biology" is devoted to evolutionary biology. This is presented in two parts: in the first, the structure and dynamics of RNA, DNA, and protein are dealt with. The second part is concerned with the origins and cellular basis of life.

An Evidence-Based Reference Book: A Key Resource for Decision Makers and Practitioners. Exploring the multifaceted, multidisciplinary and complex world of breastfeeding, breast milk and lactation. This book provides a factual, scientifically robust overview of the key topics written by leading experts at the heart of breastfeeding and breast milk. It aims to empower decision makers and practitioners with the knowledge required to increase promotion, protection and support for breastfeeding and the use of breast milk. This book is a compilation of evidence-based feature articles covering one of nature's most valuable resources — breast milk. Based in Zug, Switzerland, the Family Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation is an independent charitable organisation that promotes research in breast milk and lactation.

Dieser Band des Gebietes Stoffe enthalt in alphabetischer Reihenfolge als Erganzung zum Hauptwerk Monographien uber Arzneistoffe, Hilfsstoffe, Impfstoffe und Sera sowie Reagenzien. In den Monographien werden Aussagen uber die Synthese, die Eigenschaften, die Erkennung, die Reinheit, den Gehalt, die Wirkung und die medizinische Anwendung gemacht. Von besonderer Bedeutung sind Stoffe des DAB und von in Europa gultigen Arzneibuchern."

Das Buch beschreibt die chirurgischen Krankheitsbilder der Bauchspeicheldruse und ihre operative Behandlung. Dieses Gebiet chirurgischer Tatigkeit hat wahrend der letzten Jahrzehnte eine beachtliche, fruher kaum denkbare Weiterentwicklung erfahren, die im internationalen und deutschen Schrifttum eine aktuelle, auf die Praxis ausgerichtete Darstellung noetig werden liess. Mit der "Pankreaschirurgie" soll dem Chirurgen all das vermittelt werden, was zum Verstandnis der operativen Therapie - pathologische Anatomie, Pathophysiologie und Diagnostik - sowie der konservativen Behandlungsmoeglichkeiten von wesentlicher Bedeutung ist. Gerade die Therapie von Erkrankungen der Bauchspeicheldruse ist heute haufig nur im Rahmen eines interdisziplinaren Konzeptes zu sehen. Aus der Fulle operativ-technischer Verfahren werden vor allem solche detailliert-zeichnerisch dargestellt, die sich in der Praxis der Verfasser bewahrt haben. Auf die Taktik des Vorgehens und die Schilderung aller wichtigen Operationsschritte wird besonderer Wert gelegt. Das Buch wendet sich vornehmlich an den gastroenterologisch interessierten Chirurgen. Es soll ihm das technische Rustzeug vermitteln und als Ratgeber bei der Durchfuhrung dieser differenzierten und nicht selten diffizilen Eingriffe am Pankreas dienen. Dem Internisten bietet es Einblicke in den Standard moderner Pankreaschirurgie, in die Indikationen und die zu erwartenden Ergebnisse.

Highlighting the latest and the most timely aspects of Alzheimer's disease research, this text will enable scientists in related research fields, as well as physicians working with Alzheimer's disease patients, to obtain a quick and complete overview of the current state of the art in one of the most exciting fields in neuroscience research. Leading scientists have contributed articles focusing on key developments in this field. This includes an overview about the pathology, the genetics of familial Alzheimer's disease, proteolytic generation and aggregation of amyloid -peptide, presenilins, risk factors such as ApoE, and transgenic animal models. Some of the latest developments in Alzheimer's disease research, including the effect of presenilin knock outs on amyloid -peptide generation, are also included.

An einem der Geschichte der Krebsforschung entnommenen Fall wird untersucht, wie sich Wissensentwicklung zum Wandel sozialer Formen des Forscherverkehrs verhalt und welche Rolle dabei wissenschaftliche Kontroversen spielen: Sie zersetzen nicht allein uberkommene Paradigmen, sondern uberdies die gegebenen sozialen Gliederungen und schaffen so Bedingungen fur den Wandel derselben (Disziplinen, Institutionen). Dieser Ansatz erlaubt die Abwehr eines Konzeptes, wonach die Schliessung einer Kontroverse auf die Favorisierung einer der strittigen Positionen hinauslauft. Ein solcher Prozess wird von Forschern eingeleitet, die das Verhaltnis gegeneinander vertretener Konzepte zu harmonisieren trachten, ohne dabei auf eine transdisziplinare bzw. theoretisch schlussige Vermittlungsbasis zu verweisen.

Namhafte Wissenschaftler beschreiben, anhand ausgewahlter Beispiele, die in den zuruckliegenden 100 Jahren durch die Entdeckung der Rontgenstrahlen ausgelosten Forschungen und Entwicklungen in der Medizin (Radiologische Diagnostik, Strahlentherapie, Interventionelle Radiologie, Strahlenbiologie, Dosimetrie, Rontgenstrahlen in der Veterinarmedizin und in der Rechtsmedizin) sowie in den Natur- und Technikwissenschaften (Physik, Kristallographie, Chemie, Biochemie, Astronomie, Materialwissenschaften und -technik, Spektroskopie, Makro- und Mikroanalytik, Materialprufung, Rontgenlithographie). Ausserdem werden Anwendungen der Rontgenstrahlen in der Archaologie, Palaontologie und in der Kunst dargestellt."

Der Atlas enthalt zu jedem Krankheitsbild Referenzbilder zum Abgleich mit eigenen Befunden. Der stichwortartige Text, synoptische Ubersichten zu typischen Befunden und Checklisten helfen bei der sicheren Diagnosefindung. Differenzialdiagnosen und auch seltene Befunde in der Neuroradiologie werden ausfuhrlich berucksichtigt. Der Band ist mit seinem grossen, ubersichtlichen Format und der hervorragenden Bildqualitat uberaus lesefreundlich gestaltet."

Keine Angst vor Formeln, Zahlen und Atomen Kann mir endlich mal jemand Mathe, Physik und Chemie so erklaren, dass ich es verstehe? Dieses Buch stellt den gesamten Vorlesungsstoff der Chemie und der Physik fur Mediziner klar und einfach dar. Dabei holt es Sie von der Schulbank ab und nimmt Sie bis zum Examen an die Hand. Alle Grundlagen werden leicht verstandlich erklart: * Leitfragen mit Antworten, UEbungsaufgaben mit Loesungen * Kernpunkte kurz und knapp zusammengefasst * Anhang mit Formelsammlungen und wichtigen Tabellen * Interessante Beispiele und uber 500 Abbildungen Das Buch ist von Studenten konzipiert und geschrieben und von zwei erfahrenen Dozenten herausgegeben. So steht in dem Buch das, was Sie wissen mussen, so, wie Sie es auch verstehen. Die Herausgeber Professor Dr. Jurgen Schatz lehrt in Erlangen Organische Chemie Dr. Robert Tammer lehrt in Ulm Physik am Institut fur Komplexe Quantensysteme Das Buch fur den Aha-Effekt!

The subject of the book is the analysis of microbiological features of the genus bifidobacteria and their use as probiotics. Main topic of interest is the critical evaluation of bifidobacteria as probiotics, in particular regarding the capacity to 'colonize' the gastrointestinal tract, their safety of use, the therapeutical and nutritional effects and their capacity to stimulate the immunological system. All pictures of all species are reported, some scanning electron microscopy pictures show bifidobacteria directly on human mucosa.

Drug performance is a vital part of drug development, drawing on expertise from both pharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics disciplines. This book offers readers step-wise information to develop quality pharmaceuticals. It consists of sections introducing key concepts and advances in the areas of dissolution, BA/BE, BCS, IVIC, and product quality.