Surgery inevitably inflicts some harm on the body. At the very least, it damages the tissue that is cut. These harms often are clearly outweighed by the overall benefits to the patient. However, where the benefits do not outweigh the harms or where they do not clearly do so, surgical interventions become morally contested. Cutting to the Core examines a number of such surgeries, including infant male circumcision and cutting the genitals of female children, the separation of conjoined twins, surgical sex assignment of intersex children and the surgical re-assignment of transsexuals, limb and face transplantation, cosmetic surgery, and placebo surgery. When, if ever, do the benefits of these surgeries outweigh their costs? May a surgeon perform dangerous procedures that are not clearly to the patient's benefit, even if the patient consents to them? May a surgeon perform any surgery on a minor patient if there are no clear benefits to that child? These and other related questions are the core themes of this collection of essays.

A representation of the skills and expertise of leading surgeons in the field, this reference serves as a step-by-step instructional resource on arthroscopic and minimally invasive surgery of the shoulder and elbow. With full-color illustrations throughout, each chapter focuses on specific techniques and will contain strategies to enhance recovery, reduce patient pain, and provide improved function over traditional surgical procedures.

Handbook of Visual Optics offers an authoritative overview of encyclopedic knowledge in the field of physiological optics. It builds from fundamental concepts to the science and technology of instruments and practical procedures of vision correction, integrating expert knowledge from physics, medicine, biology, psychology, and engineering. The chapters comprehensively cover all aspects of modern study and practice, from optical principles and optics of the eye and retina to novel ophthalmic tools for imaging and visual testing, devices and techniques for visual correction, and the relationship between ocular optics and visual perception.

With the ever-increasing popularity of injectable toxins and fillers, all clinical practitioners in minimally invasive aesthetic procedures need to be experts in the anatomy of the face. This is a detailed and informative guide from international experts to all aspects of the facial anatomy of the presenting clinical patient - how it changes with age, how it differs in different patients, how it is layered, and what danger zones it may contain. An integral ebook contains videos demonstrating how injection can best be accomplished in each of the anatomical areas considered.

A collaboration of ESTES (European Society for Trauma and Emergency Surgery) and AAST (American Association for the Surgery of Trauma), The ESTES/AAST Emergency Surgery Course Handbook: A Practical Reference in Expecting the Unexpected presents authoritative, unified treatment guidelines in emergency general surgery (EGS). Global experts in the field, led by the Emergency Surgery Course Steering Committee, address common issues such as delayed recognition and delayed or inappropriate treatment, while helping readers hone their EGS skills and improve patient outcomes. Covers the full range of emergency general surgery, from initial assessment through management of specific diseases that present acutely Contains numerous illustrations, algorithms, photographs, and tables throughout, all in vibrant full color Chapters contain case presentations and follow-up questions and answers-perfect for reviewing real-life scenarios and improving critical thinking skills in patient management Covers key topics such as initial assessment and resuscitation of the emergency surgery patient, imaging in EGS, damage control in EGS, and more, as well as individual chapters on the diseases and conditions that the emergency general surgeon will encounter while on call Enrich Your eBook Reading Experience Read directly on your preferred device(s), such as computer, tablet, or smartphone. Easily convert to audiobook, powering your content with natural language text-to-speech.

Offering expert, practical guidance through the decision-making process,Differential Diagnoses in Surgical Pathology: Gynecologic Tract, Second Edition, by Drs. Russell Vang, Anna Yemelyanova, and Jeffrey D. Seidman, helps you systematically solve tough diagnostic challenges in gynecologic pathology and arrive at a correct diagnosis between commonly confused entities. In this fully revised edition, lesions are presented side by side for easy comparison, with clinical and pathological findings in short outline format followed by several full-color images. In addition to illustrating and discussing the classical features of these entities, the authors emphasize atypical features that can complicate diagnoses.  Provides side-by-side comparisons for each major differential diagnosis—more than 170 in all— helping you distinguish between commonly confused lesions of the gynecologic tract  Contains more than 1,500 full-color photographs that depict the features of each entity and cover all major differential diagnoses in this challenging area  Offers up-to-date coverage of the vulva and vagina, cervix, endometrial epithelial lesions, uterine pure mesenchymal and mixed epithelial-mesenchymal lesions, the ovary, peritoneum/omentum, fallopian tube and paratubal region, and gestational trophoblastic disease  Ideal for practicing pathologists, pathologists in training, residents, and medical students    Enrich Your eBook Reading Experience  Read directly on your preferred device(s), such as computer, tablet, or smartphone.  Easily convert to audiobook, powering your content with natural language text-to-speech. 

Die Chirurgie ist ein zentraler Bestandteil des klinischen Curriculums in der Gynakologie. Bonney's Gynaecological Surgery ist seit 1911 das Referenzwerk zu chirurgischen Eingriffen in der Gynakologie. Dieses Fachbuch richtet sich an Assistenzarzte in der Geburtshilfe und Gynakologie und legt den Schwerpunkt auf haufig durchzufuhrende Eingriffe. Die 12. Auflage bietet einen Abschnitt mit Farbfotos, konzentriert sich noch starker auf grundlegende klinische Fertigkeiten, enthalt Aktualisierungen zu laparoskopischen und robotergestutzten Verfahren sowie neue Kapitel zu medizinrechtlichen Fragen. Jedes Kapitel ist einheitlich aufgebaut und fuhrt den Leser durch die einzelnen Techniken ? Anatomie, Hinweise zu postoperativen Aspekten und Komplikationen. Herausragend sind die in ihrer Qualitat einzigartigen Illustrationen zu chirurgischen Eingriffen. Damit ist dieses Referenzwerk nach wie vor ein wertvolles Nachschlagewerk fur alle angehenden Facharzte der chirurgischen Gynakologie.

ATLAS OF OPERATIVE ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY Comprehensive Learning Resource Covering All Aspects of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery This textbook marks the second edition of the highly successful Atlas of Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. The first edition quicky became a staple with surgeons on rounds, in training programs and in preparation for board examinations. This atlas is comprised of concise text and detailed vignettes focusing on surgical indications, contraindications, pertinent anatomy, virtual surgical planning, operative techniques, postoperative management, complications and key points with over 2,000 high-quality images. The Atlas of Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery serves as an innovative, multidisciplinary, surgical atlas covering core aspects of oral and maxillofacial surgery, head and neck reconstructive surgery, and facial cosmetic surgery. Chapters are written by experts in their fields and are designed to provide high-yield information utilizing a case report format. New to this second edition: Contemporary coverage of dental implants, including digital implant planning, grafting techniques, implant supported restorations of the edentulous arch, immediate implant placement and provisionalization. Management of facial infections including odontogenic head and neck infections, osteomyelitis and medication related osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONJ). Recent advances in facial trauma surgery, orthognathic surgery and facial reconstructive surgery utilizing virtual surgical planning, custom plate fabrication and the latest surgical techniques with case reports. Expansion of the orthognathic and craniofacial section to include new case reports and chapters on orthognathic surgery in cleft patients, cranial vault surgery and the evaluation and planning of concomitant TMJ and orthognathic surgeries. Advances in the field of facial cosmetic surgery including cryolipolysis, fat transfer, soft tissue fillers and the latest technique updates. Elaboration of the facial ablative and reconstructive surgery sections to include virtual surgical planning, custom plate fabrication, osteotomy cuts guides and the latest hard and soft tissue harvest techniques.

"Sucess Is What You Leave Behind: Fostering Leadership and Innovation" reveals the 14 proven practices that Dr. Cato T. Laurencin has come to rely upon in building his distinguished career as a renowned orthopedic surgeon, biomedical engineer, educator, and mentor. Written with a personal voice, he shares stories from his own experiences to reflect the principles he has learned and how to utilize them in your own career.

Among other topics, he discusses how to be a leader, facing challenging moments and how to handle them, fostering creativity and innovation, using your skills and successes to help others, and what he s learned from some of the giants in the world of life sciences and medicine.
Learn effective methods on how to elevate your own capabilities and mentor others to do the sameOffers guidance on how to think about hurdles and approach them so that you can move forwardFeatures insight on fostering innovative ideas and driving change to produce new outcomes"

The first guide to cover aspects of voice loss from an occupational health perspective, this reference covers procedures to detect, assess, and prevent voice loss in schools, industrial facilities, and other workplace environments, as well as covers occupational groups at risk and risk factors for developing voice loss-analyzing various chemical, environmental, psychological, and medical causes of this potentially work-related condition.

Evgeniy Perelygin -- a surgeon who is known to his friends as Perya -- has managed to capture the funny, the amusing, and the ridiculous aspects of what surgeons do and think. Yes, surgeons take their profession very seriously and their patients even more so. But, what is true in any aspect of human life is also true for surgery -- there is always something to laugh about, or even ridicule. And this includes, above all, surgeons themselves! In each of these cartoons lurks the kernel of a basic surgical truth. This truth has been blown up, distorted, and exaggerated, but remains at the heart of the picture. Each picture has a legend describing the situation, which is followed by an aphorism, quote, or comment. This book is essentially for surgical eyes -- they are all cutting edge, and will have the reader in stitches. Readers may also wish to use the images to enliven PowerPoint lectures!

Surgical diagnoses are often made on the basis of clinical assessment alone and thus achieving competence in clinical skills remains imperative to good practice in surgery. This book of over 140 cases is designed for candidates preparing for all surgical examinations, whether at undergraduate, postgraduate or exit examination level. It will demystify and simplify the clinical assessment of surgical cases and provides invaluable advice on how to achieve success. The text includes top tips, acronyms and up-to-date summaries of current practice based on the authors' personal experience of surgical examinations. All the cases are graded in terms of likely appearance in the examinations. Top tips emphasize specific subjects which often cause confusion. The text includes both commonly asked and advanced questions relating to each case. Examples of the common procedures and props that come up in the skill-based examination format are included. This fully revised Third Edition now includes 175 photographs of clinical cases and signs as well as key manoeuvres performed during specific surgical examination routines.

This issue of Surgical Clinics of North America focuses on Enhanced Recovery After Surgery: Past, Present, and Future, and is edited by Dr. Daniel I. Chu. Articles will include: Overview of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery: The Evolution and Adoption of ERAS in North America; ERAS and Effects on Quality Metrics; ERAS and Effects on Patient-Reported Outcomes; ERAS: Economic Impact and Value; Pre-Op Preparations for ERAS: A Role for Prehabilitation; ERAS and Multimodal Strategies for Analgesia; ERAS and Intra-operative Fluid Strategies; ERAS Implementation: Strategies, Barriers and Facilitators; Nursing Perspectives on ERAS; ERAS and Reduction of Surgical Disparities; ERAS in Community Hospitals; ERAS: What's New in Colorectal; ERAS: Hepatobiliary; ERAS: Urology; ERAS: Gyn-Oncology; ERAS and Future Directions; and more!

Written in a personal and engaging style, this book provides a fascinating and informative introduction to the development of surgery through the ages. It describes the key advances in surgery through the ages, from primitive techniques such as trepanning, some of the gruesome but occasionally successful methods employed by the ancient civilisations, the increasingly sophisticated techniques of the Greeks and Romans, the advances of the Dark Ages and the Renaissance and on to the early pioneers of anaesthesia and antisepsis such as Morton, Lister and Pasteur.

The Objective Structured Clinical Examination or OSCE for short is a familiar and often daunting experience for medical students. This book provides the essential information needed to tackle OSCE stations competently and with confidence. Over 150 topics are covered at the perfect level of detail for candidates preparing for final exams. Using bulleted checklists and a succinct writing style, the authors cover the most important points to remember about the key conditions that students are likely to encounter during OSCEs, all in a brief 2 to 4 pages per condition.

Written in a personal and engaging style, this book provides a fascinating and informative introduction to the development of surgery through the ages. It describes the key advances in surgery through the ages, from primitive techniques such as trepanning, some of the gruesome but occasionally successful methods employed by the ancient civilisations, the increasingly sophisticated techniques of the Greeks and Romans, the advances of the Dark Ages and the Renaissance and on to the early pioneers of anaesthesia and antisepsis such as Morton, Lister and Pasteur.

Textbook of Transplantation and Mechanical Support for End-Stage Heart and Lung Disease Comprehensive textbook covering all aspects of the care of patients with advanced heart or lung disease Transplantation and Mechanical Support for End-Stage Heart and Lung Disease is the most comprehensive and contemporary textbook available that addresses the medical and surgical treatment options for patients with end-stage heart and lung disease. All facets of these complex and resource-intensive therapies are covered by leading experts — including the basics of transplant immunology, databases, regulatory and ethical aspects of transplantation and conventional and new modalities of donor organ harvest. Transplantation and Mechanical Support for End-Stage Heart and Lung Disease includes further information on topics such as: Historical developments that facilitated heart and lung transplantation; engineering advances in continuous flow technologies Transplant organizations, oversight, structure, process, databases and registries in the thoracic transplants and MCS field Current strategies in immune modulation, desensitization protocols and mechanisms of allograft rejection and tolerance/immunosenescence Detailed descriptions of donor and recipient surgical procedures as well as comprehensive implantation techniques for all available short- and long-term mechanical circulatory support devices, including ECMO Organ allocation and prioritization, donor evaluation, high risk donors, marginal donors, and risk assessment Richly enhanced with summary tables and color illustrations to provide an engaging and supportive learning experience, the book will serve as a highly valuable source of contemporary knowledge for medical students, residents, nurses, perfusionists, physicians and surgeons involved in the care of these desperately ill group of patients. “This comprehensive book covers all aspects of advanced heart and lung failure treatment, including shock, short-term and durable mechanical assistance, as well as transplantation. The in-depth information will be welcome by newcomers in the field as well as seasoned veterans.� —Andreas Zuckermann, M.D Vice-Chair, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Director of Cardiac Transplantation Program, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital “This comprehensive tour-de-force compendium covers practical issues of clinical administration, program development, care pathways, ongoing challenges and opportunities in each treatment area as a must go-to reference for guidance in the rapidly evolving fields of mechanical circulatory support and transplantation.� —Mandeep R. Mehra, MBBS, MSc, FRCP Executive Director, Center for Advanced Heart Disease, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School “This unique textbook authored by key opinion leaders is a refreshing ???wind of change??? in our field, one that will well serve all professionals involved in the care of end-stage heart and lung patients for many years to come.� —Marcelo Cypel MD, MSc, FACS, FRCSC Surgical Director Ajmera Transplant Centre at UHN , University of Toronto

The enthusiastic feedback received from readers of the international best-seller "Schein's Common Sense Emergency Abdominal Surgery" inspired the editors to do a similar book dedicated to surgical complications: practical, non-formal, internationally relevant (in all types of practice and levels of hospitals) -- and definitely not politically correct: what is considered taboo by others is not taboo for us; here we discuss everything! As in the editors' previous book, the use of references is restricted to the absolute minimum, and citing figures and percentages is avoided as much as possible. The chapters in this book are the opinion of experts -- each contributor has a vast personal knowledge and clinical experience in the field he is writing about. This book will help all surgeons (and their patients), avoid the misery of complications, and will provide advice on the management of those that are unavoidable. Complications and death are an integral component of surgery. Surgeons have to look death in the eyes, try to prevent it and vanquish it -- this is what this book is all about.

Comprehensive Tracheostomy Care is a resource developed by the UK National Tracheostomy Safety Project (NTSP) to help promote and facilitate the safe management of tracheostomies and laryngectomies. The scope includes hospital in-patient specialist areas such as critical care, head & neck units and specialist wards, but it is also applicable to more general wards, outpatient and community settings. The majority of the content is for adult patients, complemented by a dedicated paediatric chapter developed with colleagues from Great Ormond Street Hospital. The manual is a one stop shop covering all aspects of tracheostomy and laryngectomy management. It includes multidisciplinary resources from surgical, anaesthetic, nursing, intensive care and allied health backgrounds, along with guidance from key UK stakeholder organisations. Emergency guidance has been reviewed and endorsed by relevant Royal Colleges, national organisations and patient groups. It takes into account many national and international guidelines, policies and resources. It has been developed by consulting as widely as possible, across traditional professional boundaries using expertise and existing guidance from around the world, including the Global Tracheostomy Collaborative (www.globaltrach.org). Relevant existing resources are brought together coherently, with new resources presented in easy-to-follow text, illustrations, photographs and innovative linked e-learning and interactive resources.

The complete illustrations, with commentary, from the 13th-century Anglo-Norman translations of Roger of Parma's Surgery(c.1180), the first original treatise on surgery to be written in the medieval West. Tony Hunt presents, for the first time, the complete set of illustrations which accompany a 13th-century Anglo-Norman translation of Roger of Parma's Surgery (c.1180), the first original treatise on surgery to be written inthe medieval West. His commentary relates the drawings precisely to the sections of text they illustrate, providing accurate identification of the different medical treatments depicted, fusing careful translation from the Latintext with modern medical perception. These distinctive drawings, almost without parallel in 13th-century England, show a consummate medical illustrator at work and reveal a great deal of information on the medieval pharmacy and the range of therapeutic treatments practised. TONY HUNT is the author of Popular Medicine, Plant Names of Medieval England and Teaching and Learning Latin in Thirteenth-Century England.

The Basic Bookshelf for Eyecare Professionals is a series that provides fundamental and advanced material with a clinical approach to clinicians and students. A special effort was made to include information needed for the certification exams in ophthalmic and optometric assisting, as well as for surgical assistants, opticians, plus low vision, and contact lens examiners. This book contains basic guidelines and typical scenarios that the ophthalmic surgical assistant needs to know. The text begins with the operative patient, including preoperative testing and consents, and travels through the operating room experience. Topics include gowning and gloving, preparing trays and tables, and sterilization techniques. Detailed descriptions of common operative procedures such as plastics, cataract, corneal, and retinal procedures are also included. Operative notes are written on a minute-by-minute basis so the reader can become familiar with the instruments and other implements, and the order in which they are used. This text will help prepare the ophthalmic assistant for any setting, whether it be hospital or office based.

This is the first revision book to be published specifically for candidates sitting the FRCS(Urol) examination, which tests the required standard of a recognised Urology specialist. It provides a selection of common clinical scenarios together with a guide to answering the FRCS(Urol) questions. Each chapter is written by Consultant Urological Surgeons or Senior Urology Trainees who have already been successful in passing the examination. This second edition responds to continual changes in practice: The chapters on urological cancers including prostate cancer, bladder cancer and renal cancer have important updates due to emergence of new evidence and changes in NICE, EAU and AUA guidelines. Substantial revisions to other sections such as paediatric urology, female urology, urinary stone disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia and uro-technology to meet standards of current best practice. Adds an extra chapter on the TNM classification of urological cancers. The book remains an invaluable revision tool for the FRCS(Urol) and will also be useful for individuals sitting the FEBU and equivalent postgraduate urological examinations in the USA, Australia and Asia. Established consultants will also find value in the text as a 'refresher' in areas outside their subspecialist interest.

1 Historische Entwicklung der Tracheotomie.- 1.1 Verbreitung der Tracheotomie im 19. Jahrhundert.- 1.2 Indikation und Technik der Tracheotomie um 1900.- 1.3 Technik der operativen Tracheotomie heute.- 1.4 Entwicklung der perkutanen Tracheo[s]tomie.- Literatur.- 2 Topographische Anatomie der vorderen Halsregion.- 2.1 Grenzen und Form des Halses.- 2.2 Subkutane Strukturen.- 2.3 Faszien und Bindegewebsraume.- 2.4 Halseingeweide.- 2.5 Gefasse im mittleren Halsdreieck.- 2.6 Operativer Zugang zur Trachea.- 3 Indikation und Zeitpunkt der Tracheotomie in der Intensivmedizin.- 3.1 Vor- und Nachteile der prolongierten translaryngealen Intubation.- 3.1.1 Laryngotracheale Intubationsschaden.- 3.1.2 Nosokomiale Infektionen.- 3.1.3 Atemphysiologie.- 3.1.4 Akzidentelle Extubation.- 3.2 Indikationen zur Tracheotomie.- 3.2.1 Laryngotracheale Schaden.- 3.2.2 Nosokomiale Infektionen.- 3.2.3 Atemphysiologie.- 3.2.4 Logistische, oekonomische und pflegerische Aspekte.- 3.3 Zeitpunkt der Tracheotomie.- 3.3.1 Gibt es pradiktive Faktoren fur die Notwendigkeit einer Tracheotomie?.- 3.4 Zusammenfassung.- Literatur.- 4 Perkutane Tracheotomie - Techniken und Komplikationen.- 4.1 Allgemeine Vorbemerkungen.- 4.1.1 Beatmungsverfahren und Monitoring wahrend der perkutanen Tracheotomie.- 4.1.2 Vorbereitung des Patienten und benoetigte Materialien.- 4.1.3 Personelle Voraussetzungen.- 4.1.4 Anatomische Landmarken.- 4.2 Allgemeine Komplikationen wahrend perkutaner Tracheotomie.- 4.3 Gegenwartige Techniken der perkutanen Tracheotomie und ihre speziellen Komplikationen.- 4.3.1 Perkutane Dilatationstracheotomie (PDT).- 4.3.2 Guide Wire Dilating Forceps (GWDF).- 4.3.3 Translaryngeale Tracheotomie (TLT).- 4.3.4 Ciaglia Blue Rhino (CBR).- 4.4 Besonderheiten des Trachealkanulenwechsels nach perkutaner Tracheotomie.- 4.5 Spatkomplikationen der Tracheotomie.- Literatur.- 5 Respiratorische Insuffizienz, Gerinnungsstoerungen und andere typische Probleme in der Intensivmedizin - Tracheotomie bei wem und wie?.- 5.1 Respiratorische Insuffizienz.- 5.1.1 Konventionell-offene Tracheotomie.- 5.1.2 Perkutane Techniken.- 5.2 Gerinnung.- 5.3 Schwierige anatomische Verhaltnisse.- Literatur.- 6 Die Tracheotomie aus Sicht der Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde.- 6.1 Tracheotomie in der Kopf-Hals-Chirurgie.- 6.2 Tracheotomie in der Intensivmedizin.- 6.3 Technik.- 6.4 Kontraindikationen der trachealen Punktionstechniken.- 6.5 Koniotomie.- 6.6 Stomaverschluss.- 6.7 Komplikationen der Tracheotomie.- 6.8 Postoperative Komplikationen.- Literatur.- 7 Die Tracheotomie in der pneumologisch-internistischen Intensivmedizin.- 7.1 Neue Techniken.- 7.2 Indikationen zur Tracheotomie.- 7.2.1 Schutz der Atemwege vor Komplikationen der Langzeitintubation?.- 7.2.2 Tracheotomie nach translaryngealer Intubation?.- 7.2.3 Zeitpunkt der Tracheotomie.- 7.2.4 Logistik der Tracheotomie.- 7.3 Tracheotomie und nicht-invasive Beatmung.- 7.4 Management von Trachealstenosen nach Tracheotomie oder translaryngealer Langzeitintubation.- 7.5 Zusammenfassung.- Literatur.- 8 Die Tracheostomie heute - aus der Sicht der Chirurgie.- 8.1 Moderne Methoden.- 8.2 Indikationen und Kontraindikationen.- 8.3 Aktueller Stand und Ausblick.- Literatur.- 9 Stellenwert der Tracheotomie aus der Sicht der Kinderheilkunde.- Literatur.- 10 Die Tracheotomie in der Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie.- 10.1 Tumorchirurgie.- 10.2 Kongenitale Anomalien.- 10.3 Gesichtstraumatologie.- 10.4 Dentogene Entzundungen.- 10.5 Operative Aspekte.- 10.6 Aspekte der stationaren Nachsorge.- 10.7 Schlussbemerkung.- Literatur.- 11 Nottracheotomie, Notkoniotomie und Notfalle bei Tracheostomatragern.- 11.1 Tracheotomie bei respiratorischen Notfallen.- 11.2 Die notfallmassige Koniotomie.- 11.2.1 Nu-Trake Krikotomie Set.- 11.2.2 Melker Notfall-Krikothyrotomie-Katheterset.- 11.3 Der Trachealkanulentrager als Notfallpatient.- Literatur.

The Oxford Handbook of Head and Neck Anatomy offers a succinct yet comprehensive quick reference guide with over 400 schematic colour and grey-scale illustrations. It tackles the notoriously difficult three-dimensional anatomy of the head and neck and provides essential clinico-anatomical correlates, etymology and background insight to help the reader easily remember complex features. Written and illustrated throughout with an awareness of the difficulties faced in linking the anatomy on the page with real cases seen in day-to-day clinical practice, this handbook is an essential resource for trainees and students at all levels.