This book is devoted to the study of nonlinear evolution and difference equations of first and second order governed by a maximal monotone operator. This class of abstract evolution equations contains not only a class of ordinary differential equations, but also unify some important partial differential equations, such as the heat equation, wave equation, Schrodinger equation, etc. In addition to their applications in ordinary and partial differential equations, this class of evolution equations and their discrete version of difference equations have found many applications in optimization. In recent years, extensive studies have been conducted in the existence and asymptotic behaviour of solutions to this class of evolution and difference equations, including some of the authors works. This book contains a collection of such works, and its applications. Key selling features: Discusses in detail the study of non-linear evolution and difference equations governed by maximal monotone operator Information is provided in a clear and simple manner, making it accessible to graduate students and scientists with little or no background in the subject material Includes a vast collection of the authors' own work in the field and their applications, as well as research from other experts in this area of study

Designed for an undergraduate course or for independent study, this text presents sophisticated mathematical ideas in an elementary and friendly fashion. The fundamental purpose of this book is to teach mathematical thinking while conveying the beauty and elegance of mathematics. The book contains a large number of exercises of varying difficulty, some of which are designed to help reinforce basic concepts and others of which will challenge virtually all readers. The sole prerequisite for reading this text is high school algebra. Topics covered include: * mathematical induction * modular arithmetic * the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic * Fermat's Little Theorem * RSA encryption * the Euclidean algorithm * rational and irrational numbers * complex numbers * cardinality * Euclidean plane geometry * constructibility (including a proof that an angle of 60 degrees cannot be trisected with a straightedge and compass)* infinite series * higher dimensional spaces. This textbook is suitable for a wide variety of courses and for a broad range of students of mathematics and other subjects. Mathematically inclined senior high school students will also be able to read this book. From the reviews of the first edition: "It is carefully written in a precise but readable and engaging style... I thoroughly enjoyed reading this recent addition to the Springer Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics series and commend this clear, well-organised, unfussy text to its target audiences." (Nick Lord, The Mathematical Gazette, Vol. 100 (547), 2016) "The book is an introduction to real mathematics and is very readable. ... The book is indeed a joy to read, and would be an excellent text for an 'appreciation of mathematics' course, among other possibilities." (G.A. Heuer, Mathematical Reviews, February, 2015) "Many a benighted book misguidedly addresses the need [to teach mathematical thinking] by framing reasoning, or narrowly, proof, not as pervasive modality but somehow as itself an autonomous mathematical subject. Fortunately, the present book gets it right.... [presenting] well-chosen, basic, conceptual mathematics, suitably accessible after a K-12 education, in a detailed, self-conscious way that emphasizes methodology alongside content and crucially leads to an ultimate clear payoff. ... Summing Up: Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates and two-year technical program students; general readers." (D.V. Feldman, Choice, Vol. 52 (6), February, 2015)

Graph Theory: An Introduction to Proofs, Algorithms, and Applications Graph theory is the study of interactions, conflicts, and connections. The relationship between collections of discrete objects can inform us about the overall network in which they reside, and graph theory can provide an avenue for analysis. This text, for the first undergraduate course, will explore major topics in graph theory from both a theoretical and applied viewpoint. Topics will progress from understanding basic terminology, to addressing computational questions, and finally ending with broad theoretical results. Examples and exercises will guide the reader through this progression, with particular care in strengthening proof techniques and written mathematical explanations. Current applications and exploratory exercises are provided to further the reader's mathematical reasoning and understanding of the relevance of graph theory to the modern world. Features The first chapter introduces graph terminology, mathematical modeling using graphs, and a review of proof techniques featured throughout the book The second chapter investigates three major route problems: eulerian circuits, hamiltonian cycles, and shortest paths. The third chapter focuses entirely on trees - terminology, applications, and theory. Four additional chapters focus around a major graph concept: connectivity, matching, coloring, and planarity. Each chapter brings in a modern application or approach. Hints and Solutions to selected exercises provided at the back of the book. Author Karin R. Saoub is an Associate Professor of Mathematics at Roanoke College in Salem, Virginia. She earned her PhD in mathematics from Arizona State University and BA from Wellesley College. Her research focuses on graph coloring and on-line algorithms applied to tolerance graphs. She is also the author of A Tour Through Graph Theory, published by CRC Press.

This book contains a systematic and partly axiomatic treatment of the holomorphic functional calculus for unbounded sectorial operators. The account is generic so that it can be used to construct and interrelate holomorphic functional calculi for other types of unbounded operators. Particularly, an elegant unified approach to holomorphic semigroups is obtained. The last chapter describes applications to PDE, evolution equations and approximation theory as well as the connection with harmonic analysis.

Artificial Intelligence in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering offers a unified platform for the dissemination of basic and applied knowledge on the integration of artificial intelligence within the realm of mechanical and industrial engineering. The book covers the tools and information needed to build successful careers and a source of knowledge for those working with AI within these domains. The book offers a systematic approach to explicate fundamentals as well as recent advances. It incorporates various case studies for major topics as well as numerous examples. It will also include real-time intelligent automation and associated supporting methodologies and techniques, and cover decision-support systems, as well as applications of Chaos Theory and Fractals. The book will give scientists, researchers, instructors, students, and practitioners the tools and information needed to build successful careers and to be an impetus to advancements in next-generation mechanical and industrial engineering domains.

This book develops the theoretical perspective on visuospatial reasoning in ecocultural contexts, granting insights on how the language, gestures, and representations of different cultures reflect visuospatial reasoning in context. For a number of years, two themes in the field of mathematics education have run parallel with each other with only a passing acquaintance. These two areas are the psychological perspective on visuospatial reasoning and ecocultural perspectives on mathematics education. This volume examines both areas of research and explores the intersection of these powerful ideas. In addition, there has been a growing interest in sociocultural aspects of education and in particular that of Indigenous education in the field of mathematics education. There has not, however, been a sound analysis of how environmental and cultural contexts impact visuospatial reasoning, although it was noted as far back as the 1980s when Alan Bishop developed his duality of visual processing and interpreting visual information. This book provides this analysis and in so doing not only articulates new and worthwhile lines of research, but also uncovers and makes real a variety of useful professional approaches in teaching school mathematics. With a renewed interest in visuospatial reasoning in the mathematics education community, this volume is extremely timely and adds significantly to current literature on the topic.

The aim of this book is to reflect the current cutting-edge thinking and established practices in the investigation of queueing systems and networks. This second volume includes eight chapters written by experts wellknown in their areas. The book conducts a stability analysis of certain types of multiserver regenerative queueing systems; a transient evaluation of Markovian queueing systems, focusing on closed-form distributions and numerical techniques; analysis of queueing models in service sectors using analytical and simulation approaches; plus an investigation of probability distributions in queueing models and their use in economics, industry, demography and environmental studies. This book also considers techniques for the control of information in queueing systems and their impact on strategic customer behavior, social welfare and the revenue of monopolists. In addition, applications of maximum entropy methods of inference for the analysis of a stable M/G/1 queue with heavy tails, and inventory models with positive service time - including perishable items and stock supplied using various algorithmic control policies ((s; S); (r;Q), etc.).

This is an anthology of contemporary studies from various disciplinary perspectives written by some of the world's most renowned experts in each of the areas of mathematics, neuroscience, psychology, linguistics, semiotics, education, and more. Its purpose is not to add merely to the accumulation of studies, but to show that math cognition is best approached from various disciplinary angles, with the goal of broadening the general understanding of mathematical cognition through the different theoretical threads that can be woven into an overall understanding. This volume will be of interest to mathematicians, cognitive scientists, educators of mathematics, philosophers of mathematics, semioticians, psychologists, linguists, anthropologists, and all other kinds of scholars who are interested in the nature, origin, and development of mathematical cognition.

Graph Theory: An Introduction to Proofs, Algorithms, and Applications Graph theory is the study of interactions, conflicts, and connections. The relationship between collections of discrete objects can inform us about the overall network in which they reside, and graph theory can provide an avenue for analysis. This text, for the first undergraduate course, will explore major topics in graph theory from both a theoretical and applied viewpoint. Topics will progress from understanding basic terminology, to addressing computational questions, and finally ending with broad theoretical results. Examples and exercises will guide the reader through this progression, with particular care in strengthening proof techniques and written mathematical explanations. Current applications and exploratory exercises are provided to further the reader's mathematical reasoning and understanding of the relevance of graph theory to the modern world. Features The first chapter introduces graph terminology, mathematical modeling using graphs, and a review of proof techniques featured throughout the book The second chapter investigates three major route problems: eulerian circuits, hamiltonian cycles, and shortest paths. The third chapter focuses entirely on trees - terminology, applications, and theory. Four additional chapters focus around a major graph concept: connectivity, matching, coloring, and planarity. Each chapter brings in a modern application or approach. Hints and Solutions to selected exercises provided at the back of the book. Author Karin R. Saoub is an Associate Professor of Mathematics at Roanoke College in Salem, Virginia. She earned her PhD in mathematics from Arizona State University and BA from Wellesley College. Her research focuses on graph coloring and on-line algorithms applied to tolerance graphs. She is also the author of A Tour Through Graph Theory, published by CRC Press.

This series has been developed specifically for the Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics (9709) syllabus to be examined from 2020. Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3 matches the corresponding units of the syllabus. It clearly indicates materials required for P3 study only, and contains materials on topics such as logarithmic and exponential functions, trigonometry, differentiation, integration, numerical solutions of equations, vectors and complex numbers. This coursebook contains a variety of features including recap sections for students to check their prior knowledge, detailed explanations and worked examples, end-of-chapter and cross-topic review exercises and 'Explore' tasks to encourage deeper thinking around mathematical concepts. Answers to coursebook questions are at the back of the book.

Features Numerous problems designed to embed good practice in readers, and build underlying reasoning, analysis, and problem-solving skills Suitable for advanced high school students preparing for Math Olympiad competitions

X Marks the Spot is written from the point of view of the users of mathematics. Since the beginning, mathematical concepts and techniques (such as arithmetic and geometry) were created as tools with a particular purpose like counting sheep and measuring land areas. Understanding those purposes leads to a greater understanding of why mathematics developed as it did. Later mathematical concepts came from a process of abstracting and generalizing earlier mathematics. This process of abstraction is very powerful, but often comes at the price of intuition and understanding. This book strives to give a guided tour of the development of various branches of mathematics (and what they're used for) that will give the reader this intuitive understanding. Features Treats mathematical techniques as tools, and areas of mathematics as the result of abstracting and generalizing earlier mathematical tools Written in a relaxed conversational and occasionally humorous style making it easy to follow even when discussing esoterica. Unravels how mathematicians think, demystifying math and connecting it to the ways non-mathematicians think and connecting math to people's lives Discusses how math education can be improved in order to prevent future generations from being turned off by math.

This classic textbook has been used successfully by instructors and students for nearly three decades. This timely new edition offers minimal yet notable changes while retaining all the elements, presentation, and accessible exposition of previous editions. A list of updates is found in the Preface to this edition. This text is based on the author's experience in teaching graduate courses and the minimal requirements for successful graduate study. The text is understandable to the typical student enrolled in the course, taking into consideration the variations in abilities, background, and motivation. Chapters one through six have been written to be accessible to the average student, w hile at the same time challenging the more talented student through the exercises. Chapters seven through ten assume the students have achieved some level of expertise in the subject. In these chapters, the theorems, examples, and exercises require greater sophistication and mathematical maturity for full understanding. In addition to the standard topics the text includes topics that are not always included in comparable texts. Chapter 6 contains a section on the Riemann-Stieltjes integral and a proof of Lebesgue's t heorem providing necessary and sufficient conditions for Riemann integrability. Chapter 7 also includes a section on square summable sequences and a brief introduction to normed linear spaces. C hapter 8 contains a proof of the Weierstrass approximation theorem using the method of aapproximate identities. The inclusion of Fourier series in the text allows the student to gain some exposure to this important subject. The final chapter includes a detailed treatment of Lebesgue measure and the Lebesgue integral, using inner and outer measure. The exercises at the end of each section reinforce the concepts. Notes provide historical comments or discuss additional topics.

Features Numerous problems designed to embed good practice in readers, and build underlying reasoning, analysis, and problem-solving skills Suitable for advanced high school students preparing for Math Olympiad competitions

This text treats the classical theory of quadratic diophantine equations and guides the reader through the last two decades of computational techniques and progress in the area. The presentation features two basic methods to investigate and motivate the study of quadratic diophantine equations: the theories of continued fractions and quadratic fields. It also discusses Pell's equation and its generalizations, and presents some important quadratic diophantine equations and applications. The inclusion of examples makes this book useful for both research and classroom settings.

This book is the second of two volumes on random motions in Markov and semi-Markov random environments. This second volume focuses on high-dimensional random motions. This volume consists of two parts. The first expands many of the results found in Volume 1 to higher dimensions. It presents new results on the random motion of the realistic three-dimensional case, which has so far been barely mentioned in the literature, and deals with the interaction of particles in Markov and semi-Markov media, which has, in contrast, been a topic of intense study. The second part contains applications of Markov and semi-Markov motions in mathematical finance. It includes applications of telegraph processes in modeling stock price dynamics and investigates the pricing of variance, volatility, covariance and correlation swaps with Markov volatility and the same pricing swaps with semi-Markov volatilities.

Volume 2 of 2 in this course that will lead you through a research-based instructional model that's been developed to provide a rich learning experience and reveal the potential of every student.

The fact college students often struggle in mathematics is not new. They exhibit a great deal of anxiety, dislike, and overall disinterest. Quantitative data displaying abysmal student success rates are widely available and shared. This book explores the complexity surrounding the issue of student difficulties in community college math. Though much quantitative research focuses on the faculty experiences and perspectives regarding methods and practices, the author puts the focus on students' experiences. The book presents the results of a study focused on students who struggled in mathematics. Though their experiences varied, they all entered community college with a great deal of disgust and anxiety toward mathematics courses and requirements. These impressions and attitudes create barriers to success. However, all the students eventually succeeded in fulfilling their college-level mathematics requirement. The author presents these students' experiences prior to entering community college, what led to both success and failure in their math courses, and the common themes leading to success and failure. Through these student responses, the author assists readers in gaining a better understanding of the community college student who struggles in math and how to break students' community college math barriers to success. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 1. Math is a Four-Letter Word 2. The Framework for Developmental and Introductory College-Level Math 3.The Study, Settings, and the Participants 4. Prior Experiences in Math 5. Attempting Math and Community College 6. Navigating the First Developmental Math Course 7. Math Pathways and Completing Developmental Math 8. The End of the Rainbow 9 I Need More Math...Now What? 10. Lessons Learned in the Aftermath Appendix A: Analyzing the Results and Ensuring Accuracy Appendix B: Pre-Algebra and Introduction to Algebra Course Content Appendix C: Stand-Alone Quantway 1 and Statway 1 Course Content Appendix D: Elementary Algebra (all half semester) Content Appendix E: Intermediate Algebra Content Appendix F: Lead Questions for Student Participants Appendix G: Lead Questions for the Lester Community College Faculty Index BIOGRAPHY With 21 years of experience in mathematics education and 17 years as a community college math professor, the author has instructed courses from developmental math through calculus. He has served as Chair of the Developmental Math Department and Assistant Chair of the Mathematics Department at Sinclair College, Dayton, Ohio. He received the Jon and Suanne Roueche Award for Teaching Excellence and the Ohio Magazine Excellence in Education Award. His published research focuses on faculty viewpoints regarding pedagogical practices as well as conceptual research concentrating on developmental math. His article, "Acceleration and Compression in Developmental Math: Faculty Viewpoints," was awarded Article of the Year by the Journal of Developmental Education.

During the time period between 1903 and 1914, Ramanujan worked in almost complete isolation in India. Throughout these years, he recorded his mathematical results without proofs in notebooks. Upon Ramanujan's death in 1920, G.H. Hardy strongly urged that Ramanujan's notebooks be published and edited. The English mathematicians G.N. Watson and B.M. Wilson began this task in 1929, but although they devoted nearly ten years to the project, the work was never completed. In 1957, the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Bombay published a photostat edition of the notebooks, but no editing was undertaken. In 1977, Berndt began the tasks of editing Ramanujan's notebooks. Proofs are provided to theorems not yet proven in previous literature, and many results are so startling and different that there are no results akin to them in the literature.

rd This book constitutes a collection of extended versions of papers presented at the 23 IFIP TC7 Conference on System Modeling and Optimization, which was held in C- cow, Poland, on July 23-27, 2007. It contains 7 plenary and 22 contributed articles, the latter selected via a peer reviewing process. Most of the papers are concerned with optimization and optimal control. Some of them deal with practical issues, e. g. , p- formance-based design for seismic risk reduction, or evolutionary optimization in structural engineering. Many contributions concern optimization of infini- dimensional systems, ranging from a general overview of the variational analysis, through optimization and sensitivity analysis of PDE systems, to optimal control of neutral systems. A significant group of papers is devoted to shape analysis and opti- zation. Sufficient optimality conditions for ODE problems, and stochastic control methods applied to mathematical finance, are also investigated. The remaining papers are on mathematical programming, modeling, and information technology. The conference was the 23rd event in the series of such meetings biennially org- ized under the auspices of the Seventh Technical Committee "Systems Modeling and Optimization" of the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP TC7).

Ever since the analogy between number fields and function fields was discovered, it has been a source of inspiration for new ideas, and a long history has not in any way detracted from the appeal of the subject.

As a deeper understanding of this analogy could have tremendous consequences, the search for a unified approach has become a sort of Holy Grail. The arrival of Arakelov's new geometry that tries to put the archimedean places on a par with the finite ones gave a new impetus and led to spectacular success in Faltings' hands. There are numerous further examples where ideas or techniques from the more geometrically-oriented world of function fields have led to new insights in the more arithmetically-oriented world of number fields, or vice versa.

These invited articles by leading researchers in the field explore various aspects of the parallel worlds of function fields and number fields. Topics range from Arakelov geometry, the search for a theory of varieties over the field with one element, via Eisenstein series to Drinfeld modules, and t-motives.

This volume is aimed at a wide audience of graduate students, mathematicians, and researchers interested in geometry and arithmetic and their connections.

Contributors: G. BAckle; T. van den Bogaart; H. Brenner; F. Breuer; K. Conrad; A. Deitmar; C. Deninger; B. Edixhoven; G. Faltings; U. Hartl; R. de Jong; K. KAhler; U. KA1/4hn; J.C. Lagarias; V. Maillot; R. Pink; D. Roessler; and A. Werner.

This unique book presents a particularly beautiful way of looking at special relativity. The author encourages students to see beyond the formulas to the deeper structure. The unification of space and time introduced by Einstein's special theory of relativity is one of the cornerstones of the modern scientific description of the universe. Yet the unification is counterintuitive because we perceive time very differently from space. Even in relativity, time is not just another dimension, it is one with different properties The book treats the geometry of hyperbolas as the key to understanding special relativity. The author simplifies the formulas and emphasizes their geometric content. Many important relations, including the famous relativistic addition formula for velocities, then follow directly from the appropriate (hyperbolic) trigonometric addition formulas. Prior mastery of (ordinary) trigonometry is sufficient for most of the material presented, although occasional use is made of elementary differential calculus, and the chapter on electromagnetism assumes some more advanced knowledge. Changes to the Second Edition The treatment of Minkowski space and spacetime diagrams has been expanded. Several new topics have been added, including a geometric derivation of Lorentz transformations, a discussion of three-dimensional spacetime diagrams, and a brief geometric description of "area" and how it can be used to measure time and distance. Minor notational changes were made to avoid conflict with existing usage in the literature. Table of Contents Preface 1. Introduction. 2. The Physics of Special Relativity. 3. Circle Geometry. 4. Hyperbola Geometry. 5. The Geometry of Special Relativity. 6. Applications. 7. Problems III. 8. Paradoxes. 9. Relativistic Mechanics. 10. Problems II. 11. Relativistic Electromagnetism. 12. Problems III. 13. Beyond Special Relativity. 14. Three-Dimensional Spacetime Diagrams. 15. Minkowski Area via Light Boxes. 16. Hyperbolic Geometry. 17. Calculus. Bibliography. Author Biography Tevian Dray is a Professor of Mathematics at Oregon State University. His research lies at the interface between mathematics and physics, involving differential geometry and general relativity, as well as nonassociative algebra and particle physics; he also studies student understanding of "middle-division" mathematics and physics content. Educated at MIT and Berkeley, he held postdoctoral positions in both mathematics and physics in several countries prior to coming to OSU in 1988. Professor Dray is a Fellow of the American Physical Society for his work in relativity, and an award-winning teacher.

Advanced Regression Models with SAS and R exposes the reader to the modern world of regression analysis. The material covered by this book consists of regression models that go beyond linear regression, including models for right-skewed, categorical and hierarchical observations. The book presents the theory as well as fully worked-out numerical examples with complete SAS and R codes for each regression. The emphasis is on model accuracy and the interpretation of results. For each regression, the fitted model is presented along with interpretation of estimated regression coefficients and prediction of response for given values of predictors. Features: Presents the theoretical framework for each regression. Discusses data that are categorical, count, proportions, right-skewed, longitudinal and hierarchical. Uses examples based on real-life consulting projects. Provides complete SAS and R codes for each example. Includes several exercises for every regression. Advanced Regression Models with SAS and R is designed as a text for an upper division undergraduate or a graduate course in regression analysis. Prior exposure to the two software packages is desired but not required. The Author: Olga Korosteleva is a Professor of Statistics at California State University, Long Beach. She teaches a large variety of statistical courses to undergraduate and master's students. She has published three statistical textbooks. For a number of years, she has held the position of faculty director of the statistical consulting group. Her research interests lie mostly in applications of statistical methodology through collaboration with her clients in health sciences, nursing, kinesiology, and other fields.

There are many topics within the scope of the secondary school mathematics curriculum that are clearly of a motivational sort, and because of lack of time they are usually not included in the teaching process. This book provides the teacher 125 individual units - ranging from grades 7 through 12 - that can be used to enhance the mathematics curriculum. Each unit presents a preassessment, instructional objectives, and a detailed description of the topic as well as teaching suggestions. Each unit has a post-assessment. This is the sort of instructional intervention that can make students love mathematics!