Elements of Fractional Distillation By CLARK SHOVE ROBINSON AND EDWIN RICHARD GLLLILAND. PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION: This book and the early revisions were the result of the efforts of Professor Robinson, and he took an active part in guiding the revision of the previous edition. His death made it necessary to prepare this edition without his helpful guidance and counsel. The present revision differs extensively from the previous edition. The material has been modified to bring it more closely into line with the graduate instruction in distillation at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Much greater emphasis has been placed on the measurement, prediction, and use of vapor-liquid equilibria because it is believed that this is one of the most serious limitations in design calculations. Greater emphasis has also been placed upon the use of enthalpy balances, and the treatment of batch distillation has been considerably expanded. Unfortunately, the design calculations for this type of operation are still in an unsatisfactory status. Azeotropic and extractive distillation are considered as an extension of conventional multicomponent problems. The sections on column design and column performance have been completely rewritten and increased in scope. In all cases quantitative examples have been given because it has been found that this greatly aids the student in understanding descriptive material. During the last 15 years a large number of design methods have been proposed for multicomponent mixtures, some of which are reviewed in Chapter 12. Most of these do not appear to offer any great advantage over the conventional Sorel method, and it is believed that the law of diminishingreturns has been applying in this field for some time. It is hoped that the present edition will stimulate some of these investigators to transfer their efforts to more critical problems, such as vapor-liquid equilibria, batch distillation, transient conditions within the distillation system, and column performance. EDWIN RICHARD GILLILAND CAMBRIDGE, MASS. July, 1960. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION: The subject of fractional distillation has received but scant attention from, writers in the English language since Sidney Young published his book Fractional Distillation in 1903 London. French and German authors have, on the other hand, produced a number of books on the subject, among the more important of which are the following La Rectification et les colonnes rectificatriccs en distillerie, E. Barbet, Paris, 1890 2d ed., 1895. Der Wirkungsweise der Rcctificir und Destillir Apparate, E. Hausbrand, Berlin, 1893 3d ed., 1910. Theorie der Verdampfimg und Verfliissung von gemischcn und der fraktionierten Destination, J. P. Kuenen, Leipzig, 1906. Theorie der Gewinnung und Trennung der atherischen Olc durch Destination, C. von Rechenberg, Leipzig, 1910. La Distillation fractione e et la rectification, Charles Manlier, Paris, 1917. Youngs Fractional Distillation, although a model for its kind, has to do almost entirely with the aspects of the subject as viewed from the chemical laboratory, and there has been literally no work in English available for the engineer and plant operator dealing with the applications of the laboratory processes to the plant. The use of the modern types of distilling equipment is growing at a very rapid rate. Manufacturers of chemicals are learning that they must refinetheir products in order to market them successfully, and it is often true that fractional distillation offers the most available if not the only way of accomplishing this...

Science in Today's Classroom is an engaging, timely anthology designed to help future educators develop curriculum, navigate the classroom, and inspire future generations of scientific learners. The collection is divided into four sections. Section 1 provides readers with foundational knowledge regarding the teaching of science in an elementary classroom. This section features readings that speak to the constructivist approach and culturally relevant science teaching. In Section 2, essential tools for teaching science are explored, including science process skills, the 5E model, and experiments. Section 3 addresses societal ideas that are important to teaching science. These readings demonstrate the relationship between science, technology, and society. In the final section, readers learn strategies for engaging individual learners and assessing the instructional methods they employ in the classroom. A valuable text that helps future educators prepare for real-world teaching, Science in Today's Classroom is an ideal resource for programs in elementary education.

In the mid-1980's, then Professor of Pathology at a major University Medical School, Dr. Horn became intrigued by concerns about how the AIDS epidemic could have happened. His earlier jobs as an NIH research scientist in the 1960's, his 16-year career as an Academic Patholog encompassing the 1970's, and a few years as a hospital pathologist in the 80's have given him hands-on and eyes-open experience in the complex worlds of science and medicine. Challenged and chastened by some of those experiences, he felt compelled to consider scenaarios to account for the scourge of AIDS. As a result of that urge, he created this fictional narrative depicting but one scenario that he imagines might have happened. This book is formatted as novel, but there are appended features which attempt to describe basic concepts underlying the pathogenesis of AIDS.

This book will help numerous entrepreneurs with guidance on starting aesthetic services in an existing practice or in a new set up. The aesthetic field is coming out with new innovations and the industry is exploding and responding with new user-friendly safe products every day. The time is now to be at the forefront and ahead of the competition by offering these services. Included in this comprehensive book are chapters on Pigmented Lesions, Photodynamic Therapy, Dermal Fillers, Botox, Mesotherapy, and Laser Skin Resurfacing.

Success Strategies from Women in Stem: A Portable Mentor, Second Edition, is a comprehensive and accessible manual containing career advice, mentoring support, and professional development strategies for female scientists in the STEM fields. This updated text contains new and essential chapters on leadership and negotiation, important coverage of career management, networking, social media, communication skills, and more. The work is accompanied by a companion website that contains annotated links, a list of print and electronic resources, self-directed learning objects, frequently asked questions, and more. With an increased focus on international relevance, this comprehensive text contains shared stories and vignettes that will help women pursuing or involved in STEM careers develop the necessary professional and personal skills to overcome obstacles to advancement.

This volume in the Greenwood Guides to Science and Religion series examines how Asian spiritual traditions -- primarily the religions of India and China - interacted and influenced the understanding of the natural world over the last two millennia. Unlike the religious and scientific traditions of the Christian West, which developed in tandem, or even the Islamic world, which helped the rise of Western science, the Asian religious traditions did not encounter Western science until relatively recently. This has led to a unique relationship between these two cultural phenomena. The volume will also address the impact of Western science had on these traditions, as well as the impact on western science of the recent study of Asian religions by New Age groups and philosophers. Science and Asian Spiritual Traditions covers the entire history of the interaction between science and Asian religions: The Natural World in Chinese thought BLMedicine in China BLEcology and the Environment BLAstronomy and Astrology BLTechnology BLAsia encounters Western Science BLWestern Science encounters Asian Spiritual Traditions. In addition, the volume includes primary source documents, a bibliography of resources for further study, a timeline, and a glossary.

ELEMENTS OF BOTANICAL MICROTECHNIQUE by JOHN E. SASS. PREFACE: Permanent slides for microscopic study are indispensable in the teaching of a basic course in botany and in some specialized advanced fields. In some advanced courses the students prefer many of the slides as a minor aspect of the course, but in elementary courses the slides usually are furnished. In the latter case the slides are either purchased from commercial sources or made in the departmental laboratory. Biological supply houses can furnish excellent slides of the subjects commonly used in elementary teaching, but the quality is likely to be variable, especially from concerns in which there is frequent turnover of the laboratory staff. Jobbing houses that purchase slides from constantly changing sources may also furnish disappointing slides at times. The more reputable concerns, however, try earnestly to meet the specifications of critical and reasonable purchasers. The relative merits of making slides and of purchasing them are in dispute and must be worked out in relation to local conditions Because of these uncertainties in the commercial supply and the need for specialized or unlisted items, the preparation of slides is an established service function in many biological departments. This work is often performed by a skilled professional technician with more or less supervision by the departmental staff. In other departments a member of the teaching staff, usually a morphologist, assumes this responsibility, with the aid of student assistants. Most research organizations maintain a technician for the preparation of research slides. There are many types of investigation in which it is possible for the technician toplace the finished slides before the investigator, who then carries out the study and interpretation of the material. However, in many investigations some or all steps in the preparation require an intimate knowledge of the history, structure, and orientation of the material and the aims of the study...

HARD BACK: In his 10th book on post-relativity philosophy of time, the Ghanaian philosopher argues that all the theories we read about time are useful only for constructing clocks to accord accurately with the earth's regular motions and astronomical features. The many bemusing technical terms employed (like duration between events, sidereal time, solar time, nutation, equinox, earth's rotation, the precession of the equinoxes etc.), were all invented to account for fixed, general and absolute time, running all through the cosmos and the same everywhere. This view of time, however, was abolished by Einstein. He adds that everything we have ever used to reckon time (including atomic time) amounts to mere physical cycles, pulses or oscillations that we count as the units of time---the years, for instance---but they are passing. He has also uncovered Einstein's undoubted snub to 4-D geometry.

Scholarship between Europe and the Levant is a collection of essays in honour of Professor Alastair Hamilton. His pioneering research into the history of European Oriental studies has deeply enhanced our understanding of the dynamics and processes of cultural and religious exchange between Christian Europe and the Islamic world. Written by students, friends and colleagues, the contributions in this volume pay tribute to Alastair Hamilton's work and legacy. They discuss and celebrate intellectual, artistic and religious encounters between Europe and the cultural area stretching from Northern Africa to the Arabian Peninsula, and spanning the period from the sixteenth to the late nineteenth century. Contributors: Asaph Ben-Tov, Alexander Bevilacqua, Maurits H. van den Boogert, Charles Burnett, Ziad Elmarsafy, Mordechai Feingold, Aurelien Girard, Bernard Heyberger, Robert Irwin, Tarif Khalidi, J.M.I. Klaver, Noel Malcolm, Martin Mulsow, Francis Richard, G. J. Toomer, Arnoud Vrolijk, Nicholas Warner, Joanna Weinberg, and Jan Just Witkam.

What do CSI, Twilight, Indiana Jones, Theoretical Physics and The Holy Bible all have in common?... According to this book, Blood From forensic science to vampires to hunting for the Holy Grail, we, as a culture, by necessity and curiosity, are fascinated by this gooey material that flows through our veins Red, life-giving, and one of the greatest enigmas of science, blood becomes the subject of interest in this thought provoking study of the Bible.
Fundamentally, BLOOD is the most important natural element in Christendom because of the Sacrifice of Jesus, His Blood and Its connection to Christian salvation. Drawing from divine inspiration, the etymology (study) of classic Hebrew and Greek words and other fields of study, this book attempts to answer two basic questions: What is the Blood of Jesus and how can "It" actually save us? The theoretical answer lies inside the pages of this book. The author invites readers to join him in a sort of "Crime Scene Investigation" at the foot of that Cross to determine the true nature of Jesus' Blood.

A literal interpretation of Revelation 6:12-17 states survivors from a future great earthquake shall flee to hide in dens and the rocks of mountains. Such behavior is very unusual. Earthquake survivors normally flee to open spaces, away from buildings, to avoid injury from falling debris. All Shall Hide uses the findings from historical, aerospace, astrophysical, geophysical, and medical studies to show why world populations will be frightened into seeking heavily shielded shelters. What is the source of their terror? People suddenly collapsing in public from increased rates of heart failure caused by a great space weather storm. The awesome intensity of its cosmic ray output and harsh variations in the Earth's magnetic field will dwarf the Carrington Event of 1859. All Shall Hide shows the foretold darkening of the Sun to levels beneath global tempest of sunspots shall be the cause the perfect space weather storm. All Shall Hide formed its multidisciplinary, literal interpretation of Apostle John's scripture from the fiery truths of scientific studies. For example, statistically significant correlations between the variations in cosmic ray neutron rates and changes in the rates of death caused by acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), sudden cardiac death, cerebrovascular accident (stroke), or arrhythmia were manifested from collaborative research by Israel, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Azerbaijan, Russia, and Greece. The ability of the Moon to glow in the absence of sunlight was derived from observations and studies of solar particle induced lunar luminescence. The dates of solar blackouts, like the darkness at the crucifixion and the third Persian invasion of Greece, were deduced from trustworthy historical accounts of acute solar darkening events that could not be attributed to solar eclipses and/or clouds. All Shall Hide is a must read for those concerned with strengthening their beliefs in the Holy Bible.

Scepticism has been the driving force in the development of Greco-Roman culture in the past, and the impetus for far-reaching scientific achievements and philosophical investigation. Early Jewish culture, in contrast, avoided creating consistent representations of its philosophical doctrines. Sceptical notions can nevertheless be found in some early Jewish literature such as the Book of Ecclesiastes. One encounters there expressions of doubt with respect to Divine justice or even Divine involvement in earthly affairs. During the first centuries of the common era, however, Jewish thought, as reflected in rabbinic works, was engaged in persistent intellectual activity devoted to the laws, norms, regulations, exegesis and other traditional areas of Jewish religious knowledge. An effort to detect sceptical ideas in ancient Judaism, therefore, requires a closer analysis of this literary heritage and its cultural context. This volume of collected essays seeks to tackle the question of scepticism in an Early Jewish context, including Ecclesiastes and other Jewish Second Temple works, rabbinic midrashic and talmudic literature, and reflections of Jewish thought in early Christian and patristic writings. Contributors are: Tali Artman, Geoffrey Herman, Reuven Kiperwasser, Serge Ruzer, Cana Werman, and Carsten Wilke.

In contrast to many other levels of language, there is as yet no comprehensive areal-linguistic description of the segmental phonological properties of the languages of Europe. To complement the synchronic picture of the languages of Europe, it is time to take stock of their phoneme inventories to provide an empirical basis for generalizations about the similarities and dissimilarities of the languages of Europe. The best way to visualize the areal phonology of Europe is that of the Phonological Atlas of Europe (Phon@Europe) which features the isoglosses of phonological phenomena on a plethora of maps. As a prequel to Phon@Europe, this study not only outlines the goals, methodology, sample, and theory of the project but also focuses on loan phonemes whose diffusion across the 210 doculects of the sample yields meaningful patterns. The patterns are indicative of recent processes of convergence which have transformed a diverse phonological mosaic into a superficially homogeneous linguistic area. The developments which have led to the present situation are traced back through the history of the sample languages.

A short time ago I had the honor to bring before our American Institute of Electrical Engineers some results then arrived at by me in a novel line of work. I need not assure you that the many evidences which I have received that English scientific men and engineers were interested in this work have been for me a great reward and encouragement. I will not dwell upon the experiments already described, except with the view of completing, or more clearly expressing, some ideas advanced by me before, and also with the view of rendering the study here presented self-contained, and my remarks on the subject of this evening's lecture consistent.

This investigation, then, it goes without saying, deals with alternating currents, and, to be more precise, with alternating currents of high potential and high frequency. Just in how much a very high frequency is essential for the production of the results presented is a question which, even with my present experience, would embarrass me to answer. Some of the experiments may be performed with low frequencies; but very high frequencies are desirable, not only on account of the many effects secured by their use, but also as a convenient means of obtaining, in the induction apparatus employed, the high potentials, which in their turn are necessary to the demonstration of most of the experiments here contemplated.

A comprehensive guide to everything scientists need to know about data management, this book is essential for researchers who need to learn how to organize, document and take care of their own data. Researchers in all disciplines are faced with the challenge of managing the growing amounts of digital data that are the foundation of their research. Kristin Briney offers practical advice and clearly explains policies and principles, in an accessible and in-depth text that will allow researchers to understand and achieve the goal of better research data management. Data Management for Researchers includes sections on: * The data problem - an introduction to the growing importance and challenges of using digital data in research. Covers both the inherent problems with managing digital information, as well as how the research landscape is changing to give more value to research datasets and code. * The data lifecycle - a framework for data's place within the research process and how data's role is changing. Greater emphasis on data sharing and data reuse will not only change the way we conduct research but also how we manage research data. * Planning for data management - covers the many aspects of data management and how to put them together in a data management plan. This section also includes sample data management plans. * Documenting your data - an often overlooked part of the data management process, but one that is critical to good management; data without documentation are frequently unusable. * Organizing your data - explains how to keep your data in order using organizational systems and file naming conventions. This section also covers using a database to organize and analyze content. * Improving data analysis - covers managing information through the analysis process. This section starts by comparing the management of raw and analyzed data and then describes ways to make analysis easier, such as spreadsheet best practices. It also examines practices for research code, including version control systems. * Managing secure and private data - many researchers are dealing with data that require extra security. This section outlines what data falls into this category and some of the policies that apply, before addressing the best practices for keeping data secure. * Short-term storage - deals with the practical matters of storage and backup and covers the many options available. This section also goes through the best practices to insure that data are not lost. * Preserving and archiving your data - digital data can have a long life if properly cared for. This section covers managing data in the long term including choosing good file formats and media, as well as determining who will manage the data after the end of the project. * Sharing/publishing your data - addresses how to make data sharing across research groups easier, as well as how and why to publicly share data. This section covers intellectual property and licenses for datasets, before ending with the altmetrics that measure the impact of publicly shared data. * Reusing data - as more data are shared, it becomes possible to use outside data in your research. This chapter discusses strategies for finding datasets and lays out how to cite data once you have found it. This book is designed for active scientific researchers but it is useful for anyone who wants to get more from their data: academics, educators, professionals or anyone who teaches data management, sharing and preservation. "An excellent practical treatise on the art and practice of data management, this book is essential to any researcher, regardless of subject or discipline." -Robert Buntrock, Chemical Information Bulletin

What if you could change the department-level factors that don’t support teaching and learning? Explore answers to this fascinating question and many more with Reimagining the Science Department. In five thoughtful chapters, the book invites you to reassess past and current practices in science departments as you rethink the future for teachers and students in your own science classrooms. Although the text offers rich historical perspective, you’ll come away with sensible strategies—bolstered by practitioner vignettes and related research—that your entire department can put to work right away. Reimagining the Science Department is a must-read resource for chairs and those who aspire to become chairs, but it’s also useful for school administrators and school board members who are committed to developing a department in which the practices of science are taught for the benefit of all students.

This book (hardcover) is part of the TREDITION CLASSICS. It contains classical literature works from over two thousand years. Most of these titles have been out of print and off the bookstore shelves for decades. The book series is intended to preserve the cultural legacy and to promote the timeless works of classical literature. Readers of a TREDITION CLASSICS book support the mission to save many of the amazing works of world literature from oblivion. With this series, tredition intends to make thousands of international literature classics available in printed format again - worldwide.

Humankind has sought a simple, universal theorem representing the ultimate building block of nature. In searching, we have learned that energy and matter are complementary states of reality. Self-Utility - A Theory of Everything explains how within this universal design principle, "process" is also a complementary state of this same reality. Within this informational framework lies this unifying theory of existence - Self-Utility. Self-Utility represents a model of internal attributes that initiate causal outcomes. Self-Utility is an intrinsic determinism that wills its host's animation, wellbeing, and its existence Self-Utility is inherent in humans, animals, plants, social systems, institutions, organizations, rocks, atoms, energy, ideas and even the cosmos itself. Self-Utility unites a diversity of "-ologies" under its common discipline. Personal application of this theory empowers us with a cognitively heightened sense of understanding, of insight, and of control over our behavior and ultimately of whom we are. Embracing the concept of Self-Utility gives us a reference to understand the dynamics of vast interacting networks of any type. It allows us to predict values and allegiances, thus ultimately predicting the behaviors of people, organizations and objects. And it empowers us to direct our being through interrelating cycles of influence. Self-Utility brings order to our whimsical World of whirling dervishes as if in a mystic circus.