Elements of Fractional Distillation By CLARK SHOVE ROBINSON AND EDWIN RICHARD GLLLILAND. PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION: This book and the early revisions were the result of the efforts of Professor Robinson, and he took an active part in guiding the revision of the previous edition. His death made it necessary to prepare this edition without his helpful guidance and counsel. The present revision differs extensively from the previous edition. The material has been modified to bring it more closely into line with the graduate instruction in distillation at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Much greater emphasis has been placed on the measurement, prediction, and use of vapor-liquid equilibria because it is believed that this is one of the most serious limitations in design calculations. Greater emphasis has also been placed upon the use of enthalpy balances, and the treatment of batch distillation has been considerably expanded. Unfortunately, the design calculations for this type of operation are still in an unsatisfactory status. Azeotropic and extractive distillation are considered as an extension of conventional multicomponent problems. The sections on column design and column performance have been completely rewritten and increased in scope. In all cases quantitative examples have been given because it has been found that this greatly aids the student in understanding descriptive material. During the last 15 years a large number of design methods have been proposed for multicomponent mixtures, some of which are reviewed in Chapter 12. Most of these do not appear to offer any great advantage over the conventional Sorel method, and it is believed that the law of diminishingreturns has been applying in this field for some time. It is hoped that the present edition will stimulate some of these investigators to transfer their efforts to more critical problems, such as vapor-liquid equilibria, batch distillation, transient conditions within the distillation system, and column performance. EDWIN RICHARD GILLILAND CAMBRIDGE, MASS. July, 1960. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION: The subject of fractional distillation has received but scant attention from, writers in the English language since Sidney Young published his book Fractional Distillation in 1903 London. French and German authors have, on the other hand, produced a number of books on the subject, among the more important of which are the following La Rectification et les colonnes rectificatriccs en distillerie, E. Barbet, Paris, 1890 2d ed., 1895. Der Wirkungsweise der Rcctificir und Destillir Apparate, E. Hausbrand, Berlin, 1893 3d ed., 1910. Theorie der Verdampfimg und Verfliissung von gemischcn und der fraktionierten Destination, J. P. Kuenen, Leipzig, 1906. Theorie der Gewinnung und Trennung der atherischen Olc durch Destination, C. von Rechenberg, Leipzig, 1910. La Distillation fractione e et la rectification, Charles Manlier, Paris, 1917. Youngs Fractional Distillation, although a model for its kind, has to do almost entirely with the aspects of the subject as viewed from the chemical laboratory, and there has been literally no work in English available for the engineer and plant operator dealing with the applications of the laboratory processes to the plant. The use of the modern types of distilling equipment is growing at a very rapid rate. Manufacturers of chemicals are learning that they must refinetheir products in order to market them successfully, and it is often true that fractional distillation offers the most available if not the only way of accomplishing this...

This volume in the Greenwood Guides to Science and Religion series examines how Asian spiritual traditions -- primarily the religions of India and China - interacted and influenced the understanding of the natural world over the last two millennia. Unlike the religious and scientific traditions of the Christian West, which developed in tandem, or even the Islamic world, which helped the rise of Western science, the Asian religious traditions did not encounter Western science until relatively recently. This has led to a unique relationship between these two cultural phenomena. The volume will also address the impact of Western science had on these traditions, as well as the impact on western science of the recent study of Asian religions by New Age groups and philosophers. Science and Asian Spiritual Traditions covers the entire history of the interaction between science and Asian religions: The Natural World in Chinese thought BLMedicine in China BLEcology and the Environment BLAstronomy and Astrology BLTechnology BLAsia encounters Western Science BLWestern Science encounters Asian Spiritual Traditions. In addition, the volume includes primary source documents, a bibliography of resources for further study, a timeline, and a glossary.

As a follow-up study to the global comparison of spatial interrogatives (Studia Typologica 20), the present book examines the spatial declarative counterparts which are provided by the expression class of spatial deictic adverbs. In a functionally motivated typological approach, equivalents of Early Modern English here - hither - hence and there - thither - thence are identified across a sample of 250 languages from all macro-areas. These are also quantitatively assessed to extrapolate areal and global trends of coding patterns. The formal relationships between spatial interrogative and spatial declarative paradigms are analyzed with a focus on the syncretism of categories and of individual cells. Qualitative discussions of patterns precede in-depth treatments of problematic cases and other relevant issues related to the research topic. The quantitative results strongly point to areal linguistic trends concerning the distribution of distinct and non-distinct coding of the three spatial relations Place, Goal, and Source. Additional aspects such as quantitative evaluations of constructional complexity are addressed subsequently.

HARD BACK: In his 10th book on post-relativity philosophy of time, the Ghanaian philosopher argues that all the theories we read about time are useful only for constructing clocks to accord accurately with the earth's regular motions and astronomical features. The many bemusing technical terms employed (like duration between events, sidereal time, solar time, nutation, equinox, earth's rotation, the precession of the equinoxes etc.), were all invented to account for fixed, general and absolute time, running all through the cosmos and the same everywhere. This view of time, however, was abolished by Einstein. He adds that everything we have ever used to reckon time (including atomic time) amounts to mere physical cycles, pulses or oscillations that we count as the units of time---the years, for instance---but they are passing. He has also uncovered Einstein's undoubted snub to 4-D geometry.

The volume uses an interdisciplinary approach to examine how 21st-century British theatre increasingly intercuts dystopian and utopian elements to create innovative strategies for addressing current social and political concerns. In the case studies, a key role is given to the ways in which the selected plays use real and fictional spaces on stage and thereby manage to construct interactional spaces which the spectators are invited to share.

This is a fascinating encyclopedia comparing the most important adaptations and evolutions in the natural world with the most important discoveries and inventions of human history. Welcome to the amazing world of adaptations, where species-including humans-develop fascinating new capabilities to ensure a competitive edge in their environment, or in some cases, survival itself. Encyclopedia of Adaptations in the Natural World is a wide-ranging catalog of the most important of those adaptations-from photosynthesis to the the peculiar "vampire"-like behavior of the tiny life form called the prion. The seven chapters in the Encyclopedia cover the key survival challenges all organisms face. Entries within those chapters cover specific adaptations from all forms of life, including animals, plants, bacteria, algae, fungi, and viruses. For each adaptation, the book also describes a related technological breakthrough in the human world, showing how engineers today study natural processes to help them develop new inventions. Provides diagrams of the process of photosynthesis, the functional areas of the human brain, and the bluefin tuna Includes 58 photographs and electron microscope images illustrating the adaptations in the book Presents bibliographic listings of key reference books, internet resources, and academic papers for further reading

Discusses the ideas and impact of 27 atheists, agnostics, and secularists whose ideas have shaped society over the last 200 years. In the opinion of many critics and philosophers, we are entering an age of atheism marked by the waning of Christian fundamentalism and the flourishing of secular thought. Through alphabetically arranged entries written by expert contributors, this book profiles 27 iconic figures of unbelief whose ideas have shaped American society over the last 200 years. Included are entries on influential figures of the past, such as Albert Einstein and Voltaire, as well as on such contemporary figures as Richard Dawkins and Sam Harris. Each entry discusses the ideas and lasting significance of each person or group, provides sidebars of interesting information and illuminating quotations, and cites works for further reading. The volume closes with a selected, general bibliography. Students in social studies and history classes will welcome this reference as a guide to the ideas central to the American separation of Church and State and to many of the political debates at the heart of society today. Each entry discusses the ideas and lasting significance of the person or group, provides sidebars of interesting information and quotations, and closes with a list of works for further reading. The volume ends with a selected, general bibliography. Students in history and social studies classes will welcome this reference as a guide to the American separation of Church and State and to the ideas central to contemporary political debates.

Humankind has sought a simple, universal theorem representing the ultimate building block of nature. In searching, we have learned that energy and matter are complementary states of reality. Self-Utility - A Theory of Everything explains how within this universal design principle, "process" is also a complementary state of this same reality. Within this informational framework lies this unifying theory of existence - Self-Utility. Self-Utility represents a model of internal attributes that initiate causal outcomes. Self-Utility is an intrinsic determinism that wills its host's animation, wellbeing, and its existence Self-Utility is inherent in humans, animals, plants, social systems, institutions, organizations, rocks, atoms, energy, ideas and even the cosmos itself. Self-Utility unites a diversity of "-ologies" under its common discipline. Personal application of this theory empowers us with a cognitively heightened sense of understanding, of insight, and of control over our behavior and ultimately of whom we are. Embracing the concept of Self-Utility gives us a reference to understand the dynamics of vast interacting networks of any type. It allows us to predict values and allegiances, thus ultimately predicting the behaviors of people, organizations and objects. And it empowers us to direct our being through interrelating cycles of influence. Self-Utility brings order to our whimsical World of whirling dervishes as if in a mystic circus.