The present work deals with the representation of trauma and violence in coming-of-age stories written by African-American and Afro-Caribbean women authors in the United States. The kinds of violence explored in this work are related to the post-colonial condition the women protagonists experience, in which racism, sexism, classism, among other kinds of discrimination, are co-created in an intersectional experience of oppression. The titles analyzed in this work are: Lucy (1990), written by Jamaica Kincaid; Breath, Eyes, Memory (1994), written by Edwidge Danticat; Bone Black - Memories of Girlhood (1996), written by bell hooks; and God Help the Child (2015), written by Toni Morrison. The Bildungsroman genre serves as the form with which the authors are able to display the different forms of violence experienced during the the process of growing up female and black in the United States, and also in the Caribbean islands of Antigua and Haiti, in the cases of Kincaid and Danticat respectively. The coming-of-age stories written by women, and more specifically by African-American and Afro-Caribbean women, tend to showcase narratives in which the tensions between the protagonists' self-determination and the influence of social and cultural factors in their development opportunities are negotiated. The genre is adapted and subverted by the authors, deviating from its canonical European origins, becoming a site in which the authors are able to represent different kinds of violence, and the subsequent traumatic consequences caused by it.

From the dark shadows of Neptune and Pluto, suddenly an unknown planet emerges, which after a cycle lasting thousands of years, has returned to our solar system, visible from Earth at night as a small star. With her arrival, Nibiru, as the ancients in pre-historic times called her, brings a horror that will afflict the earthlings as never before. They, who our ancestors considered gods, have returned to claim their inheritance. No weapon can withstand this invasion, which is not of material nature and will mercilessly strike the non-physical part of man - his soul An American scholar specialized in ancient languages, discovers an obscure inscription and image on a clay tablet from ancient Sumer, where mention is made of the return of the gods, who stood at the beginning of the birth of humanity. This discovery opens his eyes to the indescribable terrifying truths, leading to an on madness bordering cognizance, that takes its toll and leads to his death. His son, assisted by a wise Indian shaman, begins an almost impossible battle against unknown, sinister threatening powers that attack humanity in the core. Thousands of humans are being evicted from their corporeal body. When these completely unknown entities approach the inhabitants of the White House and attack the president, one fears the worst. A possible salvation of mankind is hidden in mysterious images and petroglyphs on the Gateway of the Sun in Tiahuanaco, Bolivia. A journey full of strange and terrifying events leads the two men to bewildering, unfathomable answers to questions far beyond their intellect. In Siloam Springs, a little town in the United States, a fierce battle takes place, in which a small boy with incredible psychic powers, hopefully, can turn the tide, provided that both men could wrest the truth from the darkness of oblivion: the unknown past of mankind....

Art is a concept that has been used by researchers for centuries to explain and realize numerous theories. The legendary artist Leonardo da Vinci, for example, was a profound artist and a genius inventor and researcher. The co-existence of science and art, therefore, is necessary for global appeal and society's paradigms, literacy, and scientific movements. Contemporary Art Impacts on Scientific, Social, and Cultural Paradigms: Emerging Research and Opportunities provides emerging research exploring the theoretical and practical aspects of present post-aesthetic art and its applications within economics, politics, social media, and everyday life. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as media studies, contemporary storytelling, and literacy nationalism, this book is ideally designed for researchers, media studies experts, media professionals, academicians, and students.

At the time of my retirement on March 31, 2006, I challenged myself with a handful of goals. With this publication, all have now been accomplished. Initially, I did not plan to publish. I did plan to write a manuscript or a story . . . or just write something about the universe. I felt compelled to give my fascination with the universe some sort of order, something that would punctuate my life. Upon completion, I wondered if it might have some merit to others and scoped out the thought of publication. I found the manuscript very readable and relatively elementary. It should prove interesting to science students of all levels as well as all people interested in the universe.

Hate speech has been extensively studied by disciplines such as social psychology, sociology, history, politics and law. Some significant areas of study have been the origins of hate speech in past and modern societies around the world; the way hate speech paves the way for harmful social movements; the socially destructive force of propaganda; and the legal responses to hate speech. On reviewing the literature, one major weakness stands out: hate speech, a crime perpetrated primarily by malicious and damaging language use, has no significant study in the field of linguistics. Historically, pragmatic theories have tended to address language as cooperative action, geared to reciprocally informative polite understanding. As a result of this idealized view of language, negative types of discourse such as harassment, defamation, hate speech, etc. have been neglected as objects of linguistic study. Since they go against social, moral and legal norms, many linguists have wrongly depicted those acts of wrong communication as unusual, anomalous or deviant when they are, in fact, usual and common in modern societies all over the world. The book analyses the challenges legal practitioners and linguists must meet when dealing with hate speech, especially with the advent of new technologies and social networks, and takes a linguistic perspective by targeting the knowledge the linguist can provide that makes harassment actionable.

Have you ever wondered what comets are and why astronomers spend so much time studying them? Now, a comet expert and an astronomical historian have come together to produce this unique book. Using their several decades of teaching experience, the authors have concisely presented the information you need to comprehend these majestic apparitions that grace our night skies. No mathematical proficiency is needed. In fact, this book doesn't contain a single equation. Comets are cosmic Rosetta stones, bridging our current knowledge by digging back to the earliest days of our solar systems. How did life arise on Earth? Did comets play a significant role in bringing water and the necessary organic matter to our early Earth? How about the dinosaurs? Were they driven to extinction by a cometary impact 66 million years ago? Comets may be both the enablers and destroyers of life on Earth as we know it. These are some of the tantalizing questions discussed here. If you so desire, steps are given to join the ranks of amateur comet hunters. Astronomy is one of the last sciences where amateurs play a significant role. Your reward for discovery? A comet officially bearing your name in the history books. The next great comet is on its way, we just do not know when it will arrive. Armed with this book, you will be ready to enjoy this unforgettable event.

In Secrets of UFO Technology, Kenneth W. Behrendt (author of The Physics of the Paranormal) reveals some of the conclusions he reached concerning the UFO phenomenon after decades of intensive research. The result is a unique treatment of the subject that is far in advance of what has been generally available to date. After learning how an extraterrestrial craft negates its normal mass and weight to achieve gravity free, inertialess flight, you'll be ready to take inspection tours of a typical flying saucer and mother ship. During your journey of discovery, you'll also learn how UFOs stall automobiles, how alien craft and their crews can become invisible, how ufonauts levitate themselves for independent flight outside of their craft, and all about the shocking details behind the cattle mutilation cases. Secrets of UFO Technology is a profusely illustrated work that truly has the potential to revolutionize the science of ufology!

METALLURGY of COPPER RY JOSEPH NEWTON Assistant Professor of Mctsillurgy I ninrsit of Idaho Mos m, I I i ho CURTIS L. WILSON Von, Missouri hoot of Mines and Metallurgy I Orrncr Vo rssor tf lctallnrgy Montana hool of 1ines NK V YORK ILKY Jv SOi T S, 4NC. LOM ON Cll PM N vK II VLL. LIMITED COPTHIOHT, 1942 BT JOSEPH NEWTON AND CURTIS L WILSON All Rights Resented Th 9 book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. PREFACE The aim of this book is to present a discussion of the various methods employed in winning copper from its ores and in refining the metal to commercial grade. Examples of modern practice are included to illustrate the application of these methods, but no attempt has been ma-le to compile a complete and exhaustive treatise on the practice all over the world. Such a treatise might well require several volumes. onfining the discussion largely to the extraction and refining of r, it has been possible to touch only lightly on several related cts because of space limitation. The chapter on ore dressing is m. ly a summary to indicate the methods used in dressing copper ores and the nature of the resulting concentrates. It was not possible to consider the subject of copper alloys in any great detail. An attempt has been made to give credit at the proper place for all material used in the book. The authors extend their thanks to the various mining, smelting, refining, and manufacturing companies, and to the publishing companies for their kind and willing cooperation. JOSEPH NEWTON CURTIS L. WILSON June, 1942 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. FROM ORE TO CONCENTRATE 1 II. THE EXTRACTION OF COPPER FROM ITS ORES .... 32 III.ROASTING 50 IV. SMELTING 76 V. CONVERTING 162 VI. FIRE REFINING 188 VII. SMOKE AND OASES 226 VIII. ELECTROLYTIC REFINING 250 IX. HVDROMEI U. LVRGY . 303 X. PROPERTIED OF COPPER 379 XI. THE USES OF COPPER 396 XII. PRODUCTION OF COPPER 430 BIBLIOGR PIIY . . 499 NAME INDEX 501 SUBJECT INDEX 503 CHAPTER I FROM ORE TO CONCENTRATE THE IMPORTANCE OF COPPER From the beginning of recorded history until the end of the medieval period, copper was the worlds most useful metal. Its use marked the transitory step in the progress of civilization from the Stone Age to the Metal Age. Although gold, owing to its sparkling yellow color, its high luster, its resistance to corrosion and tarnish, and its occurrence in the free or elemental state in nature, was unquestionably the first metal to attract the attention of man, and although in certain localities iron, 1 in the form of meteorites or even obtained by the reduction of the oxide with charcoal, may have been used before copper, nevertheless every ancient metal culture was actually introduced by the use of copper. 2 In the form of pure metal, fashioned first by the crude hammering of masses of native copper and later by melting, and in the form of bronze, obtained by smelting mixed tin and copper ores, it was employed originally for ornaments and statues and then as tools, domestic utensils, implements of war, and for every purpose in which its strength, hardness, and toughness proved its superiority to stone, wood, and other materials. When the methods of producing iron evolved from the direct processes through the cast iron period to puddling, cementation, and the crucible process, iron and steel usurped coppers position of first importance and withthe advent of the Bessemer and open-hearth processes, ferrous materials attained such ease of large-scale production and such widespread use that they almost eclipsed copper The age of electricity, however, introduced new requirements for materials to be used in the generation and transmission of electrical energy copper immediately entered its rejuvenation 3 and assumed firs place in importance in the electrical field and second in general utility in our present-day civilization. 1 Howe, H M, The Metallography of Steel and Cast Iron, p...

METALLURGICAL PROBLEMS MY ALLISON BUTTS, A. B., B. S. Professor of Electrometallurgy, Lehigh U Co-author of Engineering Metallurgy SECOND EDITION THIRD IMPRESSION McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC. NEW YOKK AND LONDON 1043 METALLURGICAL PROBLEMS COPYRIGHT, 1932, 1943, BY THE McGRAW-HiLL BOOK COMPANY, INC. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form wthout permission of the publishers. DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF JOSEPH WILLIAM RICHARDS PIONEER IN METALLURGICAL CALCULATIONS AN INSPIRING TEACHER AND A MAN OF RARE QUALITIES PREFACE The purposes in view in preparing the second edition of this book may be included largely in three categories 1 the desirability of bringing the work up to date both with respect to changes in the fundamental data used in metallurgical calculations and with respect to changes in metal lurgical practice 2 changes dictated by the experience of the author and of others in eleven years use of the book, particularly with regard to textual clarification, arrangement, and better balance of the problem material and 3 the desirability of making available new problem material in place of some of that which has been used repeatedly in class instruction over a long period. The first edition of A Textbook of Metallurgical Problems was an outgrowth of Professor Joseph W. Richardss book Metallurgical Calculations which was regarded by many as one of the most useful books available to the metallurgical industry. Since Richardss volume was not in a form most suitable for use as a college text, it was then the object of the present author not only to produce a more recent work in the same field asMetallurgical Calculations, but also to make available a book more adaptable to student use. In this second edition the same objects remain the title has been shortened to Metallurgical Problems both for the sake of brevity and to avoid emphasizing its function as a textbook to the exclusion of a hoped-for usefulness to industry. The first edition of this book attempted to follow the methods and forms used by Richards to such an extent as to make it relatively easy to use by those accustomed to his book, while at the same time using more recent data, new material in accordance with later practice, and some innovations in harmony with instructional changes made in college depart ments of chemistry and physics. The same plan is followed in the second edition, but the changes have been carried further, following progress in technical education. For example, free energy and other thermo dynamic concepts did not appear in Richardss book, nor was any use made of methods of calculus. These were introduced in the first edition of this book and have been extended in the second edition. Nevertheless, knowledge of higher mathematics is still relatively unimportant in the use of the book also, the substitution of the more familiar heats of reaction for free-energy change has not been abandoned for approximate calcula tions when these may be properly used. With regard to heats of reaction, vii Viu . PREFACE a change has been made in this edition to the A concept and notation now so widely adopted in physical chemistry and therefore made familiar to present-day students. In revising the physical and chemical data in this book, the author has drawn from recently published compilations acknowledged atthe appropriate places rather than from original sources. These - compila-tions for the most part present data in the forms most often desired in scientific work. In some instances these are not the forms most useful in industry, and much time has been spent by the author in conversion to what seemed to be a more readily usable basis...