E-Learning and Virtual Science Centers addresses an aspect of Web-based education that has not attracted sufficient attention in the international research literature - that of virtual science centers, the cyberspace annex of traditional science centers. It is the first book to be published on the rapidly advancing field of science education. Addressed to science and technology centers, science museums, and researchers in Web-based education, this book provides an overview of the state-of-the-art developments in this new and emerging field of science education. Written for practitioners by practitioners, the 20 chapters featured in this book represent the contributions of more than 40 authors from over 10 countries - truly an international effort and a veritable gauge of state-of-the-art perspectives. E-Learning and Virtual Science Centers features theoretical issues, design considerations in the setting up virtual science centers, and case studies on various aspects of the field.

METALLURGY of COPPER RY JOSEPH NEWTON Assistant Professor of Mctsillurgy I ninrsit of Idaho Mos m, I I i ho CURTIS L. WILSON Von, Missouri hoot of Mines and Metallurgy I Orrncr Vo rssor tf lctallnrgy Montana hool of 1ines NK V YORK ILKY Jv SOi T S, 4NC. LOM ON Cll PM N vK II VLL. LIMITED COPTHIOHT, 1942 BT JOSEPH NEWTON AND CURTIS L WILSON All Rights Resented Th 9 book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. PREFACE The aim of this book is to present a discussion of the various methods employed in winning copper from its ores and in refining the metal to commercial grade. Examples of modern practice are included to illustrate the application of these methods, but no attempt has been ma-le to compile a complete and exhaustive treatise on the practice all over the world. Such a treatise might well require several volumes. onfining the discussion largely to the extraction and refining of r, it has been possible to touch only lightly on several related cts because of space limitation. The chapter on ore dressing is m. ly a summary to indicate the methods used in dressing copper ores and the nature of the resulting concentrates. It was not possible to consider the subject of copper alloys in any great detail. An attempt has been made to give credit at the proper place for all material used in the book. The authors extend their thanks to the various mining, smelting, refining, and manufacturing companies, and to the publishing companies for their kind and willing cooperation. JOSEPH NEWTON CURTIS L. WILSON June, 1942 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. FROM ORE TO CONCENTRATE 1 II. THE EXTRACTION OF COPPER FROM ITS ORES .... 32 III.ROASTING 50 IV. SMELTING 76 V. CONVERTING 162 VI. FIRE REFINING 188 VII. SMOKE AND OASES 226 VIII. ELECTROLYTIC REFINING 250 IX. HVDROMEI U. LVRGY . 303 X. PROPERTIED OF COPPER 379 XI. THE USES OF COPPER 396 XII. PRODUCTION OF COPPER 430 BIBLIOGR PIIY . . 499 NAME INDEX 501 SUBJECT INDEX 503 CHAPTER I FROM ORE TO CONCENTRATE THE IMPORTANCE OF COPPER From the beginning of recorded history until the end of the medieval period, copper was the worlds most useful metal. Its use marked the transitory step in the progress of civilization from the Stone Age to the Metal Age. Although gold, owing to its sparkling yellow color, its high luster, its resistance to corrosion and tarnish, and its occurrence in the free or elemental state in nature, was unquestionably the first metal to attract the attention of man, and although in certain localities iron, 1 in the form of meteorites or even obtained by the reduction of the oxide with charcoal, may have been used before copper, nevertheless every ancient metal culture was actually introduced by the use of copper. 2 In the form of pure metal, fashioned first by the crude hammering of masses of native copper and later by melting, and in the form of bronze, obtained by smelting mixed tin and copper ores, it was employed originally for ornaments and statues and then as tools, domestic utensils, implements of war, and for every purpose in which its strength, hardness, and toughness proved its superiority to stone, wood, and other materials. When the methods of producing iron evolved from the direct processes through the cast iron period to puddling, cementation, and the crucible process, iron and steel usurped coppers position of first importance and withthe advent of the Bessemer and open-hearth processes, ferrous materials attained such ease of large-scale production and such widespread use that they almost eclipsed copper The age of electricity, however, introduced new requirements for materials to be used in the generation and transmission of electrical energy copper immediately entered its rejuvenation 3 and assumed firs place in importance in the electrical field and second in general utility in our present-day civilization. 1 Howe, H M, The Metallography of Steel and Cast Iron, p...

From the dark shadows of Neptune and Pluto, suddenly an unknown planet emerges, which after a cycle lasting thousands of years, has returned to our solar system, visible from Earth at night as a small star. With her arrival, Nibiru, as the ancients in pre-historic times called her, brings a horror that will afflict the earthlings as never before. They, who our ancestors considered gods, have returned to claim their inheritance. No weapon can withstand this invasion, which is not of material nature and will mercilessly strike the non-physical part of man - his soul An American scholar specialized in ancient languages, discovers an obscure inscription and image on a clay tablet from ancient Sumer, where mention is made of the return of the gods, who stood at the beginning of the birth of humanity. This discovery opens his eyes to the indescribable terrifying truths, leading to an on madness bordering cognizance, that takes its toll and leads to his death. His son, assisted by a wise Indian shaman, begins an almost impossible battle against unknown, sinister threatening powers that attack humanity in the core. Thousands of humans are being evicted from their corporeal body. When these completely unknown entities approach the inhabitants of the White House and attack the president, one fears the worst. A possible salvation of mankind is hidden in mysterious images and petroglyphs on the Gateway of the Sun in Tiahuanaco, Bolivia. A journey full of strange and terrifying events leads the two men to bewildering, unfathomable answers to questions far beyond their intellect. In Siloam Springs, a little town in the United States, a fierce battle takes place, in which a small boy with incredible psychic powers, hopefully, can turn the tide, provided that both men could wrest the truth from the darkness of oblivion: the unknown past of mankind....

Art is a concept that has been used by researchers for centuries to explain and realize numerous theories. The legendary artist Leonardo da Vinci, for example, was a profound artist and a genius inventor and researcher. The co-existence of science and art, therefore, is necessary for global appeal and society's paradigms, literacy, and scientific movements. Contemporary Art Impacts on Scientific, Social, and Cultural Paradigms: Emerging Research and Opportunities provides emerging research exploring the theoretical and practical aspects of present post-aesthetic art and its applications within economics, politics, social media, and everyday life. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as media studies, contemporary storytelling, and literacy nationalism, this book is ideally designed for researchers, media studies experts, media professionals, academicians, and students.

The book presents a comprehensive, yet concise analysis of groundwater occurrence, its development, technology involved in exploration, extraction, and its economical usage.The book makes use of minimum technical jargon, while explaining the basics of drilling, types of wells, their maintenance, development and testing, and selection of pumps. It discusses the causes for wells failing, methods of diagnosis and the pre-emptive and remedial measures, water transmission, composition, and purification. Unlike other natural resources, groundwater is replenished by rainfall. Nevertheless those who depend on groundwater either for industrial or agricultural sustenance should be responsive to certain factors that are significant to the long-term well-being of the water source. Important are: Whether the wells are being over-pumped, or under-pumped; the quantity and cost of water being drawn, whether there is sufficient water underground with optimum replenishment, and systems installed are compatible to the particular hydrological situation and similar such factors. The book attempts, in simplistic language, to link the gap between theory and practice; between the principles of groundwater as a natural science and its application technology. There are a number of pre-calculated tables that serve as a handy reference for Consultants, Drillers and Engineers who deal with groundwater on a day-to-day basis.

At the time of my retirement on March 31, 2006, I challenged myself with a handful of goals. With this publication, all have now been accomplished. Initially, I did not plan to publish. I did plan to write a manuscript or a story . . . or just write something about the universe. I felt compelled to give my fascination with the universe some sort of order, something that would punctuate my life. Upon completion, I wondered if it might have some merit to others and scoped out the thought of publication. I found the manuscript very readable and relatively elementary. It should prove interesting to science students of all levels as well as all people interested in the universe.

In Secrets of UFO Technology, Kenneth W. Behrendt (author of The Physics of the Paranormal) reveals some of the conclusions he reached concerning the UFO phenomenon after decades of intensive research. The result is a unique treatment of the subject that is far in advance of what has been generally available to date. After learning how an extraterrestrial craft negates its normal mass and weight to achieve gravity free, inertialess flight, you'll be ready to take inspection tours of a typical flying saucer and mother ship. During your journey of discovery, you'll also learn how UFOs stall automobiles, how alien craft and their crews can become invisible, how ufonauts levitate themselves for independent flight outside of their craft, and all about the shocking details behind the cattle mutilation cases. Secrets of UFO Technology is a profusely illustrated work that truly has the potential to revolutionize the science of ufology!