People moved into America very early across the Bering Strait. By the fifth millennia B.C.E. tropical sailors brought diseases to America and took plants and animals in both directions.

Long before Columbus, tropical sailors carefully selected crops from New World highlands and shorelines, wet and dry climates, and took them to the Old World where they were grown in appropriate environments. Medicinal and psychedelic plants were traded and maintained in Egypt and Peru during separate, 1,400-year periods. This implies that maritime trade was continuous.

In this groundbreaking book, learn about:

● 84 plants that were taken from the Americas to the Old World.
● What plants and animals were brought to the Americas.
● Why world trade was essential for transfer of so many.
● Interconnectedness of civilizations had to result from world trade.
● Dating of 18 species by archaeology with radio carbon shows dispersal.
● And much more

Plants, diseases, and animals from America were distributed throughout the world, across the oceans before 1492. It is time for scientists, teachers, and students to reconsider their beliefs about the early history of civilization with World Trade and Biological Exchanges Before 1492.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS:

John L. Sorenson is an emeritus professor of anthropology at Brigham Young University. He earned a doctorate in archeology from UCLA.

Carl L. Johannessen is an emeritus professor of biogeography at the University of Oregon. He earned a doctorate in geography from the University of California at Berkeley.

This book has been a work in progress since 1971 in which the author reveals his then, way out ideas and imaginations about the origin of the universe, religion, gender bias in language, future economic and social systems, future space travel and the rectification of PI in a peanutshell. Many of his ideas have now been proven, like the black hole theory and many other ideas are now being considered by the established authorities in their respective fields. And there are many other ramblings and reflections of an active mind that are still crazy but provocative and entertaining.

THE MICROSCOPE By SIMON HENRY GAGE Late Professor of Histology and Embryology in Cornell University SEVENTEENTH EDITION REVISED ITHACA - NEW YORK COMSTOCK PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. J947 COPYRIGHT, 1941, BY COMSTOCK PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. All Rights Reserved Copyright, 1908, 1917, 1920, 1925, 1932, by SIMON HENRY GAGE Ail Rights Reserved Copyright, 1936, by COMSTOCK PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. All Rights Reserved PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA THE VA1L-BALLOU PRESS, BINGHAMTON, N t Y T To the memory of THEOBALD SMITH pupil, friend, and master investigator who opened new paths to the human mind. PREFACE IN revising the matter for this, the seventeenth, edition of The Microscope changes have been made in every chapter in text and often in illustrations to render the subject more easily understood. Attention has been called to the newly devised Electron Microscope with its greatly increased magnifying power and resolution over the ordinary microscope to Polaroid for the micro-polariscope to some new plastics for mounting in place of Canada balsam to the high pressure mercury lamps for ultra-violet radiation and the bright mercury lines for photographing objects with the microscope. In general, however, the book retains its former character, and it is hoped that it will continue to serve students and users of the micro scope in understanding the underlying principles involved in micro scopical work. As a final word, I wish to express my thanks and appreciation for the new cuts loaned and other aid rendered by the American manu facturers, the Bausch Lomb Optical Company of Rochester and the Spencer Lens Company of Buffalo. The heads of those com panies, Edward Bausch and Harvey N. Ott, have been my friends and advisers for many years and have been ever ready to help me over the rough places in my microscopical career. Likewise it is a pleasure to render thanks to my University col leagues and to my fellow microscopists for their friendly interest and help also to Clara Starrett Gage, Ph. D. for aid in preparing illus trations, making corrections and revising the index for this edition. SIMON HENRY GAGE May 20, 1941 CONTENTS SECTIONS FIGURES PAGES INTRODUCTION AND THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE . . i-3A 1-6 CHAPTER I 1-66 4 4ia 7-50 Microscopes and Their Parts. CHAPTER II . . 67-169 42-64 51-120 Bright-Field Microscopes Lighting, Natural and Artificial Experiments with Microscopes. CHAPTER III . . . 170-215 65-90 121-169 Dark-Field Microscopy and Its Application. CH PTER IV 216-272 91-119 170-221 The Polarizing Microscope Optics of the Mi croscope. CHAPTER V 273-302 120-124 222-239 Micro-Spectroscope Pocket Spectroscope. CHAPTER VI 303-324 125-130 240-2 sS Ultra-Violet Microscope Physical Analysis. CHAPTER VII 325-358 131-142 259-27 Interpretation of Appearances. CHAPTER VIII 359 39 8 i43 i 6 7 279-316 Magnification and Micrometry. CHAPTER IX 399 45o 168-199 317-363 Drawing with the Microscope and with Projec tion Apparatus Class Demonstrations. CHAPTER X 451-507 200-214 364-402 Photographing Embryos and Small Animals Photographic Enlargements Photographing with the Microscope. CHAPTER XI 508-615 215-249 403-463 Cabinets Slips and Cover-Glasses Mounting, Labeling and Storing Microscopical Prepara tions. CONTENTS SECTIONS FIGURES CHAPTER XII 616-663 250-266 Fixing and Preservation of Tissues, Organs and entire Organisms Infiltrating Imbed ding, Sectioning, Staining andMounting for the Microscope. CHAPTER XIII . Serial Sectioning of Organs, Small Animals and Embryos Preparation of Models. CHAPTER XIV Micro-Incinerations and the Optical Appliances for their Examination CHAPTER XV ... Brief History of Lenses and Microscopes. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY . INDEX . . .... INTERPOLATION, TABLE OF METRIC AND ENGLISH MEASURES . . . . .....

"Wild Talents" captures Charles Fort at his finest, most thought provoking, and wittiest. Containing accounts of-among numerous other bizarre topics-strange coincidences, vampires, werewolves, talking dogs, poltergeist activity, teleportation, witchcraft, vanishing people, spontaneous human combustion, and the escapades of the 'mad bats of Trinidad, ' the book is essential reading for anyone wanting to learn about the early years of research into the myriad mysteries of this world and beyond.

Reach for the stars

Stargazing is the practice of observing the night sky and its contents - from constellations through to planets and galaxies. Stars and other night sky objects can be seen with the naked eye, or seen in greater numbers and in more detail with binoculars or a telescope.

"Stargazing For Dummies" offers you the chance to explore the night sky, providing a detailed guide to the main constellations and also offering advice on viewing other night sky objects such as planets and nebulae. It's a great introduction to a fun new hobby, and even provides a fun way to get the kids outside while doing something educational Gives you an introduction to looking at the sky with binoculars or a telescopeOffers advice on photographing the night skyWithout needing to get your head around mind-bending theories, you can take part in some practical physics

If you're looking for easy-to-follow guidance on getting to know the night sky, "Stargazing For Dummies" has you covered.

Text extracted from opening pages of book: TL CARNIVOROUS PLANTS BY FRANCIS ERNEST LLOYD D. Sc. k c. ( Wal f, ); F. R. S. C., F. L. S. Emeritus Professor of Botany, M. cGill University 1942 WALTHAM, MASS., U. S. A. Puomned oy the Cnronica Botanica Company First published MCMXLH By the Chronica Botanica Company of Waltham, Mass., U. S. A. All rights reserved New York, N. Y.: G. E. Stechert and Co., 31 East loth Street. San Francisco, CaL: J. W. Stacey, Inc., 236-238 Flood Building. Toronto 2: Wm. Dawson Subscription Service, Ltd., 70 King Street, East. Mexico, D. F.: Livraria Cervantes, Calle de 57 No. i, Despacho 3; Ap. 2302. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria Kosmos, Caixa Postal 3481. Buenos Aires: Acme Agency, Bartolom6 Mitre 552. Santiago de Chile: Livraria Zamorano y Caperan, Casilla 362. London, W. 1: Wm. Dawson and Sons, Ltd., 43 Weymouth Street. Moscow: Mezhdunarodnaja Kniga, Kouznetski Most 18. Calcutta: Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 294 Bow Bazar Street. Johannesburg: Juta and Co., Ltd., 43 Pritchard Street. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, Ltd., 89 Castlereagh Street. Made and printed in the U. S. A. PREFACE The experience which has led to the writing of this book began in 1929 when, examining a species related to Utricularia gibba, / made an observation of some importance in understanding the mechanism of the trap. This begot a desire to study as many other species of the genus as I could obtain for com parison, primarily to determine the validity of my conclusions. My feeling that research in this field was promising was strengthened by the discovery that the pertinent literature was singularly barren of the information most needed, that is to say, precise accounts of the structure of theentrance mechanisms of the traps. And an examination of much herbarium material, because of the meagreness of the underground parts of the terrestrial types resulting from indifferent methods of collection, forced the conclusion that, even had other difficulties inherent in studying dried material not intervened, it would be necessary to obtain adequately preserved specimens. This meant a wide cor re spondence and, if possible, extensive travel. The uncertainty of achieving the latter made the former imperative. The responses to my requests for help were numerous and generous from all parts of the world, with the result that there came to me from many sources well preserved material which fairly represented the genus, for it brought to me some 100 of the total of 250 or more species. The most lavish single contribu tion was put at my disposal by my teacher and friend, KARL VON GOEBEL, who gave me a collection of Utricularia collected by him in the tropics of the Old and New Worlds, and in temperate Australia. Many others, while they may have contributed less in amount, could have been no less generous, for the work of collecting, preserving, packing and posting specimens is by no means an easy job. Travels included two journeys, one to Africa and one to Africa and Aus tralia, the latter made possible by a parting gift from my colleagues of McGill University on my retirement from the Macdonald Chair of Botany in 1935. At the university centres visited I was afforded all kinds of help: laboratory space, guidance to promising localities and means of transportation. Several summers were spent also at the Botanical Institute of the University of Munich on the original invitation of ProfessorGOEBEL, seconded, after his death, by Professor F. VON WETTSTEIN and his successor Dr. F. C. VON FABER. During my preoccupation with Utricularia / had to prepare two presi dential addresses, and I was thus led, as has many another in like circum stances, to give an account of the whole field of plant carnivory. My interests were widened in this way, and soon I became imbued with the idea of bringing together, and perhaps of adding to, our knowledge of this fascinating group of plants. This extended my list of desiderata. On my requests sent to various correspondent

This book investigates a number of central problems in the philosophy of Charles Peirce grouped around the realism of his semiotics: the issue of how sign systems are developed and used in the investigation of reality. Thus, it deals with the precise character of Peirce's realism; with Peirce's special notion of propositions as signs which, at the same time, denote and describe the same object. It deals with diagrams as signs which depict more or less abstract states-of-affairs, facilitating reasoning about them; with assertions as public claims about the truth of propositions. It deals with iconicity in logic, the issue of self-control in reasoning, dependences between phenomena in their realist descriptions. A number of chapters deal with applied semiotics: with biosemiotic sign use among pre-human organisms: the multimedia combination of pictorial and linguistic information in human semiotic genres like cartoons, posters, poetry, monuments. All in all, the book makes a strong case for the actual relevance of Peirce's realist semiotics.

Conscientious Science is a simplified yet in-depth look into the intricacies of our universe through the fascinating world of theoretical physics. The science of theoretical physics is one of great speculation and hypotheses which rely on proven facts, the results of new and not publicly available experiments, as well as both direct and indirect evidence. Conscientious Science explains complex scientific phenomena in such a way that anyone can understand it. It uses reasonable and plausible explanations to convey and effectively support the theories it explores, while always providing answers to the questions of How? and Why? Conscientious Science is an encounter with forces that no one on this Earth really understands. You may find it shocking, impossible, but it is never the less evidence of the universe beyond the power of our five senses.

This book gives a rigorous, physics focused, introduction to set theory that is geared towards natural science majors.We present the science major with a robust introduction to set theory, focusing on the specific knowledge and skills that will unavoidably be needed in calculus topics and natural science topics in general, rather than taking a philosophical-math-fundamental oriented approach that is commonly found in set theory textbooks.

Why Science?

We are fascinated by discovery: who discovered what, and how?

This ranges from a look outward at the night sky with scientists like Kepler, astronauts like Neil Armstrong, to physicist like Einstein, chemists like Marie Curie and Linus Pauling, an inward look at psychologists such as Skinner and Maslow, and philosophers like Plato.

Join Keating as he explores the pursuit of scientific discovery from his background as a physicists and a long career in the margins of the academic world.

This study originates in the observation that improv comedy or improvised theater has such a vast majority of white people practicing it, while other improvisational or comedic art forms (jazz, freestyle rap, stand up) are historically grounded in and marked as Black cultural production. What it is about improv that makes it such a white space? Can an absence be an object of study? If so, what is there to study? Where should one look?

The subject of aliens is not a new one and has been around for a really long time now. We talk about it all the time.News and articles about the possibility of alien visits or attacks are everywhere. Perhaps this has become socommon that people have started to shrug it off, thinking this is just one of those science fiction topics that medialoves to sensationalize.If all of a sudden we have an alien encounter one day, are we psychologically prepared for this? Like many of youeven I think we are not. In fact we might be in a state of shock as they might turn out to be completely differentfrom any of our imaginations about them. But if we are prepared for "anything," then such an alien encountermight not be shocking.The objective of this book is to prepare its readers psychologically to deal with the subject of aliens and thefirst alien encounter. In other words aiming to prepare humanity with the cope of a possible shock upon animpending alien encounter.There are a lot of mysteries in this world that might have some paranormal behavior associated to them, but theyare kind of scattered and appear here and there. In other words although these mysteries have been documentedwell enough by a lot of people from time to time, but they do not appear related.This book attempts to bring together these mysteries and relate them with one possible explanation that iscommon, the alien connection. Also it is trying to bring this subject out from the confines of a circle of scientists, subject experts and enthusiasts to a common person. So this book is for a common man by a common man.

This book is designed to give you a glimpse into what you can expect when considering deep brain stimulation from a personal, emotional account - of a patient. At the end of reading you may not have all the answers - though where this is the case; I hope you will be equipped with the right questions.

Text extracted from opening pages of book: HISTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE HISTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE A GUIDE FOR USE IN A LABORATORY COURSE IN HISTOLOGY BY B. F. KINGSBURY, PH. D., M. D. AND 0. A. JOHANNSEN, PH. D. COKNELL UNIVEltSITY, IXiUCAy N. Y. FIRST EDITION SECOND PRINTING WITH REVISIONS NEW YORK JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, LIMITED 1935 COPYRIGHT, 1927, 1935, BY BENJAMIN F. KINGSBURY AND OSKAR A. JO1IANNSKN All Rights Reserved This hook or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. Printed in U. S. A. Printing Composition and Plates Binding F. H. GILSON CO. TECHNICAL COMPOSITION CO. STANHOPE BINDERY BOSTON CAMBRIDGE BOSTON PREFACE The following represents the combination of technique notes written by the first author for use in connection with courses in Histology offered by him for medical, premedical, and veterinary students, with a similar outline of histological methods designed by the second author for use in courses dealing primarily with the histology of insects. Inasmuch as the methods-for the microscopic examination of animal structure are fundamentally the same, whether the struc ture is normal or pathological, the approach medical or zoological, it is believed that there has been here produced a book of much broader usefulness, without in any way sacrificing its value in histological work of more specific application. A rigid selection has been exercised, so that of the multitudinous methods employed in microscopic work only those are here given which meet the requirements for attaining a broad practical knowledge of animal structure. In special investigations it is necessary to make a study of theparticular technical needs of the problem, and for this it is well to consult the larger works, of which may be mentioned: The Encyclopedia of Microscopic Technique [ 10]; The Microtomist's Vade-mecum, by A. B. Lee [ 35]; Mallory. and Wright, Pathological Technique [ 38]; Schu bcrg, A. [ 46]. These, as well as other books and articles, are listed in the Appendix, and reference is made to them in the text, either directly or by number [ in brackets]. Furthermore, in many in stances, direct reference to important papers is given in the text, thereby increasing the usefulness of the book for advanced stu dents in special fields. While the aim has been to present methods for the microscopic examination of any animal form, the emphasis is nevertheless placed on the technical needs of the premedical ( or medical) student and the student of Entomology. For the loan of most of the cuts the writers are indebted to the Bausch Lomb Optical Co., E. Leitz, Inc., Spencer Lens Co., the Will Corporation, and C. Zeiss, Inc. in CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION vii FIXATION 1 Fixers, List of 6 ISOLATION 12 SECTIONING AND IMBEDDING 15 Schema for Imbedding 17 The Paraffin Method 18 The Ceiloidin Method 26 The Paraffin-Celloidin Method 33 The Freezing Method 35 STAINING 37 Stains, List of 41 Preparations for Staining 50 Schema for Staining 54 MOUNTING, SEALING AND LABELING 56 Slides and Covers 61 THE MICROSCOPE AND ACCESSORIES 63 SPECIAL METHODS 70 The Cell 70 Chitin 74 Connective Tissue 76 Muscle 81 The Nervous System 83 The Blood 95 Fine Injection 98 Silver Nitrate Impregnation 100 Histo-chemical Methods 101 SPECIAL METHODS FOR VARIOUS ANIMAL FORMS 107 Invertebrates in General 107 Arthropoda 118 PlanktonOrganisms 124 Taxonomic Material 126 APPENDIX 131 REFERENCES 133 INDEX 137 v INTRODUCTION Very few structures of the animal organism can be adequately examined microscopically without being first subjected to a pre paratory treatment involving in many cases the employment of complicated methods. Save in the case of the body fluids and certain membranes, animal tissues are bulky, more or less opaque, and therefore unsuited for examination under the microscope, which requires surface or thin layers of substance. Examination is made possible in such cases in one of two ways: the