METALLURGY of COPPER RY JOSEPH NEWTON Assistant Professor of Mctsillurgy I ninrsit of Idaho Mos m, I I i ho CURTIS L. WILSON Von, Missouri hoot of Mines and Metallurgy I Orrncr Vo rssor tf lctallnrgy Montana hool of 1ines NK V YORK ILKY Jv SOi T S, 4NC. LOM ON Cll PM N vK II VLL. LIMITED COPTHIOHT, 1942 BT JOSEPH NEWTON AND CURTIS L WILSON All Rights Resented Th 9 book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. PREFACE The aim of this book is to present a discussion of the various methods employed in winning copper from its ores and in refining the metal to commercial grade. Examples of modern practice are included to illustrate the application of these methods, but no attempt has been ma-le to compile a complete and exhaustive treatise on the practice all over the world. Such a treatise might well require several volumes. onfining the discussion largely to the extraction and refining of r, it has been possible to touch only lightly on several related cts because of space limitation. The chapter on ore dressing is m. ly a summary to indicate the methods used in dressing copper ores and the nature of the resulting concentrates. It was not possible to consider the subject of copper alloys in any great detail. An attempt has been made to give credit at the proper place for all material used in the book. The authors extend their thanks to the various mining, smelting, refining, and manufacturing companies, and to the publishing companies for their kind and willing cooperation. JOSEPH NEWTON CURTIS L. WILSON June, 1942 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. FROM ORE TO CONCENTRATE 1 II. THE EXTRACTION OF COPPER FROM ITS ORES .... 32 III.ROASTING 50 IV. SMELTING 76 V. CONVERTING 162 VI. FIRE REFINING 188 VII. SMOKE AND OASES 226 VIII. ELECTROLYTIC REFINING 250 IX. HVDROMEI U. LVRGY . 303 X. PROPERTIED OF COPPER 379 XI. THE USES OF COPPER 396 XII. PRODUCTION OF COPPER 430 BIBLIOGR PIIY . . 499 NAME INDEX 501 SUBJECT INDEX 503 CHAPTER I FROM ORE TO CONCENTRATE THE IMPORTANCE OF COPPER From the beginning of recorded history until the end of the medieval period, copper was the worlds most useful metal. Its use marked the transitory step in the progress of civilization from the Stone Age to the Metal Age. Although gold, owing to its sparkling yellow color, its high luster, its resistance to corrosion and tarnish, and its occurrence in the free or elemental state in nature, was unquestionably the first metal to attract the attention of man, and although in certain localities iron, 1 in the form of meteorites or even obtained by the reduction of the oxide with charcoal, may have been used before copper, nevertheless every ancient metal culture was actually introduced by the use of copper. 2 In the form of pure metal, fashioned first by the crude hammering of masses of native copper and later by melting, and in the form of bronze, obtained by smelting mixed tin and copper ores, it was employed originally for ornaments and statues and then as tools, domestic utensils, implements of war, and for every purpose in which its strength, hardness, and toughness proved its superiority to stone, wood, and other materials. When the methods of producing iron evolved from the direct processes through the cast iron period to puddling, cementation, and the crucible process, iron and steel usurped coppers position of first importance and withthe advent of the Bessemer and open-hearth processes, ferrous materials attained such ease of large-scale production and such widespread use that they almost eclipsed copper The age of electricity, however, introduced new requirements for materials to be used in the generation and transmission of electrical energy copper immediately entered its rejuvenation 3 and assumed firs place in importance in the electrical field and second in general utility in our present-day civilization. 1 Howe, H M, The Metallography of Steel and Cast Iron, p...

METALLURGICAL PROBLEMS MY ALLISON BUTTS, A. B., B. S. Professor of Electrometallurgy, Lehigh U Co-author of Engineering Metallurgy SECOND EDITION THIRD IMPRESSION McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC. NEW YOKK AND LONDON 1043 METALLURGICAL PROBLEMS COPYRIGHT, 1932, 1943, BY THE McGRAW-HiLL BOOK COMPANY, INC. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form wthout permission of the publishers. DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF JOSEPH WILLIAM RICHARDS PIONEER IN METALLURGICAL CALCULATIONS AN INSPIRING TEACHER AND A MAN OF RARE QUALITIES PREFACE The purposes in view in preparing the second edition of this book may be included largely in three categories 1 the desirability of bringing the work up to date both with respect to changes in the fundamental data used in metallurgical calculations and with respect to changes in metal lurgical practice 2 changes dictated by the experience of the author and of others in eleven years use of the book, particularly with regard to textual clarification, arrangement, and better balance of the problem material and 3 the desirability of making available new problem material in place of some of that which has been used repeatedly in class instruction over a long period. The first edition of A Textbook of Metallurgical Problems was an outgrowth of Professor Joseph W. Richardss book Metallurgical Calculations which was regarded by many as one of the most useful books available to the metallurgical industry. Since Richardss volume was not in a form most suitable for use as a college text, it was then the object of the present author not only to produce a more recent work in the same field asMetallurgical Calculations, but also to make available a book more adaptable to student use. In this second edition the same objects remain the title has been shortened to Metallurgical Problems both for the sake of brevity and to avoid emphasizing its function as a textbook to the exclusion of a hoped-for usefulness to industry. The first edition of this book attempted to follow the methods and forms used by Richards to such an extent as to make it relatively easy to use by those accustomed to his book, while at the same time using more recent data, new material in accordance with later practice, and some innovations in harmony with instructional changes made in college depart ments of chemistry and physics. The same plan is followed in the second edition, but the changes have been carried further, following progress in technical education. For example, free energy and other thermo dynamic concepts did not appear in Richardss book, nor was any use made of methods of calculus. These were introduced in the first edition of this book and have been extended in the second edition. Nevertheless, knowledge of higher mathematics is still relatively unimportant in the use of the book also, the substitution of the more familiar heats of reaction for free-energy change has not been abandoned for approximate calcula tions when these may be properly used. With regard to heats of reaction, vii Viu . PREFACE a change has been made in this edition to the A concept and notation now so widely adopted in physical chemistry and therefore made familiar to present-day students. In revising the physical and chemical data in this book, the author has drawn from recently published compilations acknowledged atthe appropriate places rather than from original sources. These - compila-tions for the most part present data in the forms most often desired in scientific work. In some instances these are not the forms most useful in industry, and much time has been spent by the author in conversion to what seemed to be a more readily usable basis...

Colours play is an important role in our daily life. Colour theory is a complex field of knowledge. On the occasion of 200 years Goethe's colour theory (2010) an interdisciplinary symposium "Colours in culture and science" was organized. The different topics are now discussed and presented in this book: 1. Colours in Philosophy and Epistemology, 2. Colours in Cultural History - Pigments and Dyes, 3. Colours in Art and Cultural History, 4. Light and Colour - Colour Theory: Newton's Physics versus Goethe, 4. Colour Theories, Colour Systems and Colour Chemistry, 5. Colour Perception and Colour Vision and 6. Cultural Meaning of Colours. Charakteristisch fur die unterschiedlichen Auffassungen der Natur- und Geisteswissenschaftler ist der Streit uber die Farbentheorien von Newton und Goethe; sind das zwei unvereinbare Weltanschauungen? So sind im Symposium Colours in culture and science - Farben in Kulturgeschichte und Naturwissenschaft - anlasslich von 200 Jahre Goethes Farbenlehre - die verschiedenartigsten Aspekte zum Thema Farben" zur Sprache gekommen, unter Einbeziehung der Farbenforschung in den Kulturwissenschaften, u. a. der Archaologie und der Kunst- und Kulturgeschichte. Auch die Bedeutungen der Farben in der Zeichentheorie (Semiotik) sowie in den verschiedenen Bereichen der Naturwissenschaften (Astronomie, Physik, Chemie und Biologie) und der Technik wurden behandelt, um dem Phanomen Farbe sowohl unter geistes- als auch unter naturwissenschaftlichem Aspekt gerecht zu werden. Interessanterweise hatte die Goethesche Farbentheorie (mit dem Farbkreis und der Idee der Polaritat, Gegenfarbentheorie) sogar eine grosse Wirkung insbesondere auf die Kunst (z. B. Turner, van Gogh, Bauhaus), aber sie lieferte auch diverse Anregungen fur die Philosophie, die Musik, die Neurophysiologie (die Theorie der Farbwahrnehmung) und die Ordnung von Farbraumen (die Farbmetrik). Eine Erforschung des Themas Farben kann nur in einem interdisziplinaren Ansatz erfolgen. In diesem Zusa

This book (hardcover) is part of the TREDITION CLASSICS. It contains classical literature works from over two thousand years. Most of these titles have been out of print and off the bookstore shelves for decades. The book series is intended to preserve the cultural legacy and to promote the timeless works of classical literature. Readers of a TREDITION CLASSICS book support the mission to save many of the amazing works of world literature from oblivion. With this series, tredition intends to make thousands of international literature classics available in printed format again - worldwide.

With a field so broad in both breadth and depth as that making up the contemporary study of complex systems, it is well nigh impossible to cover all the bases underlying the development of well argued, robust and relevant understanding of these systems. That is one of the reasons why the international journal Emergence: Complexity and Organization has offered a Classical Paper in each issue. Now, in this current volume we have made available in one publication venue the diverse Classical Papers that have been published so far in E: CO. These papers are offered not only to enrich our current understandings by exhibiting the historical background to many of today's leading complexity-based ideas, perspectives, and methods. They are also gathered here to help address some of the difficulties confronting not only complexity thinkers, but for that matter any thinker sincerely trying to grasp the novel situations and novel difficulties we face in modern times

This book (hardcover) is part of the TREDITION CLASSICS. It contains classical literature works from over two thousand years. Most of these titles have been out of print and off the bookstore shelves for decades. The book series is intended to preserve the cultural legacy and to promote the timeless works of classical literature. Readers of a TREDITION CLASSICS book support the mission to save many of the amazing works of world literature from oblivion. With this series, tredition intends to make thousands of international literature classics available in printed format again - worldwide.

THE SIGNS SET IN THE
HEAVENS ARE GREAT INDEED

SIGNS YOU WILL NEVER FORGET Jesus Christ dies on the Cross King David brings the Ark to Jerusalem Creation of Adam Abraham to sacrifice Isaac Time of the Jewish Passover Fall of Israel and Jerusalem Jesus conception and birth Jesus Christ resurrection Jesus Christ ascension to Heaven Day of the Pentecost

The Odyssey is considered to be the most beautiful literary work of the Western civilization, and Homer the first and the greatest poet ever. The book Demystifying the Odyssey is interpreting Homer's epic in a unique and completely new way. For the first time in literature, this book explains the events and phenomena that Odysseus saw and experienced, and which were considered so far as a result of the Poet's rich imagination. So, this book reveals how Odysseus went to Hades kingdom of the dead souls; what are in reality Scylla and Charybdis; who were the sirens; how the Island of Aeolus', the ruler of the winds, actually floated; how Circa turned Odysseus's sailors into pigs and other. Besides that, this book also reveals the fallacy two and a half millennia long, dating back from the first historians Herodotus and Thucydides, according to which Odysseus was wandering the Mediterranean sea. It further provides numerous proofs that Homer's hero was actually wandering the Adriatic. For all those readers who are familiar with the ancient Greek literature this book will be great news and quite a surprise. On the other hand, for those who have not been quite aware of the old Greek world it will provide great knowledge on the first European civilization. In any case, this will surely be an interesting reading for all of them.

In the past few decades, the study of the mind has been radiated in the field of cognitive neuroscience by numerous breakthroughs. At last, scientists have the ability to explain in unparalleled detail the intricate processes taking place inside the human brain. This field of cognitive neuroscience gives us the right tools to decipher the protocols which spawn behaviors, and confirm that our conscious thought is ruled by physiological networks predisposed to their natural environment.

In "Thought Genesis," David M. Sternberg takes us through a fascinating multidisciplinary voyage to unearth the very origins of thought. Much like an astrophysicist observes distant celestial objects to look back in time to beginning of the world, Sternberg examines the behaviors of lesser but fascinating species and reveals the very first moments our ancestors became aware and conscious of their environment.

With easy-to-understand language, Sternberg not only discusses how a simple yet fundamental consciousness evolved to the complex human mind, but also raises attractive philosophical conundrums that test the manners in which we perceive the world.

Take a mesmerizing journey into the intricacy of human thought and expand your world with "Thought Genesis."

"Darwin, Then and Now" is a journey through the most amazing story in the history of science; encapsulating who Darwin was, what he said and what scientists have discovered since the publication of "The Origin of Species" in 1859.

While recognized as one of the most influential individuals of the twentieth century, little is widely known about his personal life, interests, and motivations. This book explores Darwin's driving passion using Darwin's own words from "The Origin of Species," "Autobiography," "Voyage of the Beagle" and letters.

In retracing the roots of evolution from the Greeks, "Darwin, Then and Now" journeys through the dynamics of the eighteenth century that lead to the publication of "The Origin of Species" and the succeeding role of key players in the emerging evolution revolution.

"Darwin, Then and Now" examines Darwin's theory with more than three-hundred quotations from "The Origin of Species," spotlighting what Darwin said concerning the origin of species and natural selection using the American Museum of Natural History Darwin exhibit format.

With over one-thousand referenced quotations from scientists and historians, "Darwin, Then and Now" explores the scientific evidence over the past 150 years from the fossil record, molecular biology, embryology, and modern genetics. Join the blog at www.DarwinThenAndNow.com to post your comments and questions.

This book (hardcover) is part of the TREDITION CLASSICS. It contains classical literature works from over two thousand years. Most of these titles have been out of print and off the bookstore shelves for decades. The book series is intended to preserve the cultural legacy and to promote the timeless works of classical literature. Readers of a TREDITION CLASSICS book support the mission to save many of the amazing works of world literature from oblivion. With this series, tredition intends to make thousands of international literature classics available in printed format again - worldwide.

Why do you have autism, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder? Why are you gay or lesbian? Find out the astrophysical cause of these conditions, and learn how to manage conflict among these Five Elements to improve your life! Part 2 of 3 in a series.