Fur die vierte Auflage wurde das Werk vollstandig aktualisiert und uberarbeitet. Diese Auflage enthalt neue Themen wie Oberflachenspektroskopie, Nichtgleichgewichtseffekte und innovative Beschichtungsmethoden, setzt gleichzeitig jedoch auf das bewahrte Konzept, Oberflachenphanomene detailliert und leicht verstandlich zu beschreiben.

This collection of over 200 papers from the 9th Biennial Worldwide Congress on Refractories is broad-ranging and diverse in perspective. Topics include steelmaking refractories, castable technology, global refractories education and technology and industrial applications. Numerous papers are from representatives from major international steel companies.

Nanotechnology-Based Additive Manufacturing State-of-the-art overview of additive manufacturing techniques with an emphasis on processes, product designs and applications This book offers a thorough overview of additive manufacturing technologies, including manufacturing requirements, product design, optimization of processes and product parameters to reduce manufacturing costs. It provides a comprehensive and state-of-the-art review on various additive manufacturing technologies, their advantages, shortcomings, potential applications and future directions. Sample topics discussed by the three well-qualified editors on the topic of additive manufacturing include: Areas of application in the fields of electronics, aerospace, construction, automobile, sports and biomedicine Material considerations, the requirement of specific design, fabrication and processing methods Advantages and disadvantages of various 3D printing techniques for the respectively intended applications This book is an immensely valuable resource for researchers working in the field of additive manufacturing or 3D printing, or for developers dealing with the processing and manufacturing of materials and products for advanced technologies.

Coordination polymer is a general term used to indicate an infinite array composed of metal ions which are bridged by certain ligands among them. This incorporates a wide range of architectures including simple one-dimensional chains with small ligands to large mesoporous frameworks. Generally, the formation process proceeds automatically and, therefore, is called a self-assembly process. In general, the type and topology of the product generated from the self-assembly of inorganic metal nodes and organic spacers depend on the functionality of the ligand and valences and the geometric needs of the metal ions used. In this book the authors explain main group metal coordination polymer in bulk and nano size with some of their application, synthesis method and etc, The properties of these efficient materials are described at length including magnetism (long-range ordering, spin crossover), porosity (gas storage, ion and guest exchange), non-linear optical activity, chiral networks, reactive networks, heterogeneous catalysis, luminescence, multifunctional materials and other properties.

This book is a summary of microwave processing research, processing and characterization tools, and applications specifically applicable to ceramic engineers. It will serve as an update/summary of research related to microwave processing of ceramic materials and as an introductory book to those wishing to initiate microwave studies or who wish to determine the potential applications in their area of expertise.

This textbook introduces readers to the modern light microscope. It can either be used alone or in conjunction with a practical course. The book begins with an account of how the light microscope works, and how to set up the instrument for optimum performance. The nature of light, and its influence on the function of the microscope, as well as practical advice on selecting the most suitable components, is explained to the reader. An account of the different types of currently-available light microscopy modes follows, together with a guide, borne out by the authors practical experience, on how to choose between transmitted or reflected light microscopes; wide-field, confocal, deconvolution or multi-photon microscopes. A description of specimen preparation is given, as well as advice upon cameras, image acquisition and post-processing of data. * Gives a didactic introduction to the light microscope * Explanation complemented with simple experiments where appropriate * Simple explanation (from teaching the subject) enables a self-taught student to start from scratch to set up and acquire high quality images * Leads the student on, should they wish, to use advanced fluorescence and confocal microscopes within a research institute or core microscopy facility * Well-illustrated in colour, the illustrations are selected (from long teaching experience) to support text * Workable practical protocols * Includes a chapter summary to introduce learning objectives Part of the Royal Microscopical Society co-publication book program

In this clear and concise introduction to thermodynamics and statistical mechanics the reader, who will have some previous exposure to thermodynamics, will be guided through each of the two disciplines separately initially to provide an in-depth understanding of the area and thereafter the connection between the two is presented and discussed.
In addition, mathematical techniques are introduced at appropriate times, highlighting such use as: exact and inexact differentials, partial derivatives, Caratheodory's theorem, Legendre transformation, and combinatory analysis.
* Emphasis is placed equally on fundamentals and applications
* Several problems are included

The latest issue in the industry-leading Ceramic Transactions series The most up to date entry in the Ceramic Transactions series published by The American Ceramic Society (ACerS), Ceramic Transactions: Volume 270 delivers the newest research, data, and information relevant to advanced ceramics and composites, electronic ceramics, energy materials, biomaterials, environmental issues, waste management, and nanotechnology.

Flexible Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters and Sensors A systematic and complete discussion of the latest progress in flexible piezoelectric energy harvesting and sensing technologies In Flexible Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters and Sensors, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a comprehensive exploration of the design methods, working mechanisms, microfabrication processes, and applications of flexible energy harvesters for wearable and implantable devices. The book discusses the monitoring of normal force, shear force, strain, and displacement in flexible sensors, as well as relevant artificial intelligence algorithms. Readers will also find an overview of design and research challenges facing professionals in the field, as well as a variety of perspectives on flexible energy harvesters and sensors. With an extensive focus on the use of flexible piezoelectric material technologies for medical applications, Flexible Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters and Sensors also includes: A thorough introduction to the working principles of piezoelectric devices, including discussions of flexible PEH and piezoelectric sensors Comprehensive treatments of the design of flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters, including the challenges associated with their structural design Fulsome explanations of the fabrication of flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters, including piezoelectric ceramic thin and think films In-depth treatments of cantilever piezoelectric energy harvesters, including optimized cantilever, bimorph, and optimized bimorph PEH Perfect for materials scientists, electronics engineers, and solid-state physicists, Flexible Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters and Sensors will also earn a place in the libraries of sensor developers, and surface physicists.

PHYSICS, OPTICS, AND SPECTROSCOPY OF MATERIALS Bridges a gap that exists between optical spectroscopists and laser systems developers Physics, Optics, and Spectroscopy of Materials provides professionals and students in materials science and engineering, optics, and spectroscopy a basic understanding and tools for stimulating current research, as well as developing and implementing new laser devices in optical spectroscopy. The author--a noted expert on that subject matter--covers a wide range of topics including: effects of light and mater interaction such as light absorption, emission and scattering by atoms and molecules; energy levels in hydrogen, hydrogen-like atoms, and many electron atoms; electronic structure of molecules, classification of vibrational and rotational motions of molecules, wave propagation and oscillations in dielectric solids, light propagation in isotropic and anisotropic solids, including frequency doubling dividing and shifting, solid materials optics, and lasers. The book provides a basic overview of the laser and its comprising components. For example, the text describes methods for achieving fast Q-switching in laser cavities, and illustrates examples of several specific laser systems used in industry and scientific research. This important book: Provides a comprehensive background in material physics, optics, and spectroscopy Details examples of specific laser systems used in industry and scientific research including helium/neon laser, copper vapor laser, hydrogen-fluoride chemical laser, dye lasers, and diode lasers Presents a basic overview of the laser and its comprising components Elaborates on several important subjects in laser beams optics: divergence modes, lens transitions, and crossing of anisotropic crystals Written for research scientists and students in the fields of laser science and technology and materials optical spectroscopy, Physics, Optics, and Spectroscopy of Materials covers knowledge gaps for concepts including oscillator strength, allowed and forbidden transitions between electronic and vibrational states, Raman scattering, and group-theoretical states nomenclature.

Two-Dimensional-Materials-Based Membranes An authoritative and up to date discussion of two-dimensional materials and membranes In Two-Dimensional-Materials-Based Membranes: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications, a team of distinguished chemical engineers delivers a comprehensive exploration of the latest advances in design principles, synthesis approaches, and applications of two-dimensional (2D) materials--like graphene, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), 2D layered double hydroxides, and MXene--and highlights the significance and development of these membranes. In the book, the authors discuss the use of membranes to achieve high-efficiency separation and to address the challenges posed in the field. The book also discusses potential challenges and benefits in the future development of advanced 2D nanostructures, as well as their impending implementation in applications in the fields of energy, sustainability, catalysis, electronics, and biotechnology. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to fabrication methods for 2D-materials-based membranes, including the synthesis of nanosheets, membrane structures, and fabrication methods Descriptions of three types of 2D-materials-based membranes: single-layer membranes, laminar membranes and mixed-matrix membranes Comprehensive discussions of 2D-materials-based membranes for water and ions separation, solvent-water separation and gas separation Explorations of transport mechanism of 2D-materials-based membranes for molecular separations Perfect for membrane scientists, inorganic chemists, and materials scientists, Two-Dimensional-Materials-Based Membranes will also earn a place in the libraries of chemical and process engineers in industrial environments.

Lever, wheel, axle, wedge, typewriter, car engine, computer, etc. Only elementary math. 204 illus.

Teaches Readers How to Apply a Structured Problem-Solving Methodology for Industrial Fields Based on Sound Scientific Principles As modern industrial processes have become increasingly complex, complicated multi-factor problems have emerged. These complex problems end up costing companies millions of dollars every day. Existing problem-solving techniques are only effective to a certain point. This book provides a solution to a myriad of industrial problems by using first principles and rigorous hypothesis testing. Key topics covered within the work include: How to use the latest research, advanced modeling, big data mining, analytical testing, and many other techniques to systematically create and test hypotheses surrounding why a process is malfunctioning How to use scenario development to frame a team's understanding of why a process is malfunctioning How to approach today's lack of experienced industrial workers, whose failure to approach problem solving from first fundamentals are causing myriad of inefficiencies in industry How to use multiple methodologies together with an emphasis on first principles and mechanistic math modeling as a basis to industrial problem solving Engineers of any discipline working in both research and development of manufacturing environments, along with professionals in any industrial discipline looking to reduce costs will be able to use this work to both understand and pragmatically solve the pressing issues we see in today's industrial market.

Umfassende Darstellung des neuen Bereichs der molekularen Photoschalter: chemische Klassen, Anwendungen fA1/4r die Materialwissenschaft und biologische Systeme. Ein unverzichtbares Nachschlagewerk fA1/4r alle, die in diesem interdisziplinaren Bereich arbeiten.

FLEXIBLE SUPERCAPACITORS Comprehensive coverage of the latest advancements in flexible supercapacitors In Flexible Supercapacitors: Materials and Applications, a team of distinguished researchers deliver a comprehensive and insightful exploration of the foundational principles and real-world applications of flexible supercapacitors. This edited volume includes contributions from leading scientists working in the field of flexible supercapacitors. The book systematically summarizes the most recent research in the area, and covers fundamental concepts of electrode materials and devices, including on-chip microsupercapacitors and fiber supercapacitors. The latest progress and advancements in stretchable supercapacitors and healable supercapacitors are also discussed, as are problems and challenges commonly encountered in the development of flexible supercapacitors. The book concludes with suggestions and fresh perspectives on future research in this rapidly developing field. Flexible Supercapacitors: Materials and Applications also offers: A thorough introduction to the fundamentals of supercapacitors, including their materials and devices Comprehensive explorations of flexible fiber supercapacitors and two-dimensional materials for flexible supercapacitors In-depth examinations of flexible supercapacitors with metal oxides-based electrodes and flexible on-chip microsupercapacitors Practical discussions of stretchable and healable supercapacitors, as well as patterned nanostructured electrodes Perfect for researchers in the fields of materials science, physics, and electrical engineering, Flexible Supercapacitors: Materials and Applications is also an ideal reference for developers interested in supercapacitor design, materials, and devices.

Nanotechnology has attracted attention of textile and polymer scientists and has been playing extraordinary role over the past few decades in the functional finishing of different textile materials. Nanoparticles due to their diverse functions have not only imparted flame retardant, UV-blocking, water repellent, self-cleaning, and antimicrobial properties to the textiles, but also have greater affinity for fabrics leading to an increase in durability of the functions. This book emphasizes recent approaches and strategies that are currently at operation to functionalize both natural and synthetic textile materials using diverse nanoparticles and their composites with polymers. The book concludes by paying attention towards removal of toxic chemicals using state-of-the-art nano-adsorbents. Main Topics 1. Textile dyeing using metallic nanoparticles 2. Metal oxide nanoparticles for multifunctional finishing 3. New approaches to produce UV protective textiles 4. Polymeric nanocomposites for antimicrobial finishing 5. Self-cleaning of textiles using advanced nanoparticles 6. Silver nanoparticles in dyeing and finishing applications 7. Zinc Oxide - prospects in textile industry 8. Titanium dioxide: Next generation photo-catalysts 9. Textile effluent using chitosan nanocomposites 10. Recent advances in remediation of textile effluents using nano-catalysts

Modern learning resource providing broad coverage of the rapidly-advancing field of upconverting nanoparticles This modern reference explains photon upconversion technology using nanoparticles from first principles to novel and future applications in imaging, sensing, catalysis, energy technology, biomedicine, and many other areas. Expert authors discuss both established and novel materials and applications, going far beyond the coverage of previously published books on the subject. Key topics covered in the book include: Synthesis, characterization, and basic properties of nanoparticles with photon-upconverting properties New types of upconverting nanoparticles, including transition metal- and rare earth-doped materials, metal-organic frameworks, core/shell particles, and surface-modified particles Current and emerging application areas for upconverting nanoparticles, including heating, lighting, sensing, and detection Biomedical uses of nanoparticles, including photodynamic therapy Photon upconversion using nanoparticles has opened the door to a new universe of light-powered technology. This book is a key resource for scientists, physicists, and chemists across a wide range of disciplines who wish to master the theory, methods and applications of this powerful new technology.

Sodium-Ion Batteries An essential resource with coverage of up-to-date research on sodium-ion battery technology Lithium-ion batteries form the heart of many of the stored energy devices used by people all across the world. However, global lithium reserves are dwindling, and a new technology is needed to ensure a shortfall in supply does not result in disruptions to our ability to manufacture reliable, efficient batteries. In Sodium-Ion Batteries: Energy Storage Materials and Technologies, eminent researcher and materials scientist Yan Yu delivers a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), including their design principles, cathode and anode materials, electrolytes, and binders. The author discusses high-performance rechargeable sodium-ion battery technology in the contexts of energy, power density, and electrochemical stability for commercialization. Exploring a wide range of literature on the recent progress made by researchers on sodium-ion battery technology, the book provides valuable perspectives on designing better materials for SIBs to unlock their practical capabilities. A thorough introduction to sodium-ion batteries, including their key materials and likely future developments Comprehensive explorations of design principles of electrode materials and electrolytes for sodium-ion batteries Practical discussions of cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries, including transition metal oxides, polyanionic compounds, Prussian blue analogues and organic compounds In-depth examinations of anode materials for sodium-ion batteries, including carbon-based materials, metal chalcogenides, metal alloys, phosphorus and Na metal anodes Perfect for materials scientists, inorganic chemists, electrochemists, and physical chemists, Sodium-Ion Batteries: Energy Storage Materials and Technologies will also earn a place in the libraries of catalytic and polymer chemists.

>Supported Metal Single Atom Catalysis Covers all key aspects of supported metal single atom catalysts, an invaluable resource for academic researchers and industry professionals alike Single atom catalysis is one of the most innovative and dynamic research areas in catalysis science. Supported metal catalysts are used extensively across the chemical industry, ranging from fine and bulk chemical production to petrochemicals. Single atom catalysts (SACs) combine the advantages of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts such as catalyst stability, activity, and high dispersion of the active phase. Supported Metal Single Atom Catalysis provides an authoritative and up-to-date overview of the emerging field, covering the synthesis, preparation, characterization, modeling, and applications of SACs. This comprehensive volume introduces the basic principles of single atom catalysis, describes metal oxide and carbon support materials for SAC preparation, presents characterization techniques and theoretical calculations, and discusses SACs in areas including selective hydrogenation, oxidation reactions, activation of small molecules, C-C bond formation, and biomedical applications. Highlights the activity, selectivity, and stability advantages of supported metal SACs compared to other heterogeneous catalysts Covers applications of SACs in thermal catalysis, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis Includes chapters on single atom alloys and supported double and triple metal atom catalysts Discusses the prospects, challenges, and potential industrial applications of SACs Supported Metal Single Atom Catalysis is an indispensable reference for all those working in the fields of catalysis, solid-state chemistry, materials science, and spectroscopy, including catalytic chemists, organic chemists, electrochemists, theoretical chemists, and industrial chemists.

REVIEWS IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY THE LATEST VOLUME IN THE REVIEWS IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY SERIES, THE INVALUABLE REFERENCE TO METHODS AND TECHNIQUES IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY Reviews in Computational Chemistry reference texts assist researchers in selecting and applying new computational chemistry methods to their own research. Bringing together writings from leading experts in various fields of computational chemistry, Volume 32 covers topics including global structure optimization, time-dependent density functional tight binding calculations, non-equilibrium self-assembly, cluster prediction, and molecular simulations of microphase formers and deep eutectic solvents. In keeping with previous books in the series, Volume 32 uses a non-mathematical style and tutorial-based approach that provides students and researchers with easy access to computational methods outside their area of expertise. The chapters comprising Volume 32 are connected by two themes: methods that can be broadly applied to a variety of systems, and special considerations required when modeling specific system types. Each in-depth chapter contains background and theory, strategies for using the methods correctly, mini-tutorials and best practices, and critical literature reviews highlighting advanced applications. Essential reading for both newcomers and experts in the area of molecular modeling, this state-of-the-art resource: Covers topics such as non-deterministic global optimization (NDGO) approaches and excited-state dynamics calculations Contains a detailed overview of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and simulation methods Presents methodologies for investigating chemical systems that form microphases with periodic morphologies such as lamellae and cylinders Features step-by-step tutorials on applying techniques to probe and understand the chemical dynamics exhibited in a system Includes detailed subject indices on each volume in the series and up-to-date compendiums of molecular modeling software, services, programs, suppliers, and other useful information Reviews in Computational Chemistry, Volume 32 is a must-have guide for computational chemists, theoretical chemists, pharmaceutical chemists, biological chemists, chemical engineers, researchers in academia and industry, and graduate students involved in molecular modeling.

Natural and Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Composites Discover a comprehensive exploration of fiber reinforced polymers by an expert team of editors Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites offer several unique properties that make them ideal for use in a wide range of industries, from automotive and aerospace to marine, construction, and co-industrial. In Natural and Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Composites: Synthesis, Properties and Applications, a distinguished team of mechanical engineers delivers a comprehensive overview of fiber reinforced composites. This edited volume includes thorough discussions of glass-, cotton-, and carbon-fiber reinforced materials, as well as the tribological properties and non-structural applications of synthetic fiber composites. Readers will also find practical explorations of the structural evolution, mechanical features, and future possibilities of fiber, textile, and nano-cementitious materials. The physical and chemical properties of cotton fiber-based composites are explored at length, as are the extraordinary mechanical, thermal, electrical, electronic, and field emission properties of carbon nanotubes. This singular book also includes: A thorough discussion of recent advancements in natural fiber reinforced polymer composites, their implications, and the opportunities that arise as a result A comprehensive exploration of the thermal behavior of natural fiber-based composites An insightful review of the literature on sisal fiber with polymer matrices A response to the growing research gap in the existing literature regarding natural fiber-based polymer composites and solutions to address it Perfect for scientists, engineers, professors, and students working in areas involving natural and synthetic reinforced polymers and composites, Natural and Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Composites: Synthesis, Properties and Applications offers a one-of-a-kind resource to help readers understand a critical and rapidly evolving technology.