This outstanding reference book deals with effects of various agricultural practices on ground water quality and usage; and ground water management strategies for protection of ground water affected by agriculture.

The science-policy interface is critical to the design and implementation of water policies. In theory, scientists provide policy makers with robust facts and data that can help guide decision making, and lessons from the political economy of reforms can push scientific boundaries further to trigger further research for wise solutions. While evidence-based policy is obviously desirable, in practice such a connection is not always straightforward. Another assumption behind the science-policy gap is the discrepancy between scientists and policy makers in terms of culture, process, timing, language and expected outcome. This book tries to reconcile this discrepancy through a multi-stakeholder approach to authoring its different articles. This joint initiative between the OECD - particularly its Water Governance Initiative - and the International Water Resources Association seeks to provide a canvas for grounding water policy in science, and vice versa. The objective of this book, devoted to the OECD Principles on Water Governance, is to use the OECD Principles as a common thread across the articles to draw lessons from theoretical work and practical experiences in water governance reforms; but also to only feature papers authored by groups of diverse stakeholders from different institutional backgrounds. This book was originally published as a special issue of Water International.

Tunnels and Underground Cities: Engineering and Innovation meet Archaeology, Architecture and Art. Volume 7: Long and Deep Tunnels contains the contributions presented in the eponymous Technical Session during the World Tunnel Congress 2019 (Naples, Italy, 3-9 May 2019). The use of underground space is continuing to grow, due to global urbanization, public demand for efficient transportation, and energy saving, production and distribution. The growing need for space at ground level, along with its continuous value increase and the challenges of energy saving and achieving sustainable development objectives, demand greater and better use of the underground space to ensure that it supports sustainable, resilient and more liveable cities. The contributions cover a wide range of topics, from studying tunnels in squeezing ground conditions, via case studies on the Brenner Base Tunnel, the second Gotthard Tunnel, CERN (HL-LHCand the Dubai Strategic Sewerage Tunnel, to TBM steering difficulties. The book is a valuable reference text for tunnelling specialists, owners, engineers, archaeologists, architects, artists and others involved in underground planning, design and building around the world, and for academics who are interested in underground constructions and geotechnics.

In the dynamic digital age, the widespread use of computers has transformed engineering and science. A realistic and successful solution of an engineering problem usually begins with an accurate physical model of the problem and a proper understanding of the assumptions employed. With computers and appropriate software we can model and analyze complex physical systems and problems. However, efficient and accurate use of numerical results obtained from computer programs requires considerable background and advanced working knowledge to avoid blunders and the blind acceptance of computer results. This book provides the background and knowledge necessary to avoid these pitfalls, especially the most commonly used numerical methods employed in the solution of physical problems. It offers an in-depth presentation of the numerical methods for scales from nano to macro in nine self-contained chapters with extensive problems and up-to-date references, covering: Trends and new developments in simulation and computation Weighted residuals methods Finite difference methods Finite element methods Finite strip/layer/prism methods Boundary element methods Meshless methods Molecular dynamics Multiphysics problems Multiscale methods

Crisis Management of Chronic Pollution: Contaminated Soil and Human Health deals with a long term pollution problem, generated by the former use of organochlorine pesticides. Through a case study of the chlordecone pollution in the French West Indies, the authors illustrate a global and systemic mobilization of research institutions and public services. This "management model", together with its major results, the approach and lessons to be learned, could be useful to other situations. This book gathers all the works that have been carried out over the last ten years or more and links them to decision makers' actions and stakeholders' expectations. This reference fills a gap in the literature on chronic pollution.

Soft computing methods such as neural networks and genetic algorithms draw on the problem solving strategies of the natural world which differ fundamentally from the mathematically-based computing methods normally used in engineering. Human brains are highly effective computers with capabilities far beyond those of the most sophisticated electronic computers. The 'soft computing' methods they use can solve very difficult inverse problems based on reduction in disorder. This book outlines these methods and applies them to a range of difficult engineering problems, including applications in computational mechanics, earthquake engineering, and engineering design. Most of these are difficult inverse problems - especially in engineering design - and are treated in depth.

Synthetic Sorbent Materials Based on Metal Sulphides and Oxides focuses on development of inorganic nanomaterials for removal of metallic species from the aqueous environment. General synthetic methods to prepare such materials are lacking. This book investigates problems of controlled synthesis of these materials and the effect of their morphological characteristics on their sorption capacity. * Synthesizes experimental data on the synthesis of micro- and nanoparticles of zinc, copper, and cadmium sulfides, iron oxides, and manganese oxyhydroxide. * Discusses controlled synthesis of zinc, cadmium, and copper sulfide particles and their sorption properties. * Describes production of iron oxides (hematite and magnetite) and manganese oxyhydroxide particles. * Features numerous SEM images of the obtained nanostructures and original graphs of various characteristics. * Offers practical recommendations. This book is of interest to researchers and scientists working with inorganic synthesis and properties of sorption materials.

Stabilizing the world's climates means cutting carbon dioxide pollution. There's no way around it. But what if that's not enough? What if it's too difficult to accomplish in the time allotted or, worse, what if it's so late in the game that even cutting carbon emissions to zero, tomorrow, wouldn't do? Enter solar geoengineering. The principle is simple: attempt to cool Earth by reflecting more sunlight back into space. The primary mechanism, shooting particles into the upper atmosphere, implies more pollution, not less. If that doesn't sound scary, it should. There are lots of risks, unknowns, and unknowables. In Geoengineering: The Gamble, climate economist Gernot Wagner provides a balanced take on the possible benefits and all-too-real risks, especially the so-called "moral hazard" that researching or even just discussing (solar) geoengineering would undermine the push to cut carbon emissions in the first place. Despite those risks, he argues, solar geoengineering may only be a matter of time. Not if, but when. As the founding executive director of Harvard's Solar Geoengineering Research Program, Wagner explores scenarios of a geoengineered future, offering an inside-view of the research already under way and the actions the world must take to guide it in a productive direction.

'Protection against harmful bioaerosol is one of today's major concerns. This applies both to people inside and outside the work environment. In this book, renowned scientists provide up-to-date and authoritative reviews of the latest scientific research and practice that has contributed to our understanding of the harmfulness of the bioaerosol and protection against it. A detailed discussion of bioaerosol protection methods and equipment as well as presenting future trends in prognostic modelling are the undeniable value of this monograph. This comprehensive book is indispensable for anyone involved in occupational and environmental hygiene, biological hazard, recognition and control in occupational and public environments'. - Bogumil Brycki, Adam Mickiewicz University The threats of biological airborne hazards are a global danger throughout the world today. Respiratory Protection Against Hazardous Biological Agents covers sources and practices of bioaerosol sampling, and discusses the prevention of these airborne hazards. The most common workplace hazard is poor air quality. The book provides the basic principles of a safe work environment in the conditions where workers might be exposed to harmful bioaerosols. It presents key characteristics of biological hazards and their effects on the human body. It examines microbial growth in filtering materials and provides the details of specific risks for users of respiratory protective devices. The book will present the reader a guide on how to measure the risk of exposure of biological agents and properly select respiratory protective devices. The book is ideal for the health and safety professionals and experts in the field of environmental health. FEATURES: Evaluates the risk of exposure to biological agents Describes the characteristics of biological factors and their effects on the human body Provides training on the importance of respiratory protective devices Examines microorganisms in the work environment Provides examples and case studies

The third edition of Environmental Microbiology for Engineers explores the role that microorganisms play in the engineered protection and enhancement of an environment. Offering a perfect balance of microbiological knowledge and environmental biotechnology principles, it provides a practical understanding of microorganisms and their functions in the environment and in environmental engineering systems. The book also presents a quantitative description of applied microbiological processes and their engineering design. This updated edition includes all new information on construction biotechnology, biogeotechnical engineering, construction biomaterials, environmental engineering of life-support closed ecosystems, defense biotechnologies, and biosafety in civil and environmental engineering. Features: Classroom tested in universities as a primary course text for civil and environmental engineering students Includes quizzes, problems, and solutions for better understanding of the material Covers essential topics such as the diversity and functions of microorganisms in the environment and environmental engineering systems, the structure and functions of microbial ecosystems, applied microbial genetics and molecular biology, environmental bioengineering, and more Offers combined coverage of microbiology and biotechnology adapted for students in advanced civil and environmental engineering courses Environmental Microbiology for Engineers provides a practical understanding of microorganisms in civil engineering processes and their functions in environmental engineering systems. It is intended for upper-level undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate students of civil and environmental engineering. It is also useful for practicing environmental engineers working in the areas of wastewater, solid waste treatment, soil remediation, and ground improvement.

Around the world, the production and use of nanomaterials, as well as carcinogenic, mutagenic, reprotoxic substances (CMR) and endocrine disruptors has systematically increased. The increase in production has exposed workers to hazardous substances in practically all branches of the world economy. Readers will have access to up-to-date and comprehensive knowledge on emerging risks related to nanomaterials, endocrine disruptors, reprotoxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic substances, which are related to the development of technologies and workplaces. The book will provide the tools for occupational risk assessment of chemical substances for which there are no safety levels of exposure as well as an indication of methods and measurements to protect human health and reduce chemical risks at the workplace. This book creates awareness for employers, employees and safety experts about emerging risks related to chemical agents resulting in the reduction of cancer, reproductive system diseases, cases of abnormal child development, hormonal system disorders leading to abnormal metabolism, obesity, and diabetes. Features: Comprehensive information on emerging and newly identified chemical hazards Delivers the latest data on methods and tools for identification, assessing and reducing health risks Provides practical occupational safety advice and recommendations Real life examples from measurements carried out in the workplaces "The monograph, due to the high universality of its considerations, can be addressed to a very wide audience. It is an important compendium of knowledge, which can be used by health and safety services, employers, people designing new technologies and those interested in this issue. It is a valuable and up-to-date study, among others because it uses the latest literature and quotes current legal acts." -Slawomir Czerczak, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Poland

Tunnels and Underground Cities: Engineering and Innovation meet Archaeology, Architecture and Art. Volume 4: Ground Improvement in Underground Constructions contains the contributions presented in the eponymous Technical Session during the World Tunnel Congress 2019 (Naples, Italy, 3-9 May 2019). The use of underground space is continuing to grow, due to global urbanization, public demand for efficient transportation, and energy saving, production and distribution. The growing need for space at ground level, along with its continuous value increase and the challenges of energy saving and achieving sustainable development objectives, demand greater and better use of the underground space to ensure that it supports sustainable, resilient and more liveable cities. The contributions cover a wide range of topics, from permeation grouting and consolidation works, safety operations, artificial ground freezing to frost heave control. The book is a valuable reference text for tunnelling specialists, owners, engineers, archaeologists, architects, artists and others involved in underground planning, design and building around the world, and for academics who are interested in underground constructions and geotechnics.

Deflections tend to have more significance in modern structures, especially those that are either taller, longer or have wider spans than earlier designs. It is also necessary to provide desirable distributions of internal forces in order to achieve effective, efficient and elegant structures. This book presents four structural concepts relating to deflections and internal forces in structures. It demonstrates a number of routes and physical measures together with their implementation for creating desirable distributions of internal forces and for designing structures against deflection. Hand calculation examples, with and without using the implementation measures, are provided to quantify the effectiveness and efficiency of the structural concepts. Practical examples, including several well-known structures, are considered qualitatively to illustrate the practical implementation of the structural concepts and show their structural rationale. The book is especially suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students studying civil engineering or architecture and should enhance the holistic comprehension of structural engineers and architects. Features Develops the concepts from their principles through to their implementation Provides worked examples in pairs and analyses real structures Especially suits final year undergraduates and graduate students in structural engineering Author Bio Dr. Tianjian Ji, CEng, FIStructE, FHEA, is Reader in Structural Engineering at the University of Manchester, UK. He received the Award for Excellence in Structural Engineering Education from the Institution of Structural Engineers, UK, in 2014 and the Teaching Excellence Award from the University of Manchester in 2016. He is the primary author of Understanding and Using Structural Concepts, 2nd edition, also published by Taylor & Francis.

Tunnels and Underground Cities: Engineering and Innovation meet Archaeology, Architecture and Art. Volume 11: Urban Tunnels - Part 1 contains the contributions presented in the eponymous Technical Session during the World Tunnel Congress 2019 (Naples, Italy, 3-9 May 2019). The use of underground space is continuing to grow, due to global urbanization, public demand for efficient transportation, and energy saving, production and distribution. The growing need for space at ground level, along with its continuous value increase and the challenges of energy saving and achieving sustainable development objectives, demand greater and better use of the underground space to ensure that it supports sustainable, resilient and more liveable cities. The contributions cover a wide range of topics, from geomechanical behavior evaluation, evaluation of long-term tunnel behaviour, via monitoring excavation-related ground deformation to risk management for tunneling-induced deformations. The book is a valuable reference text for tunnelling specialists, owners, engineers, archaeologists, architects, artists and others involved in underground planning, design and building around the world, and for academics who are interested in underground constructions and geotechnics.

An important new report from the RILEM Technical Committee 119. This book presents models and methods to determine thermal stresses and cracking risks in concrete. The possible influences on and causes of thermal cracking of concrete are discussed and cases of practical measures for avoiding cracking are detailed.

Tunnels and Underground Cities: Engineering and Innovation meet Archaeology, Architecture and Art. Volume 10: Strategic use of underground space for resilient cities contains the contributions presented in the eponymous Technical Session during the World Tunnel Congress 2019 (Naples, Italy, 3-9 May 2019). The use of underground space is continuing to grow, due to global urbanization, public demand for efficient transportation, and energy saving, production and distribution. The growing need for space at ground level, along with its continuous value increase and the challenges of energy saving and achieving sustainable development objectives, demand greater and better use of the underground space to ensure that it supports sustainable, resilient and more liveable cities. The contributions cover a wide range of topics, from investing in urban underground space, via effective use of underground space for sustainable cities, and the use of new energy carriers to the compound use of underground space for integrated campus-urban development. The book is a valuable reference text for tunnelling specialists, owners, engineers, archaeologists, architects, artists and others involved in underground planning, design and building around the world, and for academics who are interested in underground constructions and geotechnics.

A dangerous byproduct of industrial progress is often an increase of pollutants discharged into the environment. These pollutants are often harmful to plants and animals, including humans. They also damage buildings and architectural and cultural monuments. This handbook describes many of the important physico-chemical properties of inorganic and organic substances found in industrial wastes and describes their toxic effects on humans.

Lead Poisoning discusses one of the most critical and preventable environmentally induced illnesses. The actual toll lead poisoning takes on society cannot be measured fully due to the "silent" nature of health effects, such as subtle intellectual deficits and neurological damage, caused by chronic low-level exposures. This book covers every major topic on the subject, including lead poisoning in children, sources of contamination, state-of-the-art sampling and analytical measurement methods, the newest studies on low-cost abatement methods, and much more. This reference is the most comprehensive presentation of issues currently available under one cover. The text is divided into three major parts. Part I provides insights from studies assessing lead exposures from paint, dust, soil, and lead battery recycling operations. The second part is a unique collection of strategic federal policy statements from the U.S. EPA, HUD, and HEW-CDC. It details the National Implementation Plan as well as a local government's efforts to provide low-cost effective risk communication and public outreach to the community. The next part offers seven chapters on analytical issues in the measurement of lead in blood, paint, dust, and soils. Part IV, Sampling Methods and Statistical Issues, rounds out the technical portion of the volume. The relationships among lead levels in biological and environmental media are investigated and the interpretive problems discussed. The use of multi-element analysis of environmental samples as an approach to investigate sources is described. The book finishes with its most unique feature-OPPT's Check Our Kids for Lead Program, one organization's effort to empower its employees to make a personal difference in confronting the problem of lead poisoning in children. The Program serves as a model for other government organizations (federal, state, and local), university and community organizations, and corporations to educate them and take personal and corporate responsibility for addressing this important and environmental health problem.

The latest 4th edition of the international standard on the principles of reliability for load bearing structures (ISO2394:2015) includes a new Annex D dedicated to the reliability of geotechnical structures. The emphasis in Annex D is to identify and characterize critical elements of the geotechnical reliability-based design process. This book contains a wealth of data and information to assist geotechnical engineers with the implementation of semi-probabilistic or full probabilistic design approaches within the context of established geotechnical knowledge, principles, and experience. The introduction to the book presents an overview on how reliability can play a complementary role within prevailing norms in geotechnical practice to address situations where some measured data and/or past experience exist for limited site-specifi c data to be supplemented by both objective regional data and subjective judgment derived from comparable sites elsewhere. The principles of reliability as presented in ISO2394:2015 provides the common basis for harmonization of structural and geotechnical design. The balance of the chapters describes the uncertainty representation of geotechnical design parameters, the statistical characterization of multivariate geotechnical data and model factors, semi-probabilistic and direct probability-based design methods in accordance to the outline of Annex D. This book elaborates and reinforces the goal of Annex D to advance geotechnical reliability-based design with geotechnical needs at the forefront while complying with the general principles of reliability given by ISO2394:2015. It serves as a supplementary reference to Annex D and it is a must-read for designing geotechnical structures in compliance with ISO2394:2015.

The most complete, nonpartisan source of information on this hot agronomic topic available today, this book brings together a diverse group of papers and data to resolve the debate between sedimentologists and soil scientists and agronomists over whether the effects of soil erosion on carbon and atmospheric CO2 is beneficial or destructive. Divided into four sections, it offers data on how soil erosion affects soil, water, and air quality. Topics include mineralization rate, inundation, sediment deposition, and global warming potential, as well as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions, and the implications of soil erosion on the global carbon cycle and carbon budget.

How could the potential of IT be realised to improve business performance in architecture, construction and engineering organisations? How could organisations unleash the potential of IT to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage? How can organisations migrate from technology to IT-enabled business thinking? Based on the author's twenty years research experience, this book provides a holistic picture of the factors that enable architecture, construction and engineering organisations to explore the potential of IT to improve their businesses and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. It raises awareness of the importance of the organisational 'soft issues' and the role they play in influencing the outcome of IT investments as well as addressing other complementary enablers, such as knowledge management, learning organisations, maturity models and e-readiness measurements. Real case studies are used throughout the book to illustrate various concepts and to provide the reader with a realistic and practical picture. Rethinking IT in Construction & Engineering is ideal for lecturers and researchers in architecture, construction and engineering as well as professionals at managerial level in industry.

This new volume covers the important issues related to environmental emissions from SI and CI engines as well as their formation and various pollution mitigation techniques. The book addresses aspects of improvements in engine modification, such as design modifications for enhanced performance, both with conventional fuels as well as with new and alternative fuels. It also explores some new combustion concepts that will help to pave the way for complying with new emission concepts. Alternative fuels are addressed in this volume to help mitigate harmful emissions, and alternative power sources for automobiles are also discussed briefly to cover the switch over from fueled engines to electrics, including battery-powered electric vehicles and fuel cells. The authors explain the different technologies available to date to overcome the limitations of conventional prime movers (fueled by both fossil fuels and alternative fuels). Topics examined include: * Engine modifications needed to limit harmful emissions * The use of engine after-treatment devices to contain emissions * The development of new combustion concepts * Adoption of alternative fuels in existing engines * Switching over to electrics-advantages and limitations * Specifications of highly marketed automobiles * Emission measurement methods

Power Plant Synthesis provides an integrated approach to the operation, analysis, simulation, and dimensioning of power plants for electricity and thermal energy production. Fundamental concepts of energy and power, energy conversion, and power plant design are first presented, and integrated approaches for the operation and simulation of conventional electricity production systems are then examined. Hybrid power plants and cogeneration systems are covered, with operating algorithms, optimization, and dimensioning methods explained. The environmental impacts of energy sources are described and compared, with real-life case studies included to show the synthesis of the specific topics covered.

High surface area, a microporous structure, and a high degree of surface reactivity make activated carbons versatile adsorbents, particularly effective in the adsorption of organic and inorganic pollutants from aqueous solutions. Activated Carbon Adsorption introduces the parameters and mechanisms involved in the activated carbon adsorption of organic and inorganic compounds. This text brings together the most significant research on surface structure and processes, adsorption theories and isotherm equations, and applications from the latest literature on carbon adsorption. The book clearly explains the surface-related interactions of activated carbons, their energetics, and the applicability of adsorption isotherm equations and their deviation from adsorption data. It then explores numerous applications in a wide range of areas, such as nuclear technology, vacuum technology, food technology, pharmaceuticals and medicine, gas storage, oil refining, and environmental remediation. Topics include: oils and fats, molecular sieves, refining of liquid fuels, pesticides, dyes, drugs, and toxins. Three chapters are dedicated to environmental applications, including the adsorption of halogenated organic compounds and the removal of hazardous gases and vapors, organo-sulphur compounds, and other inorganic compounds from wastewater and groundwater. Activated Carbon Adsorption presents a complete survey of the growing number of state-of-the-art applications supported by a compilation of the latest perspectives in research concerning carbon surfaces and their adsorption processes from aqueous solutions. Its unified approach promotes further research towards improving and developing newer activated carbon adsorbents and processes for the efficient removal of pollutants from drinking water and industrial effluents.

The Boundary Element Method, or BEM, is a powerful numerical analysis tool with particular advantages over other analytical methods. With research in this area increasing rapidly and more uses for the method appearing, this timely book provides a full chronological review of all techniques that have been proposed so far, covering not only the fundamentals of the BEM but also a wealth of information on related computational analysis techniques and formulations, and their applications in engineering, physics and mathematics. An indispensable handbook and source of inspiration for researchers and professionals in these fields, this book is also an ideal textbook for graduate engineering students.