Since the end of the 1980s in India, self-styled representatives of a variety of ascriptive groups (religious, caste, regional, and linguistic among others) have come to routinely damage artwork, disrupt their exhibition, and threaten and assault artists and their supporters. Often, these acts are said to be a protest against the allegedly 'hurtful' or 'offensive' artworks. They are even claimed to be a prescient call to save the identity of the community, in a manner that makes the communal identities hinge entirely on that artistic (mis)representation. Yet, at the time of these attacks, many who indulge in this kind of violence have seldom heard of the artist before or even seen, read, watched, let alone engaged with the artwork. Such is the wrench on the right to freedom of speech and expression in general, and on the physical safety and security of artists in particular, that has inspired fear, anger, and discomfort within the art world, marked by ominous declarations of a 'cultural emergency' owing to the loss of lives and property, and without the due processes of law-a consequence that was hardly synonymous with art practice in India, at least until a few decades ago. This book tells the story of violence against artists in India, marked by the intensifying sense of insecurity, fear, frustration and anger within the art world. But to bring out its complexities-to build an analytical account for understanding what such destructive and, even competitive, attacks on artists convey about India's liberal democracy, given that violence in its many avatars has not so much been an aberration to the form of India's liberal democracy as much as its very condition-the book attempts to map the concrete political transformations that have informed its dynamic unfolding. In other words, as opposed to simply adding to the prevalent commentaries on violent regulation of free speech in India, this work focuses on the dynamics of violence in that regulation. Based on extensive interactions with assailants and artists, I argue that these attacks are not simply 'anti-democratic.' But are dependent in perverse ways on the very logics of democracy's functioning, as much they are contained by it, along with the wider material conditions that have prevented both free speech in India, and India at large, from being immutably locked in a downward spiral.

Louis de Carmontelle was an eighteenth-century French draftsman, painter, and garden designer. In 1783, he began painting a series of panoramas on translucent paper that, when cranked through a backlit viewing box gave viewers the experience of journeying through beautiful landscapes.Drawing from both museum and private collections, Carmontelle's "Landscape Transparencies", re-creates the original viewing experience by leading the reader through a series of full-colour scenes and two stunning panoramic gatefolds, and in the process offers a lively analysis of eighteenth-century life and a rare glimpse into the very beginnings of the moving image.

Der Verfasser ist bei der Verfolgung einer archaologischen Problematik auf ein Gebiet gefuhrt worden, zu dessen kompetenter Behandlung ihm die meisten Vor- aussetzungen fehlen. Sich trotzdem auf diese Untersuchung einzulassen, schien gerechtfertigt, wei! das Problem erst yom archaologischen Standpunkt aus seine eigentliche Scharfe bekommt. Allerdings muBte sich der Verfasser auf leicht zugangliche Quellen beschranken und konnte um des Zusammenhangs willen auch auf Materialien aus zweiter Hand nicht verzichten. Das letzte Wort wird naturlich beim Fachmann der Kunstgeschichte bleiben, der die Denkmaler und die literarischen Zeugnisse besser uberblickt. Auch lieBe sich fast jede der hier angefan- genen Betrachtungen betrachtlich vertiefen. Zeitliche Unterbrechungen der Arbeit und unterschiedliche Bibliotheksverhalt- nisse haben zu U nebenheiten in der Darstellung gefuhrt, die sich leider nicht mehr glatten lieBen. Fur die Nachweise konnte nicht immer auf die Standardwerke zuruckgegriffen werden. Zahlreiche Bucher standen nur kurzfristig zur Verfugung, so daB eine Kontrolle der Zitate und der referierten Meinungen nicht moglich war.