"Structural Ambiguity in English" is a major new scholarly work that provides an innovative and accessible linguistic description of those features of the language that can be exploited to generate structural ambiguities.
Most ambiguity scholarship is concerned with "disambiguation"--the process of making what is ambiguous clear. This book takes the opposite approach as it focuses on describing the features in the English language that may contribute towards the creation of structural ambiguities, which form the core of some of the best word-plays found in advertising, comedy and marketing.
Oaks utilizes a systematic and comprehensive inventory approach that identifies individual elements in the language and their distinctive behaviors that can be manipulated in the deliberate creation of structural ambiguities. In doing so he also provides authentic examples to illustrate the concepts he presents.
This book will appeal to researchers and academics interested in the structure of the English language, usage, pragmatics, communication, natural language processing, editing, and humor studies as well as those in marketing, advertising, or humor writing.

This book explores the grammar of to infinitives and gerundial -ing clauses, which is a central area at the interface of syntax and semantics, against the background of what has been called the Great Complement Shift. Over the course of six chapters, the author explores the semantic properties of constructions where the general spread of gerundial -ing clauses occurs at the expense of to infinitives. The author draws on large electronic corpora, ensuring that new perspectives are opened on the basis of authentic corpus evidence. He identifies trends of variation and change in the use of the two constructions and proposes The Choice Principle, an innovative perspective on the semantics of to infinitives and gerundial -ing complements. This book will be of interest to researchers and students working on English grammar or the recent history of English grammar.

In this second edition of Steve Fuller's original work Philosophy, Rhetoric, and the End of Knowledge: A New Beginning for Science and Technology Studies, James Collier joins Fuller in developing an updated and accessible version of Fuller's classic volume. The new edition shifts focus slightly to balance the discussions of theory and practice, and the writing style is oriented to advanced students. It addresses the contemporary problems of knowledge to develop the basis for a more publicly accountable science. The resources of social epistemology are deployed to provide a positive agenda of research, teaching, and political action designed to bring out the best in both the ancient discipline of rhetoric and the emerging field of science and technology studies (STS). The authors reclaim and integrate STS and rhetoric to explore the problems of knowledge as a social process--problems of increasing public interest that extend beyond traditional disciplinary resources. In so doing, the differences among disciplines must be questioned (the exercise of STS) and the disciplinary boundaries must be renegotiated (the exercise of rhetoric). This book innovatively integrates a sophisticated theoretical approach to the social processes of creating knowledge with a developing pedagogical apparatus. The thought questions at the end of each chapter, the postscript, and the appendix allow the reader to actively engage the text in order to discuss and apply its theoretical insights. Creating new standards for interdisciplinary scholarship and communication, the authors bring numerous disciplines into conversation in formulating a new kind of rhetoric geared toward greater democratic participation in the knowledge-making process. This volume is intended for students and scholars in rhetoric of science, science studies, philosophy, and communication, and will be of interest in English, sociology, and knowledge management arenas as well.

Ten leading scholars provide exacting research results and a reliable and accessible introduction to the new field of optimality theoretic pragmatics. The book includes a general introduction that overviews the foundations of this new research paradigm. The book is intended to satisfy the needs of students and professional researchers interested in pragmatics and optimality theory, and will be of particular interest to those exploring the interfaces of formal pragmatics with grammar, semantics, philosophy of language, information theory and cognitive psychology.

Concepts of Meaning includes contributions from well-known philosophers of language and semanticists. It is a useful collection for students in philosophy of language, semantics and epistemology. This work discusses new research in semantics, theory of truth, philosophy of language and theory of communication from a trans-disciplinary perspective.
An integrated theory of linguistic behavior should provide a framework to make behavior intelligible. This work addresses issues such as sentence meaning, utterance meaning, speaker's intention and reference, linguistic context, circumstances and background theories. Readers will learn that interpretation is a result of a complex pattern.

Contents:
Volume I : Foundational Issues
Part A. Truth and Denotation
1. Gottlob Frege, 'On Sense and Reference', translated by Max Black, The Philosophical Review, 57, 1948, pp.207-230. (Originally published as 'Sinn und Bedeutung', in Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Philosophische Kritik, 100, 1892, pp. 25-50)
2. Bertrand Russell, 'On Denoting', Mind, 14, 1905, pp. 479-493
3. Peter F. Strawson, 'On Referring', Mind, 59, 1950, pp. 320-344
4. Rudolph Carnap, 'Extensions and Intensions', in Meaning and Necessity, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947), pp. 23-32
Part B. Semantics and Grammar
5. Jerrold Katz and Paul Postal, 'The Semantic Component', in An Integrated Theory of Linguistic Descriptions, (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1964), pp. 12-29
6. Richard Montague, 'Universal Grammar', Theoria, 36, 1970, pp. 373-398
7. David Lewis, 'General Semantics', Synthese, 22, 1970, pp. 18-67
8. Noam Chomsky, 'Deep Structure, Surface Structure and Semantic Interpretation', in Danny Steinberg and Leon Jakobovits, eds., Semantics. An Interdisciplinary Reader in Philosophy, Linguistics, and Psychology, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971), pp. 183-216
9. George Lakoff, 'On Generative Semantics', in Danny Steinberg and Leon Jakobovits, eds., Semantics. An Interdisciplinary Reader in Philosophy, Linguistics, and Psychology, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971), pp. 232-252
10. Richard Montague, 'The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English', in Jaako Hintikka, J. Moravcsik, and Patrick Suppes, eds., Approaches to Natural Languages Proceedings of the 1970 Stanford Workshop on Grammar and Semantics, (Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1973), pp. 221-247
11. Barbara Partee, 'Some Transformational Extensions of Montague Grammar', Journal of Philosophical Logic, 2, 1973, pp. 509-534
12. Robert May, 'Logical Form as a Level of Linguistic Representation', in Logical Form: Its Structure and Derivation, (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1985), pp. 1-30
13. Richard Larson and Gabriel Segal, 'Knowledge of Meaning and Theories of Truth', in Knowledge of Meaning, (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), pp. 25-42
14. Carlos Otero, 'Language, meaning and interpretation: Chomsky against the philosophers', 2002, pp. 1-26. (An adapted excerpt of a paper that is to appear elsewhere.)
Volume II: Generalized Quantifiers and Scope
15. Jon Barwise and Robin Cooper, 'Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language', Linguistics and Philosophy, 4, 1981, pp.159-219
16. William Ladusaw, 'Semantic Constraints on the English Partitive Construction', in Proceedings of the West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL), 1, (Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications, 1982), pp. 231-242
17. Johan Van Benthem, 'Determiners and Logic', Linguistics and Philosophy, 6, 1983, pp. 437-464
18. Franciska De Jong and Henk Verkuyl, 'Generalized Quantifiers: The Properness of their Strength', in Johan van Benthem, and Alice ter Meulen, eds., Generalized Quantifiers in Natural Language, (Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1984), pp. 21-43
19. Dag Westerståhl, 'Determiners and Context Sets', in Johan van Benthem, and Alice ter Meulen, eds., Generalized Quantifiers in Natural Language, (Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1984), pp. 45-71
20. Barbara Partee, 'Noun Phrase Interpretation and Type Shifting Principles', in Jeroen Groenendijk, Dick de Jongh, and Martin Stockhof, eds., Studies in Discourse Representation Theory and the Theory of Generalized Quantifiers, (Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1987), pp. 115?143
21. Johan Van Benthem, 'Polyadic Quantifiers', Linguistics and Philosophy, 12, 1989, pp. 437-464
22. Edward Keenan, 'Semantic Case Theory', in Jeroen Groenendijk, Martin Stokhof, and Frank Veltman, eds., Proceedings of the Sixth Amsterdam Colloquium, (Amsterdam: ILLC, University of Amsterdam, 1987), pp. 109-132
23. Gila Sher, 'Ways of Branching Quantifiers', Linguistics and Philosophy, 14, 1990, pp. 393-422
24. Donka Farkas, 'Quantifier Scope and Syntactic Islands', in Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistics Society (CLS), 7, 1981, pp. 59-66
25. Fengh-Hsi Liu, 'Scope Dependency' in Scope and Specificity, (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1998), pp. 9-15
26. Dorit Ben-Shalom, 'Object Wide Scope and Semantic Trees', in Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT), 3, (Ithaca, NY: CLC Publications, Cornell University, 1993), pp. 19?37
27. Anna Szabolcsi, 'Strategies for Scope Taking', in Ways of Scope Taking, (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997), pp. 109-154
Volume III : Noun Phrase Classes
Part A. Indefiniteness and Definiteness
28. David Lewis, 'Adverbs of Quantification', in Edward Keenan, ed., Formal Semantics of Natural Language, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), pp. 3-15
29. Lauri Karttunen, 'Discourse Referents', in James McCawley, ed., Syntax and Semantics, 7, (New York: Academic Press, 1976), pp. 363-385
30. Gary Milsark, 'Towards an Explanation of Certain Peculiarities in the Existential Construction in English', Linguistic Analysis, 3, 1977, pp. 1-29
31. Janet Fodor and Ivan Sag, 'Referential and Quantificational Indefinites', Linguistics and Philosophy, 5, 1982, pp. 355-398
32. Irene Heim, 'File Change Semantics and the Familiarity Theory of Definiteness', in Rainer Bäuerle, Christoph Schwarze, and Arnim von Stechow, eds., Meaning, Use and Interpretation of Language, (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1983), pp. 164-189
33. Edward Keenan, A Semantic Definition of 'Indefinite NP', in Eric Reuland and Alice ter Meulen, eds., The Representation of (In)definiteness, (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987), pp. 286-317
34. Alessandro Zucchi, 'Existential Sentences and Predication', in Paul Dekker and Martin Stokhof, eds., Proceedings of the Eighth Amsterdam Colloquium, (Amsterdam: ILLC, University of Amsterdam, 1991), pp. 601-621
35. Mürvet Enç, 'The Semantics of Specificity', Linguistic Inquiry, 22, 1991, pp. 1-25
36. Molly Diesing, 'Deriving Logical Representations: A Proposal', in Indefinites, (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1992), pp. 1-11
37. Veerle Van Geenhoven, 'Semantic Incorporation: A Uniform Semantics for West Greenlandic Noun Incorporation and West Germanic Bare Plural Configurations' in Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistic Society(CLS), 31, 1995, pp. 171-186
38. Yoad Winter, 'Semantic Universals and Choice Function Theory', in Francis Corblin, Carmen Dobrovie-Sorin, and Jean-Marie Marandin, eds., Empirical Issues in Formal Syntax and Semantics, (The Hague: Holland Academic Graphics, 1999), pp. 59-73
Part B. Plurals and Mass Nouns
39. Greg Carlson, 'A Unified Analysis of the English Bare Plural', Linguistics and Philosophy, 1, 1977, pp. 413-456
40. Remko Scha, 'Distributive, Collective and Cumulative Quantification', in Jeroen Groenendijk, Theo Janssen, and Martin Stokhof, eds., Formal Methods in the Study of Language. Proceedings of the Third Amsterdam Colloquium, (Amsterdam: Matematisch Centrum, 1981), pp. 483-512. 41. Godehard Link, 'The Logical Analysis of Plural and Mass Terms: A Lattice-Theoretical Approach', in Rainer Bäuerle, Christoph Schwarze, and Arnim von Stechow, eds., Meaning, Use and Interpretation of Language, (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1983), pp. 302-323
42. Brendan Gillon, 'The Readings of Plural Noun Phrases in English', Linguistics and Philosophy, 10, 1987, pp. 199-219
43. Peter Lasersohn, 'On the Readings of Plural Noun Phrases', Linguistic Inquiry, 20, 1989, pp. 130-134
44. Roger Schwarzschild, 'Against Groups', in Martin Stokhof and Leen Torenvliet, eds., Proceedings of the Seventh Amsterdam Colloquium, (Amsterdam: ILLC, University of Amsterdam, 1989), pp. 475-494
45. Almerindo Ojeda, 'On Conceptional Neuterality', in Linguistic Individuals, (Stanford: CSLI Publications, 1991), pp. 161-183
46. Gennaro Chierchia, 'Partitives, Reference to Kinds and Semantic Variation', in Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT), 4, (Ithaca, NY: CLC Publications, Cornell University, 1997), pp. 73-98
Volume IV : The Semantics of Predicates and Inflection
Part A. Events, Aspect, and Thematic Roles
47. Zeno Vendler, 'Verbs and Times', The Philosophical Review, 56, 1957, pp. 143-160
48. Terence Parsons, 'Underlying Events in the Logical Analysis of English', in Ernest LePore, ed., Actions and Events: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1985), pp. 235-267
49. Emmon Bach, 'The Algebra of Events', Linguistics and Philosophy, 9, 1986, pp. 5-16
50. Henk Verkuyl, 'Aspectual Asymmetry and Quantification', in Veronika Ehrich and Heinz Vater, eds., temporalsemantik, (Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1988), pp. 220-259
51. James Pustejovsky, 'The Geometry of Events', in Carol Tenny, ed., Studies in Generative Approaches to Aspect. MIT Lexicon Project Working Papers 24, (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT, Center for Cognitive Science, 1988), pp. 19-39
52. Greg Carlson, 'Thematic Roles and their Role in Linguistic Theory', Linguistics, 22, 1984, pp. 259-279
53. Malka Rappaport and Beth Levin, 'What to Do with Theta-Roles', in Wendy Wilkins, ed., Syntax and Semantics 21, Thematic Relations, (New York: Academic Press, 1988), pp. 7-36
54. David Dowty, 'Thematic Proto?Roles and Argument Selection', Language, 67, 1991, § 4-8, pp. 560-582
Part B. Tense and Modality
55. Hans Reichenbach, 'The Tenses of Verbs', in Elements of Symbolic Logic, (New York: The MacMillan Co., 1947), pp. 287-298
56. David Dowty, 'The Effects of Aspectual Class on the Temporal Structure of Discourse: Semantics or Pragmatics?', Linguistics and Philosophy, 9, 1986, pp. 37-62
57. Mürvet Enç, 'Anchoring Conditions for Tense', Linguistic Inquiry, 18, 1987, pp. 633-657
58. Dorit Abusch, 'Sequence of Tense, Intensionality and Scope', in Proceedings of the West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL), 7, 1988, pp. 1-14
59. Mark Moens and Mark Steedman, 'Temporal Ontology in Natural Language', in Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 1987, Stanford University, pp. 1-7
60. Dorit Abusch, 'The Present under Past as De Re Interpretation', in Proceedings of the West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL), 10, 1991, pp. 1-12
61. Toshiyuki Ogihara, 'Adverbs of Quantification and Sequence of Tense Phenomena', in Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT), 4, (Ithaca, NY: CLC Publications, Cornell University, 1994), pp. 251-267
62. Henriëtte De Swart, 'Quantification over Time', in Jaap van der Does and Jan van Eijck, eds., Quantifiers, Logic, and Language, (Stanford, CA.: CSLI Publications, 1996), pp. 311-336
63. Angelika Kratzer, 'The Notional Category of Modality', in Hans-Jürgen Eikmeyer and Hannes Rieser, eds., Words, Worlds and Context, (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1981), pp. 38-74
64. Donka Farkas, 'On the Semantics of Subjunctive Complements', in Paul Hirschbueler and Konrad Koerner, eds., Romance Languages and Modern Linguistic Theory, (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1992), pp. 69-104
65. Paul Portner, 'Modal Discourse Referents and the Semantics of the Mood Phrase', in University of Maryland Working Papers in Linguistics, 3, 1995, pp. 224-255
Volume V: Operators and Sentence Types
Part A. Adjectives, Degrees, and Comparatives
66. Hans Kamp, 'Two Theories about Adjectives', in Edward Keenan, ed., Formal Semantics of Natural Language, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), pp.123-155
67. Max J. Cresswell, 'The Semantics of Degree', in Barbara Partee, ed., Montague Grammar, (New York: Academic Press, 1976), pp. 261-292
68. Jean-Yves Lerner and Manfred Pinkal, 'Comparatives and Nested Quantification', in Paul Dekker and Martin Stokhof, eds., Proceedings of the Eighth Amsterdam Colloquium, (Amsterdam: ILLC, University of Amsterdam, 1991), pp. 329-345
69. Christopher Kennedy, 'Comparison and Polar Opposition', in Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT), 5, (Ithaca, NY: CLC Publications, Cornell University, 1997), pp. 240-257
Part B. Negation and Negative Polarity Items
70. Gilles Fauconnier, 'Polarity and the Scale Principle', in Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistics Society, 11, 1975, pp.188-199
71. Jack Hoeksema, 'Monotonicity Phenomena in Natural Language', Linguistic Analysis, 16, 1986, pp.25-40
72. Nirit Kadmon and Fred Landman, 'Polarity Sensitive Any and Free Choice Any', in Martin Stokhof and Leen Torenvliet, eds., Proceedings of the Seventh Amsterdam Colloquium, (Amsterdam: ILLC, University of Amsterdam, 1989), pp. 227-252
73. Frans Zwarts, 'Nonveridical Contexts', Linguistic Analysis, 25, 1995, pp. 286-312
74. William Ladusaw, 'Configurational Expression of Negation', in Jaap van der Does and Jan van Eijck, eds., Quantifiers, Logic, and Language, (Stanford, CA.: CSLI Publications, 1996), pp. 203-223
Part C. Questions
75. Lauri Karttunen, 'Syntax and Semantics of Questions', Linguistics and Philosophy, 1, 1977, pp. 3-44
76. James Higginbotham and Robert May, 'Questions, Quantifiers and Crossing', The Linguistic Review, 1, 1981, pp. 41-79
77. Jeroen Groenendijk and Martin Stokhof, 'On the Semantics of Questions and the Pragmatics of Answers', in Fred Landman and Frank Veltman, eds., Varieties of Formal Semantics, (Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1984), pp. 143-170
78. Stephen Berman, 'Towards the Semantics of Open Sentences: Wh Phrases and Indefinites', in Martin Stokhof and Leen Torenvliet, eds., Proceedings of the Seventh Amsterdam Colloquium, (Amsterdam: ILLC, University of Amsterdam, 1989), pp. 53-77
79. Utpal Lahiri, 'Questions, Answers and Selection', in Proceedings of the North East Linguistic Society(NELS), 21, 1991, pp. 233-246
80. Jonathan Ginzburg, 'A Quasi-Naive Semantics for Interrogatives and its Implications', in Paul Dekker and Martin Stokhof, eds., Proceedings of the Eighth Amsterdam Colloquium, (Amsterdam: ILLC, University of Amsterdam, 1991), pp. 197-212
81. Veneeta Dayal, 'Two Types of Universal Terms in Questions', in Proceedings of the North East Linguistic Society(NELS), 22, 1992, pp. 443-457
82. James Higginbotham, 'Interrogatives', in Ken Hale and Samuel J. Keyser, eds., The View from Building 20, (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993), pp. 195-227
83. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach, 'Interrogatives and Polyadic Quantification', in Nelia Scott, ed., Proceedings of the International Conference on Questions, (Liverpool: University of Liverpool, 1999), pp. 1-14
Volume VI: Discourse and Dynamics
Part A. Topic and Focus
84. Barbara Partee, 'Topic, Focus and Quantification', in Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory(SALT), 1, (Ithaca, NY: CLC Publications, Cornell University, 1991), pp. 159-187
85. Manfred Krifka, 'A Compositional Semantics for Multiple Foci', in Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory(SALT), 1, (Ithaca, NY: CLC Publications, Cornell University, 1991), pp. 127-158
86. Sjaak De Mey, 'Generalized Quantifier Theory and the Semantics of Focus', in Jaap van der Does and Jan van Eijck, eds., Quantifiers, Logic, and Language, (Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications, 1996), pp. 269-279
87. Daniel Büring, 'Topic', in Peter Bosch and Rob van der Sandt, eds., Focus. Linguistic, Cognitive, and Computational Perspectives, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 142-165
Part B. Pronouns and Anaphora
88. Peter Geach, 'Pronominal Reference: Relative Pronouns', in Reference and Generality, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1962), pp. 108-132
89. Gareth Evans, 'Pronouns', Linguistic Inquiry, 11, 1980, pp. 337-362
90. Hans Kamp, 'A Theory of Truth and Semantic Representation', in Jeroen Groenendijk, Theo Janssen, and Martin Stokhof, eds., Formal Methods in the Study of Language. Proceedings of the Third Amsterdam Colloquium, (Amsterdam: Matematisch Centrum, 1981), pp. 1-41
91. Craige Roberts, 'Modal Subordination and Pronominal Anaphora in Discourse', Linguistics and Philosophy,12, 1989, pp. 683-722
92. Paul Dekker, 'Existential Disclosure', Linguistics and Philosophy, 16, 1993, pp. 561-587
93. Gennaro Chierchia, 'Dynamic Binding', in Dynamics of Meaning, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), pp. 62-84
94. Jeroen Groenendijk, Martin Stokhof and Frank Veltman, 'Coreference and Contextually Restricted Quantification', in Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT), 5, (Ithaca, NY: CLC Publications, Cornell University, 1995), pp. 112-129
95. Chris Barker, 'A Presuppositional Account of Proportional Ambiguity', in Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT), 3, (Ithaca, NY: CLC Publications, Cornell University, 1993), pp. 1-18
Part C. The Semantics/Pragmatics Interface
96. Robert Stalnaker, 'Assertion', in Peter Cole, ed., Syntax and Semantics, 9, (New York, Academic Press, 1978), pp. 315-332
97. David Lewis, 'Scorekeeping in a Language Game', in Rainer Bäuerle, Urs Egli, and Arnim von Stechow, eds., Semantics from Different Points of View, (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1979), pp. 172-187
98. Enric Vallduvi, 'A Theory of Informatics', in The Informational Component, PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1990, (Ann Arbor, MI: Garland Publishing Co., 1992), pp. 201-218
99. Kai Von Fintel, 'The Context-Dependency of Quantifiers', in Restrictions on Quantifier Domains, PhD diss., University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 1995, pp. 27-36
100. Dov Gabbay and Ruth Kempson, 'Natural-Language Content: A Proof-Theoretic Perspective. A Preliminary Report', in Paul Dekker and Martin Stokhof, eds., Proceedings of the Eighth Amsterdam Colloquium, (Amsterdam: ILLC, University of Amsterdam, 1991), pp. 173-195
101. Nicholas Asher, 'Mathematical Treatments of Discourse Contexts', in Paul Dekker and Martin Stokhof, eds., Proceedings of the Tenth Amsterdam Colloquium, (Amsterdam: ILLC, University of Amsterdam, 1995), pp. 21-40

Plurality, Conjunction and Events presents a novel theory of plural and conjoined phrases, in an event-based semantic framework. It begins by reviewing options for treating the alternation between `collective' and `distributive' readings of sentences containing plural or conjoined noun phrases, including analyses from both the modern and the premodern literature. It is argued that plural and conjoined noun phrases are unambiguously group-denoting, and that the collective/distributive distinction therefore must be located in the predicates with which these noun phrases combine. More specifically, predicates must have a hidden argument place for events; the collective/distributive distinction may then be represented in the part/whole structure of these events. This allows a natural treatment of `collectivizing' adverbial expressions, and of `pluractional' affixes; it also allows a unified semantics for conjunction, in which conjoined sentences and predicates denote groups of events, much like conjoined noun phrases denote groups of individuals.

This book presents the first computer program, called KINSHIP, automating the task of componential analysis of kinship vocabularies. KINSHIP accepts as input the kin terms of a language with their attendant kin types and can produce all alternative componential models of a kinship system, including the most parsimonious one, using the minimum number of dimensions and components in a kin term definition. A further simplicity constraint ensures the coordination between kin term definitions. Inspecting previous practices of the method of componential analysis reveals two basic problems in published models: (1) the commonly occurring inconsistency of componential models (violating necessity or sufficiency conditions of kin term definitions), (2) the huge number of alternative componential models. The application of KINSHIP with its simplicity constraints successfully solves both these problems. The utility of the program is illustrated on complete data sets from more than a dozen languages from Indo-European and non-Indo-European origin.

Brummett explores the ways people use three key terms-reality, representation, and simulation-as rhetorical devices with political and social effect. Human perception, language, and aesthetics experiences are the bases for the fluidity among these terms. Each term's rhetoric is illustrated in an analysis of texts in popular culture: William Gibson's novels, the usenet group rec.motorcycles, and the film Groundhog Day. Brummett explores the ways people use three key terms-reality, representation, and simulation-as rhetorical devices with political and social effect. People write and speak as if there were such things as reality, representation, and simulation. People treat the terms as if they were clearly referential and as if those referents were clearly distinct. But what kind of political, social work do people do when they write and speak in those terms? What kind of claim is being made, or accusation leveled when such a term is used? How do the dimensions and parameters of meaning facilitated by each term work in the management and distribution of power? These are questions of rhetoric, the manipulation of signs and symbols for influence and effect. Brummett illustates the rhetoric of reality in a critical analysis of William Gibson's science fiction novels. The rhetoric of representation is shown in discusions on the usenet group rec.motorcyles. The rhetoric of simulation is explained through the film Groundhog Day. Of particular interest to scholars, students, and researchers involved with rhetoric and popular culture, media, communication, and technology, and the literature of science and science fiction.

Bringing together fifty years' worth of cross-linguistic research, this pioneering monograph explores the complex interaction between tense, mood and aspect. It looks at the long way of combining elementary semantic units at the bottom of phrase structure up to and including the top of a sentence. Rejecting ternary tense as blocking compositionality, it introduces three levels obtained by binary tense oppositions. It also counters an outdated view on motion by assuming that change is not expressed as having an inherent goal but rather as dynamic interaction between different number systems that allows us to package information into countable and continuous units. It formally identifies the central role of a verb in a variety of argument structures and integrates adverbial modifiers into the compositional structure at different tense levels of phrase structure. This unique contribution to the field will be essential reading for advanced students and researchers in the syntax-semantics interface.

Kuypers, King, and their contributors explore the conception of rhetoric of eleven key American rhetoricians through analyses of their life's work. Each chapter provides a sense of that scholar's conception of rhetoric, be it through criticism, theory, or teaching. The communication discipline often highlights the work of others outside the discipline; however, it rarely acclaims the work of its own critics, teachers, and theorists. In this collection, the essays explore the innate mode of perception that guided the rhetorical understanding of the early critics. In so doing, this work dispels the myth that the discipline of Speech Communication was spawned from a monolithic and rigid center that came to be called neo-Aristotelianism. Scholars and researchers involved with the history of rhetoric, rhetorical criticism and theory, and American public address uill find this title to be a necessary addition to their collection.

This book documents how Oscar Wilde was appropriated as a fictional character by no less than thirty-two of his contemporaries. Focusing on Wilde's relationships with many of these writers, Kingston examines and critiques 'Wildean' portraits by such celebrated authors as Joseph Conrad, Arthur Conan Doyle, Henry James, George Bernard Shaw and Bram Stoker, as well as some lesser-known writers. Many fascinating, little-known biographical and literary connections are revealed. While this work will be of significant interest to scholars of Wilde, it is also written in a clear, accessible style which will appeal to the non-academic reader with a general interest in Wilde or the late Victorian period.

The Second Edition of The Grammar of Discourse critically evaluates and updates Robert E. Longacre's ambitious work dedicated to the thesis that language is language only in context, and that context's natural role in the resolution of sentence ambiguities has been overlooked for too long by linguists. This new edition advances even further the discourse revolution' which Longacre predicted in the First Edition would come in response to the demand for greater explanatory power through context. The most cogent application of this, one which makes the book unique among linguistics texts, is the author's exhaustive investigation into the interface of the morphosyntax of a language with its textual structures. This expanded volume builds upon its predecessor's major points, with new chapters increasing the coverage of paragraph and clause structure-the latter being handled in a new chapter which solves a problem posed in the original edition: how holistic concerns of structure, especially the recognition of different strands of information, relate to the constituent structure of discourse. The insights contained in this chapter create an opportunity to tie in current discussions of transitivity, ergativity, the antipassive, agency hierarchy, order-preserving transformations, and word-order concerns into the structure of discourse.Other noteworthy features of the Second Edition include: The integration of information salience, local dominance, and paragraph type to answer the question What makes a discourse followable ?' -A study of dialogue relations-The formalization of the interrelations of tagmeme and syntagmeme, and of the varieties of exponence on the various levels of hierarchy-Theuse of an expanded and enriched statement calculus to better pinpoint logical relations between predications-The use of a similarly enriched predicate calculus to present case frames-A stepped diagram presentation of paragraph level analyses. With material tested in classes at the University of Texas, Arlington, this influential work merits serious consideration as a text for first-year graduate courses in linguistics.

This book is the first extensive study on French Quantification in the field of Syntax. It provides a typology of four main quantified noun phrases in French (existential, universal, negative and "wh-"), detailing their syntactic, semantic and prosodic behaviors and showing that they can be reduced to two classes Split-DP structures or Floating quantification.

Relying on syntax and semantics, the book establishes a three-way structural typology of "wh" in-situ phrases and extends it to existentials. It pays special attention to the prosodic properties associated with their different readings and proposes an analysis of the distribution of subextraction and pied-piping. Similarly based on semantic and syntactic tests, the book reveals N(egative) words to be universal Quantifiers. It proposes a new structure of N-words in terms of constituent negation and includes a detailed analysis of the difference between "not an N" and "not all the N" in French.

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The Modernist movement in literature had revolutionary aspirations and pioneered new possibilities of literary expression. One of its major projects was to question the nature of selfhood and to rewrite personal experience in terms of fragmentation, conflict and discontinuity. English literary Modernism, in particular, broke down the assumption that self-experience is unitary and coherent.;This book represents an exploration of the ways in which key modern writers challenged conventional ways of characterizing selfhood and, whether by poetic montage or stream-of-consciousness writing, developed a discourse expressive of the subtleties of experience in a post-Freudian world. It is argued that modernist texts were involved in self-representation long before post-structuralist or post-modernist theories were applied.

How do democratic and pluralistic societies cope with traumatic events in their past? What strategies and taboos are employed to reconstruct wars, revolutions, torturing, mass killings and genocide in a way to make their contradiction to basic human rights and values invisible? This interdisciplinary volume analyzes in detail for the first time, in multiple genres, the history and image of the "German "Wehrmacht"" and the debates in Austria and Germany surrounding two highly contested exhibitions about the war crimes of the German "Wehrmacht" during WWII.

Contents:
General Editor's Preface. Acknowledgements. 1. Preliminaries: Semiotics and Poetics: The Semiotics Enterprise; How Many Semiotics?; The material. 2. Foundations: Signs in the Theatre: Prague structuralism and the theatrical sign; Typologies of the sign. 3. Theatrical Communication: Codes, Systems and the Performance Text: Elements of theatrical communication; Theatrical Systems and Codes; Theatrical competence: frame, convention and the role of the audience. 4. Dramatic Logic: The construction of the dramatic world; Dramatic action and time; Actant, dramatis persona and the dramatic model. 5. Dramatic Discourse: Dramatic Communication; Context and deixis; Universe of discourse and co-text; Speech acts; The said and the unsaid: implicatures and figures; Textuality; Towards a dramatological analysis. 6. Concluding Comments: Theatre, Drama, Semiotics: Dramatic Text/performance text; A united enterprise? Suggestions for further reading. Bibliography. Index.

Over the last decade, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) has accrued an exceptional amount of attention across a wide number of academic disciplines within the humanities and social sciences.
In almost every field of human activity, we are surrounded by and caught up in a network of texts and discourses. At the same time, a gradual enfranchising of individuals in Western societies tends to make us less inclined to accept those surrounding texts and discourses unquestioningly. It is these twin factors that underpin all studies that appear under the aegis of CDA.
This unique, multidisciplinary collection gathers together the most influential writings adopting a CDA approach, along with the most important antecedent essays and articles from the earlier Twentieth Century. The articles that make up this collection are drawn from a wide range of journal sources, including articles critical of the CDA approach as well as those that illustrate applications of its principles and methods.
A detailed index and new introduction by the editor will help the reader navigate this wealth of diverse material.

Representing current theory and research in rhetoric, this volume brings together scholarship from a variety of orientations--theoretical, critical, historical, and pedagogical. Some contributions cover work that has previously been silenced or unrecognized, including Native American, African American, Latino, and women's rhetorics. Others explore rhetoric's relationship to performance and to the body, or to revising canons, stases, topoi, and pisteis. Still others are reworking the rhetorical lexicon to comprise contemporary theory. Among these diverse interests, rhetoricians find common themes and share intellectual and pedagogical enterprises that hold them together even as their institutional situations keep them apart.
Topics discussed in this collection include:
*Rhetoric as figurality; comparative and contrastive rhetorics; rhetoric and gender; and rhetorics of science and technology;
*Rhetoric and reconceptions of the public sphere; rhetoric and public memory; and rhetorics of globalization and social change, including issues of race, ethnicity, and nationalism;
*Rhetoric's institutionalized place in the academy, in relation to other humanities and to the interpretive social sciences; and
*The place of rhetoric in the formation of departments and the development of pedagogy
With its origins in the 2000 Rhetoric Society of America (RSA) conference, this volume represents the range and vitality of current scholarship in rhetoric. The conversations contained herein indicate that professing rhetoric is, at the turn of the millennium, an intellectual activity that engages with and helps formulate the most important public and scholarly questions of today. As such, it will be engaging reading for scholars and students, and is certain to provoke further thought, discussion, and exploration.

General extenders are phrases like 'or something', 'and everything', 'and things (like that)', 'and stuff (like that)', and 'and so on'. Although they are an everyday feature of spoken language, are crucial in successful interpersonal communication, and have multiple functions in discourse, they have so far gone virtually unnoticed in linguistics. This pioneering work provides a comprehensive description of this new linguistic category. It offers new insights into ongoing changes in contemporary English, the effect of grammaticalization, novel uses as associative plural markers and indicators of intertextuality, and the metapragmatic role of extenders in interaction. The forms and functions of general extenders are presented clearly and accessibly, enabling students to understand a number of different frameworks of analysis in discourse-pragmatic studies. From an applied perspective, the book presents a description of translation equivalents, an analysis of second language variation, and practical exercises for teaching second language learners of English.

TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS is a series of books that open new perspectives in our understanding of language. The series publishes state-of-the-art work on core areas of linguistics across theoretical frameworks, as well as studies that provide new insights by approaching language from an interdisciplinary perspective. TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS considers itself a forum for cutting-edge research based on solid empirical data on language in its various manifestations, including sign languages. It regards linguistic variation in its synchronic and diachronic dimensions as well as in its social contexts as important sources of insight for a better understanding of the design of linguistic systems and the ecology and evolution of language. TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS publishes monographs and outstanding dissertations as well as edited volumes, which provide the opportunity to address controversial topics from different empirical and theoretical viewpoints. High quality standards are ensured through anonymous reviewing.

Formalization plays an important role in semantics. Doing semantics and following the literature requires considerable technical sophistica tion and acquaintance with quite advanced mathematical techniques and structures. But semantics isn't mathematics. These techniques and structures are tools that help us build semantic theories. Our real aim is to understand semantic phenomena and we need the technique to make our understanding of these phenomena precise. The problems in semantics are most often too hard and slippery, to completely trust our informal understanding of them. This should not be taken as an attack on informal reasoning in semantics. On the contrary, in my view, very often the essential insight in a diagnosis of what is going on in a certain semantic phenomenon takes place at the informal level. It is very easy, however, to be misled into thinking that a certain informal insight provides a satisfying analysis of a certain problem; it will often turn out that there is a fundamental unclarity about what the informal insight actually is. Formalization helps to sharpen those insights and put them to the test."

This unique volume focuses on religion and spirituality, along with rituals, practices and symbols, discussed and analysed from a semiotic perspective. It covers both cognitive and social dimensions of religious practices and beliefs, various aspects of spirituality, multiple forms of representation, as well as spheres of religious beliefs and practices. The volume is an outcome of the Signum-Idea-Verbum-Opus project initiated by Umberto Eco’s keynote address during his visit at the University of �ódź in 2015. More theoretical insights and further explorations into contemporary semiosphere can be found in Current Perspectives in Semiotics: Signs, Signification and Communication and Current Perspectives in Semiotics: Texts, Genres and Representations, published by Peter Lang.

At a superficial examination, English has different types of nominals with similar meaning and distribution: (1)a. John's performance ofthe song b. J ohn' s performing of the song c. John's performing the song d. the fact that John performs the song These nominals are also perceived by English speakers to be related to the same sentential construction: (2) John performs the song A more accurate inspection reveals, however, that the nominals in (1) differ both in their distribution and in the range of interpretations they allow. An adequate theory of nominalization should explicate rigorously how nominals of the types in (1) are related to sentential construction (2), and should also account for their distributional differences and meaning differences. The task of this book is to develop such a theory. I defend two main theses. The first is that, in order to provide an adequate semantics for the nominals in (1), one needs to distinguish among three types of entities in the domain of discourse (in addition to the type of ordinary individuals): events, propositions, and states xiii XIV PREFACE of affairs. I argue that the nominals in (1) differ in their ability to denote entities of these types and that predicates differ in their ability to select for them.