*1 This is the first introductory textbook for advanced students to provide a comprehensive overview of theoretical topics in lexical semantics *2 Semantics modules are widely taught and often required for English Language and Linguistics courses. Written at an accessible level for students, the textbook offers a practical introduction to lexical semantics including reflection questions, summaries, further reading, and practice exercises. *3 Structured clearly according to lexical category, this textbook enables students to develop a firm grasp on lexical semantics, think critically, and to solve problems using theoretical tools as well as serving as a platform for student and professional research

The book contributes to a fuller description and a uniformed analysis of Mandarin cleft constructions. The book provides the first Mandarin empirical data towards some heated theoretical debates. The book yields a good combination of theoretical formal semantics, semantic-pragmatic interface studies, corpus analyses, and the newly emerging experimental semantics. Typologically speaking, Mandarin shi...(de) presents some characteristics of the that are rarely found with its counterparts in other languages.

* Features/Benefits o Uniquely provides a clear, accessible, introduction to a range of aspects of theoretical and applied metaphor studies - metaphor variability, processing, use, multimodality, and creativity - across languages (including non-Western languages), communicative settings, and modes of expression. It thus enables understanding of the main issues, terminology, and big picture relating to metaphor. o Presents diverse studies that employ a variety of empirical methods, from neuroimaging to corpus analysis to behavioral experimentation to computational modelling. o Offers a rich array of pedagogical material in every chapter and points to future directions for metaphor research. * Demand/Audience o Meets the demand for a comprehensive, introductory work in metaphor, which has had an explosion of interest and output in the research literature, conferences, and taught courses. o Students/instructor and researchers of linguistics, communication, anthropology, cognitive science, discourse analysis, and more interested in learning/teaching more about metaphor, figurative language, and cognitive linguistics will benefit from this synthesis, which will enable them to read more specifically oriented books in this area (of which there are many). * Competition o No extant book directly competes with the proposed book. Other books about metaphor are highly specialized, narrowly focused monographs on metaphor in specific domains, and are inaccessible/inappropriate for student/course or introductory use to the broad subject of metaphor. This synthetic, zoomed-out book fills that gap by pulling together a wide range of topics and offering an overview of current metaphor research.

This book shows that the semantic analysis of modal notions of possibility and necessity can be used to enhance our understanding of the interpretation of reports of belief or emotional state. It introduces intuitive notation and terminology to express ideas in modern theories of modal interpretation that are normally represented in complex logical formulas, effectively updates the 1960s-era link between possible worlds and the semantics of propositional attitude ascriptions, and reconciles two disparate views of the role of events in semantic interpretation, that of Donald Davidson and that of David Lewis. It reduces a host of variable behaviors of propositional attitude ascription to an intuitive and precise distinction between ascriptions that merely express a commitment to propositional content versus ones that attribute a mental state to the holder of the propositional attitude. This leads to an explanation of the nature and effects of the language disorder of fluent aphasia.

This collected volume presents radically new directions which are emerging in cognitive lexical semantics research. A number of papers re-ignite the polysemy vs. monosemy debate, and testify to the fact that polysemy is no longer simply taken for granted, but is currently a much more contested issue than it was in the 1980s and 1990s. Other papers offer fresh perspectives on the prototype structure of lexical categories, while generally accepted notions about the radial network structure of categories are questioned in papers on the development of word meaning in child language acquisition and in diachrony. Additional topics include the interaction of lexical and constructional meaning, and the relationship between word meanings and the contexts in which the words are encountered. This book is of interest to semanticists and cognitive linguists, as well as to scholars working in the broader field of cognitive science.

Modifiers and modification have been a major focus of inquiry for as long as the formal study of semantics has existed, and remain at the heart of major theoretical debates in the field. Modification offers comprehensive coverage of a wide range of topics, including vagueness and gradability, comparatives and degree constructions, the lexical semantics of adjectives and adverbs, crosscategorial regularities, and the relation between meaning and syntactic category. Morzycki guides the reader through the varied and sometimes mysterious phenomena surrounding modification and the ideas that have been proposed to account for them. Presenting disparate approaches in a consistent analytical framework, this accessibly written work, which includes an extensive glossary of technical terms, is essential reading for researchers and students of all levels in linguistics, the philosophy of language and psycholinguistics.

A volume in Critical Constructions: Studies on Education and Society Series Editor: Curry Stephenson Malott, Queens College/CUNY Students in public schools serving poor and working-class students are inundated by the effects of high-stakes examinations. Teachers are demoralized and students suffer substandard curricular and pedagogical experiences. These effects are articulated by students and teachers in the high school that provided the setting for the critical ethnography on which this text is based. Teachers resent being judged on the basis of students' performance on standardized assessments. They are deprofessionalized as their roles are oriented toward working-class norms. Students feel alienated by content that is meaningless and test-based pedagogies that are disempowering. While these findings are disturbing, critical theory provides a foundation for seeking hope. By incorporating inquiry and dialogue, this theoretical framework opens a space where resistance can be revealed and examined. In this case, the study exposed glimmers of resistance, spaces in the structure of schooling where students and teachers critique the system and suggest ways of subverting the negative effects of the neoliberal reforms through dialogic, empowering, culturally responsive pedagogies. Collective resistance, achieved through dialogic pedagogies that build on understandings of resistance and power, can cultivate theoretical and material spaces where a cycle of praxis can enhance possibilities for social justice. To that end, the conclusion is devoted to the implementation of critical, dialogic approaches to literacies, approaches intended to interrupt the hegemonic influences that perpetuate social reproduction by capitalizing on the potential for solidarity and collective agency among the students and teachers who populate and educate the working classes. This book would interest teacher educators, teachers, and school administrators.

This book is a collection of studies applying game-theoretical concepts and ideas to analysing the semantics of natural language and some formal languages. The bulk of the book consists of several papers by Hintikka, Carlson and Saarinen and discusses several of the central problems of the semantics of natural language.

The topics covered are the semantics of natural language quantifiers, conditionals, pronouns and anaphora more generally. Hintikkaa (TM)s famous essay presenting examples of a ~branching quantifier structuresa (TM) in English, as well as one formulating his a ~any-every thesisa (TM), are included. The book also includes Hintikkaa (TM)s closely argued philosophical discussion of the relationships between the new semantical games with the language games of Wittgenstein. Other papers apply the game-theoretical approach to formal languages including tense logics and tense anaphora (Saarinen), deontic logic and Rossa (TM) paradox (Hintikka), and usual predicate logic (Rantala). The latter amounts to an explication of the a ~impossible possiblea (TM) worlds as is shown in Hintikkaa (TM)s concluding paper.

Les genres discursifs, penses comme outil theorique necessaire pour faciliter la production et la reception des textes, evoluent dans le temps, mais egalement dans l'espace. Chaque aire linguistique et culturelle possede des specificites generiques qui se manifestent dans la realisation des discours mediatiques. En raison de la digitalisation grandissante, les discours mediatiques sont de plus en plus diffuses et consommes sous leur forme numerique, ce qui implique une reconfiguration des pratiques de production et de reception. Le present ouvrage se propose d'examiner les enjeux interculturels de ces discours mediatiques. Les textes reunis dans cet ouvrage font ressortir les contrastes entre le francais et l'allemand, mais egalement entre le francais et d'autres langues.

The papers compiled in the present volume reflect the key theme of the most recent Duo Colloquium sessions – contextuality. The psychological notion of context has been central to translation research for decades, and it has evolved along with the development of translational thought, translation types and tools. The theme of contextuality can be understood at any level, from the geopolitical to the textual, and embraced by both academic and professional considerations of translational and interpreting phenomena. It is centred on context, contexts and/or decontextualisation in translation and interpreting theory and practice from a variety of disciplinary, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary perspectives. Discussing the above-mentioned notions is the subject of the present volume.

No legacy from antiquity to the Latin Middle Ages was more pervasive, or more enduring, than that of grammar and rhetoric. Cicero's son would have felt at home in a Tudor schoolroom, and the classical curriculum is readily recognizable in that of the Tudor schoolroom. And yet, grammatical and rhetorical theory and practice did change during those 1500 years, in ways that continue to demand, and richly reward, investigation. The twelve essays in this book contribute to the rapidly growing body of knowledge about the teaching and uses of grammar and rhetoric in the Latin West from late antiquity to the dawn of a new era in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Since grammar and rhetoric dominated (indeed, almost monopolized) schooling from Cicero's Rome until the twelfth-century revival of Roman law and the rise of universities, clearly a collection of essay examining aspects of these two subjects will, by definition, enrich the larger history of education as well.This transitional period of profound cultural change throughout the former Roman Empire-including the spread of Christianity, the decline of public schools, and the influx of non-Latin-speaking peoples-rewards a diachronic focus on delimited, sharply focused topics. Each author considers such questions as: How did medieval teachers and writers interpret or "repurpose" grammatical and rhetorical texts they inherited from antiquity? What innovations, what new attitudes, did they bring to the task of teaching these two foundational subjects? The book should appeal to students and teachers of classics and late antiquity, rhetoric, the history of education, monasticism, and medieval studies in general.

This book showcases fresh research into the underexplored territory of complementation through a detailed analysis of gerunds and 'to' infinitives involving control in English. Drawing on large electronic corpora of recent English, it examines subject control in adjectival predicate constructions with 'scared', 'terrified' and 'afraid', moving on to a study of object control with the verbal predicate 'warn'. In each chapter a case study is presented of a matrix adjective that selects both infinitival and gerundial complements, and a central theme is the application of the Choice Principle as a novel factor bearing on complement selection. The authors argue that it is helpful to view the patterns in question as constructions, as combinations of form and meaning, within the system of English predicate complementation, and convincingly demonstrate how a new gerundial pattern has emerged and spread in the course of the last two centuries. This book will appeal to scholars of semantics, corpus linguistics, and historical linguistics as well as those with an interest in variation and change in recent English more generally.

This book attempts to marry truth-conditional semantics with cognitive linguistics in the church of computational neuroscience. To this end, it examines the truth-conditional meanings of coordinators, quantifiers, and collective predicates as neurophysiological phenomena that are amenable to a neurocomputational analysis. Drawing inspiration from work on visual processing, and especially the simple/complex cell distinction in early vision (V1), we claim that a similar two-layer architecture is sufficient to learn the truth-conditional meanings of the logical coordinators and logical quantifiers.
As a prerequisite, much discussion is given over to what a neurologically plausible representation of the meanings of these items would look like. We eventually settle on a representation in terms of correlation, so that, for instance, the semantic input to the universal operators (e.g. and, all)is represented as maximally correlated, while the semantic input to the universal negative operators (e.g. nor, no)is represented as maximally anticorrelated. On the basis this representation, the hypothesis can be offered that the function of the logical operators is to extract an invariant feature from natural situations, that of degree of correlation between parts of the situation. This result sets up an elegant formal analogy to recent models of visual processing, which argue that the function of early vision is to reduce the redundancy inherent in natural images.
Computational simulations are designed in which the logical operators are learned by associating their phonological form with some degree of correlation in the inputs, so that the overall function of the system is as a simple kindof pattern recognition. Several learning rules are assayed, especially those of the Hebbian sort, which are the ones with the most neurological support. Learning vector quantization (LVQ) is shown to be a perspicuous and efficient means of learning the patterns that are of interest. We draw a formal parallelism between the initial, competitive layer of LVQ and the simple cell layer in V1, and between the final, linear layer of LVQ and the complex cell layer in V1, in that the initial layers are both selective, while the final layers both generalize.
It is also shown how the representations argued for can be used to draw the traditionally-recognized inferences arising from coordination and quantification, and why the inference of subalternacy breaks down for collective predicates.
Finally, the analogies between early vision and the logical operators allow us to advance the claim of cognitive linguistics that language is not processed by proprietary algorithms, but rather by algorithms that are general to the entire brain. Thus in the debate between objectivist and experiential metaphysics, this book falls squarely into the camp of the latter. Yet it does so by means of a rigorous formal, mathematical, and neurological exposition - in contradiction of the experiential claim that formal analysis has no place in the understanding of cognition. To make our own counter-claim as explicit as possible, we present a sketch of the LVQ structure in terms of mereotopology, in which the initial layer of the network performs topological operations, while the final layer performs mereological operations.
The book is meant to be self-contained, in the sense that it does not assume any priorknowledge of any of the many areas that are touched upon. It therefore contains mini-summaries of biological visual processing, especially the retinocortical and ventral /what?/ parvocellular pathways; computational models of neural signaling, and in particular the reduction of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations to the connectionist and integrate-and-fire neurons; Hebbian learning rules and the elaboration of learning vector quantization; the linguistic pathway in the left hemisphere; memory and the hippocampus; truth-conditional vs. image-schematic semantics; objectivist vs. experiential metaphysics; and mereotopology. All of the simulations are implemented in MATLAB, and the code is available from the book's website.
-The discovery of several algorithmic similarities between visison and semantics.
-The support of all of this by means of simulations, and the packaging of all of this in a coherent theoretical framework.

This volume focuses on the connection between participation constellations and identity construction as a specific, yet under-researched problem of text and media linguistics. It assembles empirical analyses of a wide range of corpora, ranging from naturally occurring talk-in-interaction over TV series and social media discourse to the linguistic landscapes of Namibia. In addition to insights into dynamic participation and identity constellations in the respective corpora, the articles develop new theoretical concepts and categories. This volume is of interest to advanced students and scholars in linguistics, media studies and sociology alike.

Recent decades of studies have been human-centred while zooming in on cognition, verbal choices and performance. (...) [and] have provided interesting results, but which often veer towards quantity rather than quality findings. The new reality, however, requires new directions that move towards a humanism that is rooted in holism, stressing that a living organism needs to refocus in order to see the self as a part of a vast ecosystem. Dr Izabela Dixon, Koszalin University of Technology, Poland This volume is a collection of eight chapters by different authors focusing on ecolinguistics. It is preceded by a preface (..) underlin[ing] the presence of ecolinguistics as a newly-born linguistic theory and practice, something that explains the mosaic of content and method in the various chapters, with a more coherent approach being the aim for future research. Prof. Harald Ulland, Bergen University, Norway

Language Use offers a philosophical examination of the basic conceptual framework of pragmatic theory, and contrasts this framework with detailed descriptions of our everyday practices of language use. While the results should be highly relevant to pragmatics, the investigation is not a contribution to pragmatic theory. Drawing on Ludwig Wittgenstein's approach to philosophical problems, Language Use brings out the relevance of Wittgenstein's methods to fundamental problems in central pragmatic fields of research such as deixis, implicatures, speech acts and presuppositions.

i) It is the first monograph concentrating on the study of semantic rhetoric, especially that in Mandarin Chinese. The Chinese semantic rhetoric examples may provide a channel to touch Chinese culture and thinking. ii) Published in 2019, the Chinese version sold about 800 copies. iii) This book has important theoretical reference value for the study of semantic rhetoric, can provide practical guidance for language teaching, especially for the teaching of rhetorical discourse, and is suitable for college and graduate students, foreign language teachers and related social workers who are interested in language and language studies.

This work links the role of civic discourse and communication to civil society, both domestically and globally. It covers: intercultural, multicultural and global communication theories; cultural diversity - ethnicity, race and gender; and comparative studies of culture and communication.

In this book, Amos Kiewe explores the story of the 1824 Presidential election, when the House of Representatives elected the president after no candidate won outright the majority of the Electoral College. Though most in the nation assumed that Andrew Jackson, who won the popular vote and the plurality of the Electoral College, would be elected the presidency by the House, Kiewe demonstrates how maneuvering, vote trading, and special favors dictated a different outcome. Through inspecting speeches, statements, private letters, and published accounts, Kiewe simultaneously intersects rhetoric, history, and politics as variables that help to tell the story of the 1824 presidential election. Scholars of communication, political science, and history will find this book of particular interest.

Conti examines presidential rhetoric on trade, providing a detailed analysis of presidential trade arguments and strategies throughout American history. She then concentrates on the rhetoric of contemporary presidents, who have had to contend with both the burgeoning trade deficit and the displacement of military competitiveness with post-cold war economic competitiveness. Despite vast disparities in governing philosophies and strategies, Presidents Reagan, Bush, and Clinton all preached the virtues of free trade while continuing a policy of select protectionist actions. As Conti suggests, the arcane details of trade policy, the continuing pervasiveness of nontariff barriers, and the impending negotiation of international trade agreements combine to make presidential leadership on economic issues critical. How effective that leadership can be is, in large part, dependent upon the effectiveness of presidential rhetoric. Students, scholars, and researchers in the field of speech communication and rhetoric, political communication, public affairs, and the presidency will find this a stimulating survey.