In 2008, the economic relationship between the United States and China almost collapsed due to a crisis at two American mortgage corporations, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. This book explains how that crisis came about, and analyzes the consequences and implications.

The definitive survey of the countries and territories of Western Europe, comprising expert analysis and commentary, up-to-date economic and socio-political data and extensive directory information. General Survey Essays by leading experts on the area cover issues of regional importance. Country Surveys Individual chapters on each country, comprising: an introductory survey, containing essays on the geography, history and economy of each country, including a chronology and map. an extensive statistical survey of economic and demographic indicators, including area and population, health and welfare, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, industry, finance, trade, transport, tourism, communications media and education. a comprehensive directory of names and contact details covering the most significant political and commercial institutions. Regional Information a directory of research institutes specializing in the region bibliographies of books and periodicals covering the region.

The LGBT+ community has experienced a stunning development in a short period of time: yesterday marginalized, stigmatized, and criminalized, now champions of creativity, diversity and innovation in a highly competitive world. In addition, corporate social responsibility and ethical demands for inclusivity have become economic directives that every organization would like to attain. The struggle of recognition is not over yet, but in workplaces and markets, gay, lesbian, transgender, bisexual and queer individuals have become symbols of diversity and economic power - true GaYme Changers developing the global economy faster and for the better. Illustrated by fascinating stories around individuals, companies, nonprofits and a fast-growing cohort of organizations, Jens Schadendorf has traced the LGBT+ community and an increasing number of their allies from across the globe to discover the start of a revolution. Supported by up-to-date research, he shows that investment in LGBT+ inclusion delivers a powerful return. Always - even in times of hostility, resistance and crisis - it is economically and ethically beneficial for companies and societies and every human being, to let LGBT+ members develop into dynamic forces, rooted in new forms of cooperation and learning for ga(y)me changing results.

Global Control aims to achieve a clearer understanding of the long process of globalization by focusing on the crucial role of information and control technologies. Information systems and control technologies are key to globalization and, while generally facilitating the overall trend to spatial reorganization, they also effect change through the pervasive influence of 'internal systems logic'. Thus, the author argues, the dominant institutions of states, firms and markets transform global development and are themselves transformed by key information technologies. More specifically the book identifies the key phases of modern globalization and analyses the crucial role played by different information technologies at each point in time. Peter McMahon uses theory in political economy with writing on technological developments, and also combines cutting edge theory with historical evidence which provides a new explanation of the last two and a half centuries of global development. This unique book will be of great interest to academics and researchers of political economy, globalization, innovation and science as well as international business scholars.

A close analysis of the framework of existing governance and the existing jurisdictional arrangements for shipping and ports reveals that while policy-making is characterized by national considerations through flags, institutional representation at all jurisdictions and the inviolability of the state, the commercial, financial, legal and operational environment of the sector is almost wholly global. This governance mismatch means that in practice the maritime industry can avoid policies which it dislikes by trading nations off against one another, while enjoying the freedoms and benefits of a globalized economy. A Post-modern interpretation of this globalized society prompts suggestions for change in maritime policy-making so that the governance of the sector better matches more closely the environment in which shipping and ports operate. Maritime Governance and Policy-Making is a controversial commentary on the record of policy-making in the maritime sector and assesses whether the reason for continued policy failure rests with the inadequate governance of the sector. Maritime Governance and Policy-Making addresses fundamental questions of governance, jurisdiction and policy and applies them to the maritime sector. This makes it of much more interest to a much wider audience - including students, researchers, government officials, and those with industrial and commercial interests in the shipping and ports areas - and also of more value as it places the specific maritime issues into their wider context. Maritime Governance and Policy-Making addresses fundamental questions of governance, jurisdiction and policy and applies them to the maritime sector. This makes it of much more interest to a much wider audience - including students, researchers, government officials, and those with industrial and commercial interests in the shipping and ports areas - and also of more value as it places the specific maritime issues into their wider context.

This volume contains 21 selected essays by Professor Sir Hans Singer written over the last two decades. The volume addresses:- development economics in historical perspective and considers where it stands today the early pioneers of 'development' thinking including Smith and Keynes growth, industrialization and trade current questions of the terms of trade debate and import substitution North-South and South-South linkages foreign aid The author gives grateful thanks to Matthew Morris and Hans Ulrich Esslinger for their contributions to this book.

This book addresses the issues facing small countries in an integrated, globalized world. The contributors acknowledge that the new global system does not represent twilight for small countries, and demonstrate that small countries may even gain sovereignty in areas previously closed to them.

Khan presents a new theory of financial crises in the age of globalization from an evolutionary perspective and suggests policies that may be necessary for averting or managing new financial crises. Starting with the Asian financial crises, he identifies new types of financial crises that result from a combination of liberalization, weak domestic institutions for economic governance and a chaotic global market system without global governance institutions. Suggested solutions involve building new institutions for global and domestic governance and domestic and international policy reforms.

Paul J.J. Welfens and Holger C. Wolf While the economies of Asia and, more recently, South as well as North America have enjoyed sustained high growth, the growth performance of western Europe and in particular continental Europe has been rather modest. Coupled with sizable improvements in labor productivity and - at best - steady capital productivity, growth proved insufficient to sustain employment levels, much less to replicate the US job creation success. Relative inflation performance has been much better: in the run-up to European Monetary Union inflation rates have dramatically converged towards the lower end of the distribution while risk premia on formerly high inflation economies have fallen. Yet, looking forward, the undoubted success in achieving price stability is mitigated by the lackluster growth -and in particular employment -performance. Indeed, the relative little attention paid to initiatives directed at raising economic growth is startling, not only in the light of the US policy record but also in light of the remarkable rebound of those European economies which have aggressively tackled the structural problems, most prominently the UK and Ireland.

Paperback. Up-to-date surveys of all major research areas in international trade and international finance are presented in this volume. The chapters have a high standard of exposition, delivering ideas at the forefront of the field in a clear readable fashion. The volume has a good overall balance of theoretical and empirical coverage.The trade side of the volume surveys theoretical work on trade based on scale economics and imperfect competition, the relationship between trade and technological progress, strategic trade policy, the political economy of trade policy, and the rules and institutions of international trade, as well as empirical work on trade patterns, trade policies, and regional integration. The finance side covers topics such as exchange rates, purchasing power parity, the current account, the international transmission of business cycles, foreign ending, international capital markets, target zones and speculative attacks on fixed exc

Ever since the 2007-8 global financial crisis and its aftermath, Hyman Minsky's theory has never been more relevant. Throughout his career, Jan Kregel has called attention to Minsky's contributions to understanding the evolution of financial systems, the development of financial fragility and instability, and designing the financial structure necessary to support the capital development of the economy. Building on Minsky, Kregel developed a framework to analyze how different financial structures develop financial fragility over time. Rather than characterizing financial systems as market-based or bank-based, Kregel argued that it is necessary to distinguish between the risks that are carried on the balance sheets of banks and other financial institutions. This volume, brought together by Felipe C. Rezende, highlights these major contributions from Kregel through a collection of his influential papers from various journals and conferences. Kregel's approach provides a strong theoretical background to understand the making and unfolding of the crisis and helps us to draw policy implications to improve financial stability, and suggest an alternative financial structure for a market economy. In this book, his knowledge is consolidated and the ideas he puts forward offer a path for future developments in economics which will be of great interest to those studying and researching in the fields of economics and finance.

This timely book points the way towards a new positive regulatory framework for international investment following the failure of the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI). It examines the flaws in free-market strategies underpinning the recent phase of globalization, in particular drawing out the lessons from the MAI, which was suspended in October 1998. The authors explore an alternative based on a positive regulatory framework for international business aimed at maximizing the positive contribution to development of foreign investment and minimizing its negative social and environmental impacts. The contributors include academics, researchers for non-governmental organizations, and business and trade-union representatives, writing from a combination of economic, legal and political perspectives. The book combines academic analysis with grass-roots and practical experience, and suggests concrete policy proposals.

The world economy is at a cross road: it can either widen and deepen international integration, within and between different areas, or be tempted by neo-protectionism. Which road should the international economy take? Which way will it take? The need to reform the present international monetary system has been almost continuously discussed since the collapse of the Bretton Woods System in August 1971, and even earlier, and it has found renewed interest since the Mexican financial crisis in early 1995. Despite the successful completion of the Uruguay Round in December 1993, many international trade problems remain: many sectors were not included in the agreement, antidumping action and safeguards are still possible, and many trade problems of developing and former communist countries have not been fully addressed. This book analyses this situation by first focusing on the problem of international financial stability and the relationship between national economic policies. It then focuses on the European monetary union within the context of the international monetary system. Finally, the development of international trade is examined within an endogenous growth framework.

Addressing an under-studied aspect of U.S. foreign policy towards sub-Saharan Africa, Hendrickson provides a critical historical analysis of institutions designed to promote private investment in the region. She draws attention to the interaction between strategic factors, domestic interests, and the ideas used to achieve consensus on policy.

Is there a link between the collapse of the Soviet Union, the radical reforms in China and Vietnam, and the current crisis in East Asia? The author of this book argues that the common factor in each is the crisis of state controlled economies, besieged by the developing forces of globalization. His work examines the collapse of the Soviet Union not as the 'end of history', or the beginning of a 'new world order', but as an illustration of processes that are taking place the world over. The author concludes that it was globalization that brought down the communist system. Globalization continues to threaten state controlled economies from the remaining socialist state to the NICs of East Asia.

"Carl's perspective is truly unique and insightful in understanding the global economy and the geopolitical situation today, which is why this book is so helpful and timely."
- Steve Forbes

Will America remain the world's preeminent power?

Could emerging market countries like China challenge our leadership?

Can America avoid the low growth, high debt fate of Japan and Europe?

Learn how America can stay a dynamic global leader by following a pro-growth economic agenda, rebalancing eight key relationships, growing with emerging markets, pursuing a realistic China policy, and executing a forward-leaning trade policy as well as a conservative foreign policy.

This book is a blueprint for America to remain the strongest and the most prosperous, independent, respected, and influential nation in the world. We just need to follow it to build both a new American century.

This collection of essays is concerned with three major and debated topics in international economics, namely interdependence between countries, real and financial integration, and the conflicting relations between industrialized (North) and developing countries (South). The first section deals with the international policy coordination problem and the economic growth of open economics. In the second section new foundations for commercial policy and the problems of economic integration, real and monetary, are discussed. The final section includes an analysis of North-South relations and the price of instability of primary commodities.

The global financial and economic crisis has brought about many effects that are still difficult to interpret univocally. This book studies the consequences of the crisis on Europe by examining the effects on the European institutional setup, governance and architecture and by studying in detail the different member countries.

This volume discusses the effects of globalization on changing power relationships between transnational corporations - TNCs - and transnational capital, the state, and subnational groups. TNCs have expanded their power with the deepening of market relations, but they are not causing the state to wither away. Indeed, neoliberal changes often occur with the permission or even encouragement of powerful states. Transnational capital has weakened labour groups in order to make production more competitive, but the disadvantaged groups may mobilize to counter the power of transnational capital. Finally, globalization is subjecting domestic policies to increased international scrutiny.

The Future BRICS provides in depth quantitative and qualitative questions and answers about the future of the BRICS Forum as a synergistic economic alliance and is a valuable resource for anyone interested in the ongoing international debate about the economic future and sustainability of the emerging markets in general.

FTAs are proliferating in East Asia. This proliferation will become a foundation for the region's economic integration on the one hand, but will also lead to the "spaghetti (or noodle) ball syndrome," due to a mixture of different rules such as rules of origin. In addition, the need for many procedures and documents, as well as custom clearance at borders for road transportation, consumes great time and costs, leading to high transportation costs. There are many issues to address in order to attain further economic integration. This book explores the current state and direction of economic integration in East Asia and examines how economic integration can allow each economy to benefit equally.

This work argues that Russia's postreform crisis can be alleviated. The country has the market, the abundant natural resources and the human skills that foreign investors seek. What it needs is policies that enhance and streamline FDI inflows. Policymakers can learn from the other large emerging markets like China, India, and Mexico, where FDI has revitalized the economy. This book also informs corporate executives about the advantages, over exports, of becoming insiders in a large emerging market through a local operation. The strategic concepts can also be applied by policymakers in other countries interested in attracting foreign investors.