Globally, the methodologies of legal education have not changed in any fundamental way, some methods dating back hundreds of years. Law schools have relied, for too long, on passive learning methods such as lectures or cases. Clinical legal education provides an alternative that is more than just another pedagogical method. It provides a way for students to experience their emerging professional selves, while providing services or projects with poor and underrepresented clients. This book documents both the historical origins of clinical experiments in the earliest days of US university legal education, and the now-global reach of clinical pedagogy as a proven tool for effective training of legal professionals.

For centuries, most people believed the criminal justice system worked - that only guilty defendants were convicted. DNA technology shattered that belief. DNA has now freed more than three hundred innocent prisoners in the United States. This book examines the lessons learned from twenty-five years of DNA exonerations and identifies lingering challenges. By studying the dataset of DNA exonerations, we know that precise factors lead to wrongful convictions. These include eyewitness misidentifications, false confessions, dishonest informants, poor defense lawyering, weak forensic evidence, and prosecutorial misconduct. In Part I, scholars discuss the efforts of the Innocence Movement over the past quarter century to expose the phenomenon of wrongful convictions and to implement lasting reforms. In Part II, another set of researchers looks ahead and evaluates what still needs to be done to realize the ideal of a more accurate system.

Law, by its very nature, tends to think locally, not globally. This book has a broader scope in terms of the range of nations and offers a succinct journey through law schools on different continents and subject matters. It covers education, research, impact and societal outreach, and governance. It illustrates that law schools throughout the world have much in common in terms of values, duties, challenges, ambitions and hopes. It provides insights into these aspirations, whilst presenting a thought-provoking discussion for a more global agenda on the future of law schools. Written from the perspective of a former dean, the book offers a unique understanding of the challenges facing legal education and research.

Rechtsvergleichung kann immer dort aussagekraftig sein, wo aufgrund der Entwicklung der modemen Gesellschaften Fragestellungen notwendiger- weise in allen entwickelten Rechtssystemen auftauchen. Fur die K ntroll- dichte bei der Uberprufung von Verwaltungsentscheidungen gilt dieses in besonderem MaBe. Wenn sich auch aus der verfassungsrechtlichen Lage und der besonderen Verwaltungstradition unterschiedliche Perspektiven erge- ben, so steht doch die Grundfrage der Aufteilung der Verantwortung zwi- schen Verwaltung und Verwaltungsgerichtsbarkeit in allen Rechtsordnun- gen stark im Vordergrund. Die vom Max-Planck-lnstitut fur auslandisches Offentliches Recht und Volkerrecht im Herbst 1990 durchgefUhrte Veranstaltung sollte zu einer Klarung der Fragestellungen vor allem durch Einbeziehung von auslandi- schen Experten fUhren, die die deutsche Rechtslage ausreichend ubersahen. Der gesamte Band wird daher in deutscher Sprache vorgelegt. Er enthalt zuniichst neun schriftliche Berichte uber ausgewahlte Lander und die Euro- paischen Gemeinschaften, die die Grundlage fUr das Kolloquium schaffen sollten. 1m AnschluB hieran sind die drei vergleichenden, auf der Grundlage der schriftlichen Berichte erarbeiteten Referate, die auf dem Kolloquium mundlich prasentiert wurden, sowie die Diskussionsbeitrage der Teilnehmer abgedruckt. Das Erscheinen des Bandes hat sich bedauerlicherweise durch einige Umstande verzogert. Wir hoffen, daB der Inhalt gerade auch in der deutschen Verwaltungsrechtslehre und -praxis Beachtung finden wird. Heidelberg, im August 1992 JOCHEN ABR. FROWEIN Inhaltsverzeichnis Landesbericht Frankreich 1 CLEMENS LERCHE I. Vorbemerkung zum gerichtlichen Rechtsschutz gegen Verwaltungshandeln . 1 II. Allgemeiner Teil 3 1. Zugang zu den Gerichten 3 2. Beweislastverteilung und Tatsachenfeststellung .

"'What About Law?' succeeds where so many legal guidebooks fail ... [it] skilfully demystifies the law and ably proves its argument. The law is, indeed, all around us - and this book will whet your appetite to find out how and why." - Alex Wade, The Times (of the previous edition) Law is one of the few subjects that the school leaver, choosing a degree course, will have very little real understanding of. This book comes to the rescue by clearly setting out what a prospective law student can expect and why a student should choose to study law. This new edition is updated to reflect the reality of studying law today, highlighting changes due to Brexit and reforms to constitutional law. The book covers the compulsory subjects every law student has to study: contract, criminal, property and trusts law, and brings them up to date. With a clear core structure and approach it takes a case from each of these subjects to illustrate legal issues and methodology. The writing style is accessible and has the audience - novices to law - firmly in mind. What About Law? shows how the study of law can be fun, intellectually stimulating and challenging. It introduces prospective students to the legal system, legal reasoning, critical thinking and argument. Written by a team of experienced teachers, this book should be read by every student about to embark on the study of law.

1. Begriff der juristischen Logik 1. Wenn im folgenden von juristischer Logik und einigen ihrer Probleme die Rede sein soll, so bedarf es zunachst einer Angabe dessen, was im Zu- sammenhang dieser Untersuchungen unter Logik verstanden wird. Der Aus- druck Logik wird im Rahmen der Philosophie sowohl als auch innerhalb der Einzelwissenschaften in mehreren, oftmals erheblich voneinander abweichen- den Bedeutungen verwandt. Der Sprachgebrauch ist sogar derart schillernd, dass einer scharfen Definition, sofern sie sich an den ublichen Sprachgebrauch anschliessen soll, nicht unerhebliche Schwierigkeiten im Wege stehen, denn bekanntlich spricht man von materialer, formaler, transzendentaler, regio- naler, reiner, angewandter, theoretischer, praktischer, hermeneutischer, rea- ler, naturlicher, klassischer und moderner Logik, um nur einige der zahl- 1 reichen Wortverknupfungen herauszugreifen - Fur die hier anzustellenden UEberlegungen vereinfacht sich jedoch die Frage nach einer passenden Definition. Wahrend namlich die Ansichten daruber, was man etwa unter materialer oder transzendentaler Logik zu verstehen habe, weitgehend divergieren, gilt fur den Begriff der formalen Logik cum grano salis das Gegenteil.

The ability to undertake effective legal research is one of the basic skills required of a lawyer. Yet all too often students only acquire this skill by trial and error, failing to grasp the essentials of legal research at an early stage in their studies. This second edition not only describes the literature of law for England, Wales and the European Community, but also includes information and techniques on researching the law of Scotland and European human rights law. It also features information on the sources of law being created by the newly devolved legislatures in Scotland and Wales.;The book provides advice on using a law library and how to make effective use of catalogues and indexes. Its practical approach will help students undertake particular research problems, and it shows how to record and present the results of research in projects, dissertations and theses. The information is presented under standard headings, with diagrams and charts provided where possible to aid in the practical use of complex publications. The whole range of modern electronic sources is also explained.;The book is primarily intended for undergraduate law students, but should also be useful to students following vocational training courses and newly qualified solicitors who are occasionally faced with unfamiliar research problems.

In diesem zweibandigen Werk werden Arbeiten veroffentlicht, die zu sehr unterschiedlichen Zeiten an den verschiedensten Stellen publiziert wurden, und von denen die meisten heute nur unter Schwierigkeiten beschaffi: werden konnten. Der Autor folgt damit mehrfach geauBerten Empfehlungen. Gegliedert ist der Inhalt nicht nach den Erscheinungsdaten der einzelnen Arbeiten, sondem nach systematischen Gesichtspunkten. Dabei wurde ver- sucht, ein rechtsphilosophisches und ein strafrechtswissenschaftliches Grund- konzept erkennbar zu machen, allerdings ohne systematische Geschlossen- heit in Anspruch zu nehmen. Ein Quellenverzeichnis steht am SchluB jedes Bandes. Koln, im September 1981 Ulrich Klug InhaItsverzeichnis Materielles Strafrecht Grundlagenprobleme Rechtfertigung oder Abschaffung des Strafrechts? . 3 Die zentrale Bedeutung des Schutzgedankens fUr den Zweck der Strafe . 16 Abschied von Kant und Hegel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Der Handlungsbegriff des Finalismus a1s methodologisches Problem. . 155 Rechtsphilosophische und rechtspolitische Probleme des Sexualstrafrechts . 173 Sozialkongruenz und Sozialadaquanz im Strafrechtssystem . 194 Anarchistenterror gegen Strafrechtsreform. . . . . 211 Frobleme des Allgemeinen Teils Zum Begriff der Gesetzeskonkurrenz. . . . . . . 229 Die Verpflichtung des Rechtsstaats zur Verjahrungsverlangerung . 247 Frobleme des Besonderen Teils und des NebenstraJrechts Der neue Straftatbestand des Friedensverrates. . . . . . . . 259 Ungeschriebene Tatbestandsmerkmale beim Staatsgeheirnnisbegritf 268 Strafrechtliche Abwehr des Neo-Nationalsozialismus. . . . . . 282 Der Anwendungs- und Zumessungsbankrott bei der Bestrafung von Schwangerschaftsunterbrechungen - 5 DM fUr eine Abtreibung? . 291 Probleme der Strafzumessung bei Diebstahl, Einbruch und Raub. . 298 Psychologische Vereinfachungen und strafrechtiche Folgerungen bei der Auslegung der Bestechungstatbestande . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Der Eigentumsvorbehalt bei der Waren- und Wertpapierverschleuderung im Konkursstrafrecht . . . . . . . . 320 Aktuelle Probleme des Konkursstrafrechts . 327 Zur Strafbarkeit irrefUhrender Werbeangaben 337 Formelles Strafrecht Die Verletzung von Denkgesetzen als Revisionsgrund . 383 Beweisverbote im StrafprozeB . . .

Erst die elektronische Signatur wird dem E-Commerce zum Durchbruch verhelfen. Dieses Werk setzt sich mit den Akzeptanzproblemen auseinander, die beim Einsatz moderner Technologien fur die vertrauenswurdige elektronische Kommunikation entstehen. Rechtliche Fragen spielen hier eine wichtige Rolle, aber auch Moral und Kultur. Die Situation in diesen Bereichen wird im Buch diskutiert und daraus Handlungsempfehlungen fur den Verbraucher- und Datenschutz, die technische Ausgestaltung sowie den Umgang mit Risiken gegeben. Dies fuhrt zu einem visionaren Modell der Informationsgesellschaft.

Law, by its very nature, tends to think locally, not globally. This book has a broader scope in terms of the range of nations and offers a succinct journey through law schools on different continents and subject matters. It covers education, research, impact and societal outreach, and governance. It illustrates that law schools throughout the world have much in common in terms of values, duties, challenges, ambitions and hopes. It provides insights into these aspirations, whilst presenting a thought provoking discussion for a more global agenda on the future of law schools. Written from the perspective of a former dean, the book offers a unique understanding of the challenges facing legal education and research.

Teaching Law re-imagines law school teaching and scholarship by going beyond crises now besetting the legal academy and examining deeper and longer-lasting challenges. The book argues that the legal academy has long neglected the need to focus teaching and scholarship on the ideals of justice that law fitfully serves, the political origins of law, and the development of a respectful but critical relationship with the legal profession. It suggests reforms to improve the quality of legal education and responds to concerns that law schools eschew the study of justice, rendering students amoralist; that law schools slight the political sources of law, particularly in legislative action; and that law schools have ignored the profession entirely. These areas of neglect have impoverished legal teaching and scholarship as the academy is refashioned in response to current financial exigencies, and addressing them is long overdue.

Die Bereitstellung effizienter EDV-Systeme ist fur viele Grossunternehmen wie z.B. Automobilhersteller, Banken und Versicherungen zu einem wichtigen Erfolgsfaktor geworden. Informatik-Management umfasst alle in diesem Zusammenhang notwendigen operativen Aufgabengebiete wie Entwicklung und Wartung, Schulung und Beratung, Planung, Kontrolle und Stabsaufgaben sowie Betrieb von EDV-Systemen. Schwerpunkt des Buches ist die Darstellung der Management-Aspekte dieser Aufgabengebiete, gegliedert in Aufgaben und Ziele, Erfolgsfaktoren, Losungswege und deren Konstruktionsprinzipien, Aufbauorganisation und Methoden fur wirksames Controlling einschliesslich Kennzahlen. Als Randergebnisse werden Informatik-spezifische Arbeitsplatze und deren Anforderungsprofile dargestellt sowie offene Fragen fur die Wissenschaft und fur Hersteller von Informatik-Produkten aufgezeigt."

Teaching Law re-imagines law school teaching and scholarship by going beyond crises now besetting the legal academy and examining deeper and longer-lasting challenges. The book argues that the legal academy has long neglected the need to focus teaching and scholarship on the ideals of justice that law fitfully serves, the political origins of law, and the development of a respectful but critical relationship with the legal profession. It suggests reforms to improve the quality of legal education and responds to concerns that law schools eschew the study of justice, rendering students amoralist; that law schools slight the political sources of law, particularly in legislative action; and that law schools have ignored the profession entirely. These areas of neglect have impoverished legal teaching and scholarship as the academy is refashioned in response to current financial exigencies, and addressing them is long overdue.

Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft sind Partner der Innovation. Niemand kann sich heute der Einsicht verschlieBen, daB die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Wissenschaft und Wirt- schaft zunehmend an Bedeutung gewinnen muB und daB Beriihrungsangste, wie sie zeitweilig das Verhaltnis beider Bereiche beeintrachtigten, von der Tagesordnung ab- gesetzt sind. Der Bedarf nach intensivem Wissenschaftstransfer wachst standig. Die Griinde da- fUr liegen vor allem in der immer starkeren Ausdifferenzierung von Produkten und Dienstleistungen, in der Produktions- und Vertriebstechnik, den zunehmenden okolo- gischen Anforderungen und - dadurch bedingt - in den immer komplizierter werden- den Rahmenbedingungen fUr die Gewinnung neuer Erkenntnisse und deren Verwer- tung. Obwohl eine Hille von Veroffentlichungen zum Thema vorliegt, fehlte es bisher an einer systematischen Abhandlung in Form eines Kompendiums, das nicht nur die Pro- blematik umfassend darstellt, sondern praktische Entscheidungshilfen und Handrei- chung en liefert. Diese Lticke will das vorliegende "Handbuch des Wissenschaftstransfers" schlie- Ben. Dem Herausgeber, Dr. Hermann Josef Schuster, der tiber 20 Jahre lang in leiten- den Positionen Erfahrungen mit der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Wirtschaft und Wis- senschaft sammeln konnte, gelang es, fUr dieses wichtige Unternehmen mehr als 50 namhafte Experten aus Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft und Verwaltung zu gewinnen. So ent- stand ein umfassendes Werk, das die Bedingungen, Moglichkeiten und Grenzen fUr eine fruchtbare Zusammenarbeit zwischen Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft aufzeigt.

Das Sozialversicherungsrecht ist durch eine beispiellose Vielzahl und Vielfalt untergesetzlicher Regelwerke gepragt. Die Untersuchung bietet eine weit ausgreifende Bestandsaufnahme und erstmals eine systematische Ordnung der untergesetzlichen Rechtsquellen des Rechts der gesetzlichen Kranken-, Renten- und Unfallversicherung, der sozialen Pflegeversicherung sowie der Arbeitslosenversicherung und Arbeitsfoerderung. Ausgehend von den Prinzipien der Demokratie und der Autonomie entwickelt der Verfasser zudem ein Konzept der Legitimation, das eine kritische UEberprufung der ermittelten normativen Phanomene ermoeglicht. Bei dieser UEberprufung erweisen sich insbesondere Regelungsmechanismen der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung als verfassungsrechtlich inakzeptabel. Die Kritik mundet in rechtspolitische Anregungen zur Loesung der diagnostizierten Legitimationsprobleme.

Thinking of becoming a lawyer? Attending law school in Canada? Finally-it's here-the guidebook you've been waiting for. Every year, an estimated 10,000-15,000 people apply to 16 Canadian law schools, vying for just over 2000 coveted spots. The competition is even fiercer when applying for a job as an articling student. Adam Letourneau, B.Sc., B.A., LL.B., a graduate of the University of Alberta Faculty of Law, and former Editor-in-Chief of the Alberta Law Review, reveals many insider tips on how to gain admittance to law school, how to cope and succeed in law school, and most importantly, how to land a coveted job post-graduation. Drawing upon personal experience and the experiences of numerous other Canadian law students, Letourneau shares general insights on the LSAT, applying for law school, study strategies, summer jobs, the articling application process and much more, along with plenty of context-specific information for the Canadian law student. Because the Canadian law school experience is unique, this book is the only full source of relevant information available to prospective and current Canadian law students. Letourneau will save you hours of research, hours of study and tons of stress. Recommended to all students interested in law school, all students applying to law school and to students in all three years of law school. For more information on this book, and for a variety of Canadian law school resources, go to www.canadalawstudent.ca.

In this groundbreaking book, Randall Kiser presents a multi-disciplinary, practice-based introduction to the major soft skills for lawyers: self-awareness, self-development, social proficiency, wisdom, leadership, and professionalism. The work serves as both a map and a vehicle for developing the skills essential to self-knowledge and fulfillment, organizational respect and accomplishment, client satisfaction and appreciation, and professional improvement and distinction. It identifies the most important soft skills for attorneys, describes and applies hundreds of studies regarding psychology, law, and soft skills, and provides concrete steps and methods to improve soft skills. The book should be read by law students, attorneys, and anyone else interested in how lawyers should practice law.

It has long been recognized that court trials in the common law system, both criminal and civil, operate around pairs of competing narratives told by opposing advocates. In recent years, however, it has increasingly been argued that narrative flows in many directions and through every form of legal theory and practice. Interest in the part played by metaphor in the law, including metaphors for the law, and for many standard concepts in legal practice, has also been strong, though research under the metaphor banner has been much more fragmentary. In this book, for the first time, a distinguished group of legal scholars, collaborating with specialists from cognitive theory, journalism, rhetoric, social psychology, criminology, and legal activism, explore how narrative and metaphor are both vital to the legal process. Together, they examine topics including concepts of law, legal persuasion, human rights law, gender in the law, innovations in legal thinking, legal activism, creative work around the law, and public debate around crime and punishment.

This collection of essays is a unique contribution to understanding the issues confronting law schools in Central and Eastern Europe and countries of the former Soviet Union as they seek to ensure that their programs meet the needs of 21st century lawyers. The book is unusual in two ways. First, most of the authors are faculty members at universities in the region. Despite a plethora of initiatives to reform legal education in Central and Eastern Europe and countries of the former Soviet Union, there has been little literature on the topic coming from the region itself. Second, the essays address structural issues as well as pedagogical ones (e.g., the disincentives for academics to invest time in developing new teaching methodologies and the problems posed by rigid government standards for higher education). It is particularly useful to have these essays collected in one book, so that readers can see both problems and some suggested solutions in a cross-cultural context.

Lawyers know that client counseling can be the most challenging part of legal practice. Clients question and often resist the complexities and uncertainties inherent in law and legal process. Honest advice from the lawyer can make a client doubt his or her allegiance and zeal. Client backlash may be directed at the lawyer who communicates bad news. Thus, the lawyer may feel torn between the obligation to clearly inform a client about weaknesses in legal positions and fear of damaging the client relationship. Too often, the lawyer struggles to counsel a particularly difficult client, but to no avail.
Client Science is written to provide insight and advice to lawyers on how to more effectively communicate with their clients with regard to legal realities and difficult decisions. It will help lawyers with the always-difficult task of delivering "bad news," which will result in better-informed and thus more satisfied clients. The book explains applicable social science research and insights and translates them into plain language relevant to legal practice and client counseling. Marjorie Corman Aaron offers specific suggestions related to a lawyer's ordering, timing, phrasing, and type of explanation, as well as style adjustments for the lawyer's voice, gesture, and body position, all to impact client counseling and to improve the lawyer-client relationship.

Die ewige Frage des Verhaltnisses von Sein und Sollen, von Norm und Wirklichkeit bei der Rechtsinhaltsbetrachtung, wird von einem Kreis von Freunden und Schulern Gunther Winklers anhand ausgewahlter Fragen des Verfassungsrechts und des Wirtschaftsrechts exemplarisch vertieft. Im Rahmen der verfassungsrechtlichen Untersuchung stehen naturgemass Grundrechtsfragen im Vordergrund; die neuere Judikatur des Verfassungsgerichtshofes gibt sowohl Anlass zu prazisierenden als auch zu kritischen UEberlegungen. Im Rahmen der wirtschaftsrechtlichen Untersuchungen drangt sich das Anschauungsmaterial geradezu auf, es gibt in gleicher Weise zu grundsatzlichen Abhandlungen und zur Eroerterung spezieller Themen - vom Gewerberecht uber das Recht der Wirtschaftstreuhander bis zum Apothekenrecht - Anlass. Eine Abhandlung uber burgerfreundliche Verwaltungsfuhrung und eine spieltheoretische Betrachtung von Rechtssetzung und Rechtsvollzug runden den Band ab.

There is no book of political strategy more canonical than Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince, but few ethicists would advise policymakers to treat it as a bible. The lofty ideals of the law, especially, seem distant from the values that the word "Machiavellian" connotes, and judges are supposed to work above the realm of politics. In The Judge, however, Ronald Collins and David Skover argue that Machiavelli can indeed speak to judges, and model their book after The Prince. As it turns out, the number of people who think that judges in the U.S. are apolitical has been shrinking for decades. Both liberals and conservatives routinely criticize their ideological opponents on the bench for acting politically. Some authorities even posit the impossibility of apolitical judges, and indeed, in many states, judicial elections are partisan. Others advocate appointing judges who are committed to being dispassionate referees adhering to the letter of the law. However, most legal experts, regardless of their leanings, seem to agree that despite widespread popular support for the ideal of the apolitical judge, this ideal is mere fantasy. This debate about judges and politics has been a perennial in American history, but it intensified in the 1980s, when the Reagan administration sought to place originalists in the Supreme Court. It has not let up since. Ronald Collins and David Skover argue that the debate has become both stale and circular, and instead tackle the issue in a boldly imaginative way. In The Judge, they ask us to assume that judges are political, and that they need advice on how to be effective political actors. Their twenty-six chapters track the structure of The Prince, and each provides pointers to judges on how to cleverly and subtly advance their political goals. In this Machiavellian vision, law is inseparable from realpolitik. However, the authors' point isn't to advocate for this coldly realistic vision of judging. There ultimate goal is identify both legal realists and originalists as what they are: explicitly political (though on opposite ends of the ideological spectrum). Taking its cues from Machiavelli, The Judge describes what judges actually do, not what they ought to do.

International law is usually communicated in more than one language and reflects common norms that lawyers and adjudicators across national legal cultures agree on and develop together. As a result, the negotiation of the wording and meaning of international legislative texts is an integral part of legal interpretation in international law. This book sheds light on that essential interpretation process. Language and Legal Interpretation in International Law treats the subject from the perspective of recent legal and linguistic theories of meaning. Anne Lise Kjaer and Joanna Lam bring together internationally renowned experts to provide strong theoretical and practical foundations for the study of legal interpretation in such fields as human rights law, international trade, investment and commercial law, EU law, and international criminal law. The volume explains how the positivist tradition-in which interpretation is understood as an automatic process by which judges simply apply the text of legislative instruments to specific fact situations-cannot be upheld in an era of pragmatic and cognitive meaning theories. Those theories instead focus on the context of interpretation and on the interpreter as a co-producer of meaning. Through a collection of thoroughly researched and timely essays, this book explores the linguistically and culturally diversified world of meaning-making in international law.

Die Juristenausbildung verandert sich. Nicht mehr nur juristisches Fachwissen und Klausurtechnik sind examensrelevant, sondern zu den bekannten Anforderungen kommt in vielen Landern der Nachweis so genannter "Schlusselqualifikationen" in der mundlichen Pflichtfachprufung hinzu. Auf diese neuen Examensanforderungen bereitet das vorliegende Werk in optimaler Weise vor. Das Buch lehrt und vermittelt sowohl den notigen theoretischen Hintergrund von Schlusselqualifikationen und die erforderlichen Kenntnisse auf den Feldern der Rhetorik, der Vortragskunst, der Gesprachsfuhrung und der Selbstorganisation als auch die examensrelevanten praktischen Fertigkeiten zur Prasentation eines Vortrags. Anhand examenstypischer "Schlusselqualifikationsaufgaben" erlernen die Studierenden die wesentlichen "Schlusselqualifikationstechniken." Auf diese Weise werden sie bestmoglich in die Lage versetzt, im mundlichen Examen ihre Befahigung auf dem Gebiet der Schlusselqualifikationen mit Erfolg nachzuweisen."