Iron is indispensable for the growth, development and well-being of almost all living organisms. Biological systems from bacteria, fungi and plants to humans have evolved systems for the uptake, utilisation, storage and homeostasis of iron. Its importance for microbial growth makes its uptake systems a natural target for pathogenic microorganisms and parasites. Uniquely, humans suffer from both iron deficiency and iron overload, while the capacity of iron to generate highly reactive free radicals, causing oxidative stress, is associated with a wide range of human pathologies, including many neurodegenerative diseases. Whereas some essential metal ions like copper and zinc are closely linked with iron metabolism, toxic metals like aluminium and cadmium can interfere with iron metabolism. Finally, iron metabolism and homeostasis are key targets for the development of new drugs for human health. The 4th edition of Iron Metabolism is written in a lively style by one of the leaders in the field, presented in colour and covers the latest discoveries in this exciting area. It will be essential reading for researchers and students in biochemistry, molecular biology, microbiology, cell biology, nutrition and medical sciences. Other interested groups include biological inorganic chemists with an interest in iron metabolism, health professionals with an interest in diseases of iron metabolism, or of diseases in which iron uptake systems are involved (eg. microbial and fungal infections, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders), and researchers in the pharmaceutical industry interested in developing novel drugs targeting iron metabolism/homeostasis.

Recent research suggests that adult growth hormone (GH) deficiency, whether of pathological or physiological origin, is associated with a dis tinct syndrome that includes alterations in body composition, endocrine metabolic function, immune competence, and physical and psychosocial well-being. Not surprisingly, substantial investigative effort is currently focused on validating the above hypothesis and on determining whether restoration of a normal GH-IGF-I axis in various states of adult GH deficiency is clinically useful, safe, and cost-beneficial. This book contains the proceedings from the Symposium on GHRH, GH, and IGF-I: Basic and Clinical Advances, held December 9 to 12, 1993, in San Diego, California, and sponsored by Serono Symposia USA, Inc. The conference was meant to highlight selected novel and exciting clinical research developments related to possible therapeutic uses of recombinant human GH and IGF-I, GHRH, GH releasing peptides, and related GH secretagogues. This meeting occurred only one year after a similar Serono symposium that was somewhat more oriented to novel basic science discoveries, thus attesting to the current scientific and clinical interest in this area."

The editors have adopted psychoneuroimmunology as a term which implies the involvement of higher nervous system activity in the regulatory interactions of the neuroendocrine and the immune systems. The alternative terms neuroimmunomodulation, neuroendocrinimmunology, and immunoendocrinology, etc.,

Extensive discoveries have been made about the roles of the neurotransmitter substances noradrenaline and dopamine in human beings as well as in experimental animals. The book starts with a description of the anatomy of the catecholamine pathways of the brain and a summary of the pharmacological manipulations available for studying them. Stephen Mason's main concerns, however, are with the studies of the part played by these brain systems in motor behaviour, learning and reward mechanisms, and cognitive and vegetative behaviour. Finally, he deals with the catecholamines in human clinical psychopathology. Throughout, the book details the experiments from which conclusions are drawn in such a way as to illuminate the process of scientific discovery for students, and to highlight the limitations and the gaps in our present knowledge. There are many illustrations, and commonly used behavioural paradigms and terminology are explained in an appendix. Included are over 1200 references to the original research literature. The book will thus be of particular interest to students in brain and behaviour courses, in psychology, physiology, pharmacology and a wide range of neurosciences, and to their teachers. It will also be valuable to research workers as the most comprehensive and detailed summary of the present state of knowledge in this fascinating research area.

Practical Stress Management, Eighth Edition emphasizes a positive approach to stress management, covering topics such as relaxation techniques, coping with anxiety, managing anger, communication skills, exercise and nutrition. In this edition, the authors cover the latest advances in stress management, as well as stress related to the use of technology in education. The context of disasters, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, is also incorporated throughout. The workbook describes some of the surreptitious meditation techniques from India not described before in any text. Worksheets and Thoughts for Reflection boxes help users determine their own level of stress to apply effective stress management techniques.

It is the goal of The Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors to provide acomprehensive and forward-thinking review ofthe tremen- dous advances that have occurred in less than a decade of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) research. Virtually every areaof mGluR research is covered, including the molecular biology, pharmacology, anatomical distribution, and physiological and pathological roles of mGluRs. It is our intention that this volume not only summarize what is now known about the mGluRs, but also illuminate the areas in which there is the greatest need for focused research. Glutamic acid is an amino acid that has long been known to play several important metabolic roles in central and peripheral tissues and to be a component of several naturally occurring molecules. The first evidence that glutamate mayaIso serve as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) came in the late 1950s and early 1960s when glutamate and other acidic amino acids were found to induce behavioral convulsions when topically applied to the cortex and to excite a wide variety of central neurons. These findings spurred a massive research effort that quickly established glutamate as the pri- mary excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate CNS. One of the most striking characteristics of glutamate that was quickly recognized was its ubiquitous role in serving as the neurotransmitter at the vast majority of excitatory synapses in the brain. It is now clear that most central neuronal circuits involve glutamatergic neurotransmission at some level.

Almost every aspect of energy and nutrient metabolism is altered by hormonal and other physiological changes during pregnancy and lactation. While it is evident that hormonal adjustments affect nutrient requirements, these are rarely considered when nutrient recommen dations are made for pregnant or lactating women, and often neglected during evaluation of nutritional status. In addition, changes in nutrient metabolism during the stages of pregnancy and oflactation are usually considered separately, while in reality events during pregnancy can have a major influence on nutritional status and nutrient requirements during lactation. The purpose of this volume is to describe changes in the metabolism of important nutrients during pregnancy and lactation, including the physiological basis for these changes and their implications for nutrient requirements and assessment. Authors have considered such issues as inter-relationships between endocrine changes and nutrient metabolism at the tissue, cellular and molecular level; alterations in nutrient binding proteins; the efficiency of nutrient absorp tion and retention; and the impact on maternal as well as fetal nutritional status. Another unique aspect of this book is the focus on pregnancy and lactation as a continuum."

The articles in Issue 4 of JOURNAL OF INHERITED METABOLIC DISEASE, Volume 16 (1993) contain the main lectures presented at the 30th Annual Symposium of the Society for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism (SSIEM), Leuven, Belgium, 1992, which was dedicated to Inherited Metabolic Diseases and the Brain'. Topics discussed included: Inborn errors and brain fluids, neurotransmitter disorders, inborn errors and demyelination, and recent developments. Participants from many countries provided a state-of-the-art review which will be of interest to clinicians and research workers alike in many different disciplines.

This accessible work is the first in more than seventy-five years to discuss the many roles of adrenaline in regulating the "inner world" of the body. David S. Goldstein, an international authority and award-winning teacher, introduces new concepts concerning the nature of stress and distress across the body's regulatory systems. Discussing how the body's stress systems are coordinated, and how stress, by means of adrenaline, may affect the development, manifestations, and outcomes of chronic diseases, Goldstein challenges researchers and clinicians to use scientific integrative medicine to develop new ways to treat, prevent, and palliate disease.

Goldstein explains why a former attorney general with Parkinson disease has a tendency to faint, why young astronauts in excellent physical shape cannot stand up when reexposed to Earth's gravity, why professional football players can collapse and die of heat shock during summer training camp, and why baseball players spit so much.

Adrenaline and the Inner World is designed to supplement academic coursework in psychology, psychiatry, endocrinology, cardiology, complementary and alternative medicine, physiology, and biochemistry. It includes an extensive glossary.

The disorders induced by iodine deficiency affect at least one billion people. Because ofits effects on brain development, iodinedeficiency is the single most preventable cause of mental retardation in the world. Therefore, the United Nations and the Heads of State of almost all the world's countries represented at the Summit for Children in 1990 adopted resolutions to eradicate the disorders induced by iodine deficiency (IDD) by the year 2000. For geological and socio-economic reasons, most of the populations affected by iodine deficiency disorders live in isolated and usually mountainous areas, in pre industrialized parts ofthe world. The problem of iodine deficiency in Europe has been greatly underestimated in the last decades. After the remarkable studies on the effects of iodine deficiency and their prevention and correction in Switzerland, IDD was generally considered no longer a significant public health problem in Europe. However, surveys carried out in the early 1980's under the auspices of the European Thyroid Association, clearly demonstrated the persistence of moderately or even severely affected areas. These surveys also highlighted the lack ofinformation about large parts ofEurope, especially its eastern part. It is only quite recently, following major changes in international relations and thanks to the support of UNICEF, WHO, the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and the European Thyroid Association, that more extensive surveys have been conducted in several parts of Europe hitherto almost unexplored. These surveys showed that most European countries were iodine deficient."

Knowledge of tumours of the thyroid gland has advanced consider- ably in the 22 years that have elapsed since work was started on the first edition of Histological Typing of Thyroid Tumours. In the intro- duction to that volume it was recognized that the definitions and clas- sifications put forward would need revision in time, and the present text differs substantially from the first edition. As far as is possible, however, the framework of the classification proposed remains the same, as the original classification was widely accepted and proved useful in many studies. The link between the morphological type of thyroid tumour and its epidemiology, natural history, function, prognosis and response to therapy has been further strengthened since the first edition. In par- ticular, the decision taken to separate papillary and follicular carcino- mas and exclude a mixed papillary follicular type has been well justi- fied. One of the major changes has been the recognition that many tu- mours regarded 20 years ago as small cell carcinoma were really ma- lignant lymphoma, and this development has been incorporated into this edition, with increased importance given to primary malignant lymphoma of the thyroid. Much work has also been done on medul- lary carcinoma of the thyroid, its link with mUltiple endocrine neo- plasia syndromes, and its association in its inherited form with C-cell hyperplasia; this too is recognized by an expanded section on this tu- mour.

Each of the 6 units of PROLOG addresses a major area in obstetrics and gynecology and consists of two parts - an assessment book and a critique book. Put your knowledge to the test and earn 25 CME credits for this volume! On completion, users of this unit should be able to: Screen with appropriate diagnostic tests for endocrinology and infertility conditions. Determine the appropriate medical management to address infertility. Understand the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian-uterine axis. Apply concepts of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian-uterine axis when considering medical therapy. Understand the basics of assisted reproductive technology. Counsel women regarding treatment options for primary and secondary amenorrhea and infertility.

An intimate relation between hormones and lipoprotein metabolism has been known for a long time especially from hormone-deficiency or -overproduction syndromes. The mechanisms through which hormones influence lipid metabolism have become a field of major interest in sci ence. The more we learn about cellular hormonal actions the better we understand regulatory processes and phenomena occuring in patients. The present book summarizes data discussed at an International Meet ing at Marburg, Germany, on "Hormones in Lipoprotein Metabolism." It was an attempt to pull together knowledge in basic science from the mode of action of hormones all the way to clinical appearance of hor monal disorders involving lipoprotein metabolism. Thus data on molec ular biology, on hormonal regulation of apolipoprotein synthesis, on lipoprotein receptors and enzyme induction are discussed together with the large field of oral contraceptive use, postmenopausal estrogen sub stitution, lipid disorders in diabetes mellitus, in thyroid dysfunction, in adrenal insufficiency and in glucocorticoid application. We are aware of the fact that such an overview cannot be complete but should serve as a collection of data and ideas for those interested in hormonal regulation of lipid metabolism. We thank all authors for taking an extra effort in writing up their presentations and thus making this edition possible. We also thank Bristol-Myers-Squibb for generous support of the meeting and of the final publication. Marburg, Germany ARMIN STEINMETZ JURGEN SCHNEIDER HANS KAFFARNIK Contents Molecular Biology Chairmen: D. J. Rader, A."

Mammalian Endocrinology and Male Reproductive Biology provides comprehensive and current coverage of the area of endocrinology and male reproductive biology, covering not just humans, but mammals in general. Written by international experts in their respective fields, this multi-author book also covers the latest developments in genomics of androgen action and male infertility. The book begins by covering sexual dimorphism in the central nervous system; structure, control of secretion and function of GnRH; and gonadotropins of pituitary origin and their role in gonadal functions. This is followed by an account of hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis, and the role of apoptosis in this process. Subsequent chapters center around epididymis, regulation of growth and function, and sperm motility regulation. The last chapters in the book discuss the structure and function of male accessory sex glands with associated pathologies as well as recent updates in male contraception, mechanism of androgen action, and genomics of male infertility. Wherever necessary, tables and figures have been added for a better understanding. Each chapter is appropriately referenced and contains current information on the latest developments in the field.

The articles in Issue 4 of Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease, Vol. 14 (1991) contain the main lectures presented at the 28th Annual Symposium of the Society for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Birmingham, UK, 1990, which was dedicated to `The Liver and Inherited Metabolic Disease' with a half-day workshop on `Screening and Economics'. The subjects covered include metabolic functions of the liver, bile acids, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, tyrosinaemia type I, Crigler-Najjar disease type I and Niemann-Pick disease type C, providing updates on a wide range of metabolic disorders and illustrating the importance of the complementary contributions from professionals in different disciplines. Also covered in detail is the exciting potential of liver transplantation as treatment for several inborn errors of metabolism. This state-of-the-art review will be of interest to clinicians and research workers alike.

When neurobiologist Elizabeth M Adler was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma almost twenty years ago, she learned everything she could about the disease, both to cope with the emotional stress of her diagnosis and to make the best possible decisions for her treatment. In Living with Lymphoma, she combines her scientific expertise and personal knowledge with a desire to help other people who have lymphoma manage this complex and often baffling disease. With the availability of more effective treatment regimens, many people with lymphoma are living longer; in fact, there are more than 700,000 lymphoma survivors in the United States alone. Given this change in the lymphoma landscape, the second edition of this book places a greater emphasis on survivorship. The new edition includes the latest information on lymphoma diagnosis, treatment, and incidence, and describes the most recent update to the WHO system of lymphoma classification and staging. Adler discusses new targeted therapies like ibrutinib and idelalisib and describes how other treatments, including radiation therapy and stem cell transplants, have been modified, while others have been discontinued. She also addresses new developments, such as the possible role of lack of sunlight and vitamin D in the pathogenesis of lymphoma, and the use of medical marijuana. The book includes suggestions for further reading, including the latest material available online.

Thyroid diseases are relatively common, occurring in about 10% of the population in the Western world. Many are simple to diagnose and treat, while others are not. In this comprehensive work, the author draws upon personal experience, teaching, and a distillation of the literature to provide clinicians with advice on how to handle specific patient-related problems. The book begins with a summary of basic information on the structure, function, development, abnormal development, and physiology of the thyroid gland. It then reviews tests of thyroid function and clinical examinations before proceeding to chapters on disease states. Chapters on clinical problems include hyper- and hypothyroidism, thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer, thyroiditis, goitre, and iodine deficiency disorders. The chapters on hyper- and hypothyroidism are designed to aid the physician in defining the specific cause and management of patients with these conditions. Evaluation and treatment of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer arouse considerable differences of opinion; these differences are reviewed and specific recommendations are outlined. Flow diagrams are included for the work up of different clinical situations, and each chapter concludes with a section of key facts. The last two chapters cover clinically related issues. Since non-thyroid illnesses, both physical and mental, can distort thyroid function tests, the author provides advice on how to avoid a misdiagnosis. Because some diagnostic tests and treatments involve administering radioactive iodine to the patient, the final chapter discusses radiation biology and the thyroid. This cohesive volume will be of value to endocrinologists and clinicians who treat patients with thyroid disease, as well as to medical students and physicians in training.

Current knowledge relevant to the understanding of thyroid autoimmunity is summarized in this book. Some of the world's leading scientists in this field review recent data from four subject areas: immunogenetics, thyroid peroxidase as an antigen, environmental factors, and cytokines. Much ongoing and as yet unpublished work is described, especially in the discussion included after each article. This information is of particular interest since the body of knowledge in these fields is growing very rapidly. The book is based on a workshop in which researchers from 13 countries took part. One major aim was to raise controversial points and to develop ideas for their potential solution. At the workshop it became apparent that a great deal of the information given in textbooks is outdated. This is an important update for researchers who are interested in the above topics and in understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of thyroid autoimmunity.

Prior to 1974, the ~adrenergic receptors were known only in- directly as entities that responded to drugs in a selective manner to mediate a variety of physiologically important responses. During the intervening years, our view of ~adrenergic receptors has changed dramatically. The availability of high affinity 125I-labeled radioligands selective for these receptors presaged an explosion of experimenta- tion utilizing direct binding assays to establish the biochemical properties of the receptor protein. In the opening chapter, Stadel and Lefkowitz describe this development and its impact on our under- standing of the molecular basis of ~adrenergic receptor function. The availability of well-characterized receptor ligands, coupled with the development of efficient methods for detergent solubilization, formed the basis of receptor purification using affinity chromatography. The related technique of photoaffinity labeling provided a means to estimate the molecular mass of these receptors. The availability of substantial amounts of purified ~2-adrenergic receptor allowed determination of segments of its amino acid se- quence. This information led to the production of polynucleotide probes and eventually to cloning of the receptor gene and determi- nation of the complete primary sequence of the receptor protein. Caron and Lefkowitz review the investigations leading to this major development and discuss the methods involved. They analyze our current perception of the relation of receptor function to its structure and discuss the general features of the G protein-interacting receptor family, of which the ~-adrenergic receptors are prototypes.

394 finding by Dr C. Jakobs, Amsterdam, was elevated plasma galactitol and/or sorbitol levels in some cataract patients with quite normal activities of the galactose-degrading enzymes and sorbitol dehydrogenase in RBC. Inherited disorders of glycoprotein metabolism were reviewed by Dr M. Cantz, Heidelberg, followed by detailed presentations on selected disorders. The meeting was closed by two exciting lectures, given by Dr J. R. Hobbs, London, and Dr F. Ledley, Houston, on the outcome of bone marrow transplantation and on future aspects of gene therapy in patients with inborn errors of metabolism. Each year the 'Mini' Symposium preceding the main topics attracts increasing numbers and in Munich more than half of the 281 active participants also attended on "Maternal Phenylketonuria," organized by Dr the highly interesting workshop D. Brenton, London. This four-hour workshop included international practical experiences in the treatment of maternal phenylketonuria as well as the results of amino acid transport and animal experiments.

Dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT), multiinfarct dementia (MID) and dementia occurring in the course of Parkinson's disease (PD +D) now make up one of the largest categories of chronic diseases in the elderly. In addition to the burden those illnesses impose on the affected individuals and their families they consume large socio-economic re- sources. In the light of all the above mentioned features, it seemed to us that a Symposium on behalf of the 125th Anniversary of Birth of Aloys Alzheimer was particularly well-suited to help to advance research on Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. This International Symposium combined with a Satellite Symposium about "Clinical Aspects of Alz- heimer Dementias" took place in June 1989 in Wiirzburg and has been organized by the Psychiatric Departments of the Universities of Wiirzburg and Munich (H. Beckmann, K. Maurer, P. Riederer, H. Hippius and H. Lauter) and the Department of Pathochemistry and General Neurochemistry of the University of Heidelberg (S. Hoyer). In the chapters which follow, thorough reviews of recognized authorities in the field of dementia are given in the four main fields of epidemiology, neuropathology, neurochemistry and clinics. This Symposium and the edition of this book would not have been possible without the generous support of E. Merck, Darmstadt. In particular we gratefully acknowledge the efforts undertaken by Mr. Hernandez-Meyer to organizing this symposium and to publish this book. Furthermore we are grateful to the secretarial help by Mrs. Moeslein, Miss Philipp and Miss Grabner.