It is an authentic privilege to have the opportunity to assemble and edit a new volume on "Prolactin," the first in several decades to be devoted to this fascinating hormone in all its aspects. The obvious clinical rationale for understanding prolactin (PRL) is the frequent occurrence of prolactinomas, the most common type of pituitary tumor. Fortunately, medical management of prolactinomas can be based on our under standing of the physiology of hypothalamic control of the lactotroph. Armed with this knowledge, therapies for proiactinomas are highly successful and well tolerated. Be cause of the historical and practical importance of knowledge regarding the hypothala mus-Iactotroph axis, the first chapters of this volume are dedicated to reviewing the physiology, development, and cell biology of lactotroph regulation. Chapters focusing on prolactinomas and related clinical issues follow these. PRL is the primary hormone that is responsible for "parental care" in many verte brate species. This reproductive strategy is not unique to mammals, but it has devel oped through evolution to be the central distinguishing feature of the mammalian life cycle. Among the mammals, mice have become the most effective research species in recent years. This can be traced to the development of a wide range of methods for manipulating mouse genetics, and thereby influencing development, physiology and behavior. Mice also provide a profound illustration of the physiological challenges faced in maternity. Female mice undergo a post-partum estrous, and often are both pregnant and lactating simultaneously."

This book reviews the pathophysiology and physical manifestations of acromegaly and discusses the multiple treatment options now available for the management of the patient with acromegaly. The book contains an ample number of illustrations that help to emphasize points of particular interest, including radiological, histopathological, and physical diagnosis images. Sections are devoted to detailing important topics including determinants of pathological effects of disease activity in acromegaly, individual therapeutic choices and criteria for diagnosis, and disease control.

Integrative Weight Management: A Guide for Clinicians intends to educate physicians and nutritionists about the wide ranges of approaches to weight control from non-traditional sources. The options for weight management in conventional practices are limited to a small number of medications, a confusing array of dietary approaches and surgical procedures with their inherent risks and complications. Unfortunately medical practitioners are not exposed to nutrition and weight control principles during training and thus are reluctant to manage their patients weight control issues. This volume is structured into 4 sections: Introduction to Weight Management Disorders; Morbidity and Mortality of Obesity; Therapy of Obesity; and Integrative Medicine and Obesity. Integrative Weight Management: A Guide for Clinicians represents a powerful collaboration of dozens of leading experts in the fields of nutrition, weight management and integrative medicine who have managed countless numbers of patients and summarized the research from thousands of articles to create an up-to- date state of the art guide for healthcare practitioners, allied health professionals and public health authorities who manage those who are overweight/obese along with the associated metabolic consequences.

Hormonal Signaling in Biology and Medicine: Comprehensive Modern Endocrinology covers the endocrine secretions produced by every organ. This extensive collection of knowledge is organized by tissue, addressing how certain hormones are synthesized in multiple tissues, along with their structure, function and pathways, which are very applicable for researchers in drug design who need to focus on a specific step along the pathway. This is a must have reference for researchers in endocrinology and practicing endocrinologists, but it is also ideal for biochemists, pharmacologists, biologists and students.

Primarily intended for physicians and health care professionals who are treating obese patients, this book explores current and future options for drug treatment of obesity puts them into perspective against available alternative treatments. Distinguished scientists and clinical investigators provide reviews of each individual topic, covering a wide range of subjects from pathophysiology of obesity to the benefits of weight loss. The core sections on pharmacotherapy deal with currently available drugs and drugs in pre-clinical development, complemented with sections on non-drug treatment and general therapeutic aspects to provide an integrated view of therapeutic approaches to the treatment of obesity and its associated syndromes.

Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment, Second Edition summarizes the latest scientific knowledge on obesity in children. This edition focuses on the developmental aspects of obesity, especially on the influences and factors predisposing individuals to obesity from early periods of life. This new body of knowledge stems from both basic research and recent epidemiological and clinical studies. All chapters are updated and special attention is given to the prevention of obesity in the context of developmental physiology, lifestyle modification, and dietary and physical activity approaches. Highlighting the most recent research, this timely book covers a broad range of aspects related to the prevention and management of childhood obesity. It emphasizes early intervention and an integrated behavioral approach to overcome the ongoing challenge of this global epidemic. Features * Updates all chapters and includes new research on growing populations of obesity in the Third World * Provides information on promoting health as a means to reduce obesity * Focuses on the developmental aspects of obesity

This book focuses expressly on model organisms for lymphoma, the in-depth coverage provided has been edited by an acknowledged academic authority on the topic. The material details every factor informing judgments on prognosis.

Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is a highly prevalent condition in developed countries and is a cluster of several risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease that includes increased body mass index/waist circumference, visceral obesity, insulin resistance, hyperclycaemia, dyslipidaemia and hypertension, which are all major causes of morbidity and death.

This volume provides a critical review and discussion of the knowledge gathered on MS and analyzes the interplay between oxidative stress, chronic inflammation and angiogenesis features. There is a special focus on recent discoveries and progress toward possible therapeutic strategies, such as the role of glucose transporters within MS; the effects of polyphenols as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic compounds.

The role of NFkB, nitric oxide synthases, hypoxia-inducible factors, and many other molecules that play a part in the development of oxidative stress and inflammation as well as angiogenesis is also covered.

This book fills the gap between basic science and medical care, and provides the reader with the skills to apply rigorous basic science to clinical settings of metabolic syndrome-associated disorders.

Hormones as Tokens of Selection addresses deep questions in biology: How are biological systems controlled? How can one formulate general theories of homeostasis and control and instantiate such theories in mathematical models? How can one use evolutionary arguments to guide our answers to these questions, recognising that the control mechanisms themselves are a product of evolution? Biological systems are exceptionally varied and extremely difficult to understand, because they are complex and experimentation remains limited relative to the challenges at hand. Moreover, biological phenomena occur at a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. Such a deeply convoluted subject calls for a unifying and coherent theoretical foundation - one which recognises and departs from the primary importance of mathematical modelling and key physicochemical principles to theory formation in the life sciences. This Focus monograph proposes and outlines such a foundation, departing from the deceptively simple proposition that hormones are tokens of evolutionary pressures. Features Provides a coherent and unified approach to a multifaceted problem Pays close attention to both the biological and mathematical modelling aspects of the subject matter, exploring the philosophical background where appropriate Written in a concise and innovative style

Volume I of this book provides a comprehensive discussion of the factors involved in regulation of the cell cycle, the general biological properties of growth factors, and the receptor and postreceptor mechanisms of action of these signaling agents. It evaluates the possible role of growth factors in the regulation of proto-oncogene and tumor suppressor gene expression, and the development of neoplastic processes is discussed in detail.

This volume presents a thought-provoking state-of-the-art picture of how volatile compounds are used in metabolomics, currently a hot topic in the metabolomics field. It provides a thorough description of what volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are, why they are important in biomedicine, and what the analytical platforms are used. It also looks at multivariate analysis and databases needs. Because VOCs are end-up compounds of metabolic processes, volatiles can be linked to different diseases or pathologies for both diagnosis and prognosis. The authors provide authoritative information and guidance on the analytical and statistical techniques used and how to identify, and they review the main current areas of application, which include breath metabolomics, cancer diagnosis, and microbial volatiles. Key Features: Presents a thorough overview of volatile research in biomedical applications Examines both gold standard techniques (metabolomics based) and artificial olfactory systems Reviews all aspects of volatile metabolites in biomedicine research, from origin to detection platforms Describes relevant diseases diagnosis and prognosis achievements, including cancer

In the past five years, so much additional progress has been made in ourunderstanding of both the basic and c1inical aspects of a wide variety of thyroid disorders that a second edition of Diseases of the Thyroid was considered a necessary addition to the Contem porary Endocrinology series. Fresh perspectives also seemed warranted, so we recruited new authors for many of the chapters and believe that this edition will provide the reader with further insights into the pathophysiology and c1inical presentation and treatment of thyroid disease. It inc1udes topics ranging from neonatal thyroid screening, thyroid dysfunction during infancy and childhood, peripartum thyroid disorders, thyroid disease in the elderly, and the c1inical relevance of the sodiurnliodide symporter (NIS) to the pathogenesis and treatment of nodular goiter, thyroid cancer, thyrotoxicosis, and hypothyroidism. The worldwide problem of iodine deficiency and its eradication is also discussed, along with environmental goitrogens and iodine-induced thyroid disease. I am indebted to all the contributors for their cooperation and expertise in providing their chapters in an extremely timely fashion, to Mr. Thomas Moore and Mr. Craig Adams from Humana Press for their expert assistance, and to Ms. Christine Archung for providing superb administrative assistance. Lewis E. Braverman, MD v CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Molecular Mechanisms of Nuclear Thyroid Hormone Action William W. Chin and Paul M. Yen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Nongenomic Actions of Thyroid Hormone Paul 1. Davis and F aith B. Davis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3 Thyroid Testing: A Clinical Approach Laurie A. Kane and Hossein Gharib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."

A. Wayne Meikle and a distinguished panel of expert clinicians bring to bear their extensive knowledge and experience in managing adults and children undergoing hormone replacement therapy for the pituitary, parathyroid, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, and gonads. Emphasizing proper patient management, the book provides to specialists and general practitioners alike time-tested, cutting-edge guidelines on the use, monitoring, and dosage of hormone therapeutics in the treatment of disorders of endocrine function, while giving an exhaustive analysis of each therapy. Comprehensive and eminently practical, Hormone Replacement Therapy captures the most recent advances in hormone replacement therapeutics and is certain to serve endocrinologists, gynecologists, pediatricians, urologists, internists, and family practitioners as today's standard reference for managing and monitoring their patients.

The field of androgen excess disorders has advanced substantially since the original publication of this book. The Androgen Excess Society (AES) was founded to bring together investigators in the field. A better understanding of the screening, progression, and molecular genetics of nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia (NCAH) has improved the clinical care and diagnostic accuracy of these patients. New criteria for the diagnosis of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were proposed in Rotterdam, criteria that have resulted in controversy and, hopefully, initiation of new studies. The association of insulin resistance with PCOS has been strengthened, and the role of metformin in tre- ing the infertility of the PCOS has been validated. Risks for diabetes and, more cont- versially, cardiovascular disease in women with PCOS have received substantial investigation. Our understanding of the epidemiology and economic impact of these disorders has expanded, emphasizing their critical importance. These are but a few highlights of how the terrain has changed in a relatively brief period of time. In keeping with these advances, the title of this book has been revised to reflect the growing importance of PCOS as the most prevalent androgen excess disorder in women, and arguably, as the one that might have the most serious adverse consequences for general health. There are fewer chapters to provide a more focused elucidation of the area. Several chapters were penned by new (and young) authors who are conducting cutting-edge research in the field.

Get a quick, expert overview of the etiology, diagnosis, and management of pulmonary and extra pulmonary sarcoidosis with this concise, practical resource. Drs. Robert B. Baughman and Dominique Valeyre fully cover the recent advances in various aspects of this disease, including new genetic studies and new diagnostic techniques. It's an ideal resource for pulmonologists and respiratory medicine specialists, as well as primary care physicians and pulmonary/respiratory care nurses. Provides a comprehensive discussion of the various facets of sarcoidosis, including common manifestations of the lung, skin, and eyes, as well as other important aspects such as cardiac and neurologic disease. Covers newer diagnostic techniques for the lungs and elsewhere in the body, each discussed in detail and compared to older diagnostic techniques. Discusses treatment options including anti-inflammatory drugs, and management of other aspects of the disease, such as pulmonary hypertension, fatigue, and small fiber neuropathy. Consolidates today's available information and experience in this important area into one convenient resource.

This issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, edited by Dr. Michael A. Levine, will focus on Hypoparathyroidism. Topics include, but are not limited to, Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism, Embryology of the parathyroid glands, Physiology of parathyroid hormone, Epidemiology of hypoparathyroidism, Surgical hypoparathyroidism, Medical hypoparathyroidism, Genetic disorders of parathyroid development and function, Autoimmune hypoparathyroidism, Skeletal Manifestations of hypoparathyroidism, Renal manifestations of hypoparathyroidism, Quality of life and other targets of hypoparathyroidism, Pseudohypoparathyroidism, Conventional treatment of hypoparathyroidism, and New Directions in Treatment.

This issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, edited by Dr. Ashley Grossman, will focus on Innovations in the Management of Neuroendocrine Tumors. Topics include, but are not limited to, Molecular targeted therapy of NETs - State of the art; Surgical approaches to the management of liver metastases; Liquid biopsies for NETs - circulating tumour cells and DNA; Novel functional imaging of NETs; The problem of appendiceal carcinoids; Peptide radioreceptor therapy comes of age; Current chemotherapy use in NETs; The problem of grade 3 NETs; Molecular genetic studies of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours reveal new therapeutic approaches; The new WHO classification; Gastrinomas - medical or surgical treatment; When and how to use somatostatin analogues; The NETest as the way forward; Lung and thymic carcinoids; Carcinoid heart disease; Gastric carcinoids; New treatments for the carcinoid syndrome; and The genesis of the NETs concept - From Oberdorfer to 2018.

Offering current guidelines on the relatively new practice of puberty suppression for gender-dysphoric adolescents, Pubertal Suppression in Transgender Youth provides a succinct, easy-to-digest overview of this timely topic. This concise, clinically-focused resource by Dr. Courtney Finlayson covers all relevant topics, from a brief history of medical care of transgender youth to emerging developments in the field. Covers the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) therapy in transgender youth, including models of care and current treatment guidelines, fertility issues, ethical considerations and the consent process, and more. Discusses psychosocial, medical, and surgical side effects of treatment. Consolidates today's available information on this timely topic into one convenient resource.

The scientific advances in the physiology and pathophysiology of adipose tissue over the last two decades have been considerable. Today, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of adipogenesis are well known. In addition, adipose tissue is now recognized as a real endocrine organ that produces hormones such as the leptin acting to regulate food intake and energy balance in the central nervous system, a finding that has completely revolutionized the paradigm of energy homeostasis. Other adipokines have now been described and these molecules are taking on increasing importance in physiology and pathophysiology. Moreover, numerous works have shown that in obesity, but also in cases of lipodystophy, adipose tissue was the site of a local low-grade inflammation that involves immune cells such as macrophages and certain populations of lymphocytes. This new information is an important step in the pathophysiology of both obesity and related metabolic and cardiovascular complications. Finally, it is a unique and original work focusing on adipose tissue, covering biology and pathology by investigating aspects of molecular and cellular biology, general, metabolic, genetic and genomic biochemistry.

In recent years, a considerable amount of effort has been devoted, both in industry and academia, towards the behavioral modeling, evaluation and prediction of the hypothalamus pituitary thyroid system. Thyroid Systems Engineering targets an optimal treatment of people suffering from thyroid hormone disorders. The content is motivated by in-depth observations of such patients whose rich data supported the theoretical framework arising from formal mathematical reasoning, guided by the nature of thyroid physiology. Leveraging on the insights emerging from the unique combination of an electrical engineer working with a clinical thyroidologist, and both being scientists skilled in mathematics, the authors introduce this new discipline and field of scientific investigation aptly designated as Thyroid Systems Engineering. Readers will discover that mathematics can indeed model the behavior of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Focused on modeling, each of the eighteen chapters gives the reader a notion of the application of relevant mathematics to pertinent issues encountered in mainstream thyroidology. Many cellular processes resemble the flux of variables and states in a complex multi-parameter space through time analogous to current flow in electrical networks. It is then logical to apply the principles and physical laws of electrodynamics, electrical network theory, control systems theory and signal theory to many of the biological phenomena encountered in endocrinology. Such an approach is used liberally throughout the book and successfully yields elegant solutions to a number of models presented within. This book can serve as a reference to mathematical modeling in other aspects of endocrine physiology, and as the starting point for a fundamental course in medical modeling. It will appeal to postgraduates in electrical engineering, academic physicians and biomedical researchers. Further, readers equipped with advanced calculus, electrical network theory, control theory and signal theory should be able to follow the mathematical expositions that describe thyrotropic control. They represent a new discipline based on mathematical modeling in physiology applicable to medical diagnostics, measurement and treatment to cooperate in the clinical team and realize an optimized treatment for patients.

This book covers all one needs to know about the utility of endomicroscopy in the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal diseases. It provides a comprehensive description of the latest in diagnostic criteria and advances in the basic science pertaining to endomicroscopy of the gastrointestinal system. Each chapter introduces the key histologic, endoscopic, and endomicroscopic features of common gastrointestinal conditions, with generous illustration using typical images. The book will provide the practicing physicians with the principles of practice, and procedural techniques of endomicroscopy, as well as demonstrate the bench-to-bedside translational potential of endomicrosocpy in helping endoscopists manage their patients' gastrointestinal conditions. This book fills an enormous gap in providing a much needed atlas in GI endomicroscopic diagnosis. Readers can learn the diagnostic criteria of various gastrointestinal conditions as illustrated by high quality endoscopic, endomicroscopic and histology images. It contains the most extensive review of currently published studies of endomicroscopy in gastrointestinal conditions. It has numerous high quality endomicroscopic images along with high definition endoscopy and histology images illustrating the common gastrointestinal diseases. It will provide a platform for standardizing endomicroscopic practice and learning.

The popular narrative of "globesity" posits that the adoption of Western diets is intensifying obesity and diabetes in the Global South and that disordered metabolisms are the embodied consequence of globalization and excess. In Metabolic Living Harris Solomon recasts these narratives by examining how people in Mumbai, India, experience the porosity between food, fat, the body, and the city. Solomon contends that obesity and diabetes pose a problem of absorption between body and environment. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork carried out in Mumbai's home kitchens, metabolic disorder clinics, food companies, markets, and social services, he details the absorption of everything from snack foods and mangoes to insulin, stress, and pollutants. As these substances pass between the city and the body and blur the two domains, the onset and treatment of metabolic illness raise questions about who has the power to decide what goes into bodies and when food means life. Evoking metabolism as a condition of contemporary urban life and a vital political analytic, Solomon illuminates the lived predicaments of obesity and diabetes, and reorients our understanding of chronic illness in India and beyond.

This book is the latest volume in the World Clinics Diabetology series, focusing on complications associated with diabetes. Divided into 13 sections, the first chapters discuss complications in different organs and body systems, including the musculoskeletal system, liver, skin, lungs, ear, nose and throat, and more. The following sections cover stroke and diabetes, screening for diabetic retinopathy, errors in insulin treatment, routine investigations for complications, and diabetic kidney injury. The comprehensive text is enhanced by more than 160 images and illustrations, and each article is followed by a comment from the editors highlighting the key points of the topic. Key points Latest volume in World Clinics Diabetology series Covers complications associated with diabetes in various organs and body systems Each article concludes with a comment from the editors highlighting key points Highly illustrated with clinical photographs and figures

Principles of Hormone/Behavior Relations, Second Edition, provides an introduction to the underlying principles of endocrine regulation of behavior, a newly emerging area of research within neurobiology and endocrinology. It addresses the properties of hormone/behavior relations, including the influence of family background, timing issues, neuroanatomical features, cellular mechanisms, and the importance of environmental context and evolution. This new edition incorporates critical advances in the field, also including increased coverage of hormonal influences on food intake, and on the cardiovascular system. The addition of entirely new principles provides further coverage of epigenetics and appetite. Thoroughly revised and updated, this book is an ideal resource for neuroscientists and researchers engaging in this rapidly expanding field of study.

Principles and Practice of Clinical Research, Fourth Edition has been thoroughly revised to provide a comprehensive look at both the fundamental principles and expanding practice of clinical research. New to this edition of this highly regarded reference, authors have focused on examples that broadly reflect clinical research on a global scale while including a discussion of international regulations, studies, and implications. In addition to key topics such as bioethics, clinical outcome data, cultural diversity, protocol guidelines, and "omic" platforms, this edition contains new chapters devoted to electronic health records and information resources for clinical researchers, as well as the many opportunities associated with big data. Covering a vast number of topics and practical advice for both novice and advanced clinical investigators, this book is a highly relevant and essential resource for all those involved in conducting research.