In topology the three basic concepts of metrics, topologies and uniformities have been treated so far as separate entities by means of different methods and terminology. This work treats all three concepts as a special case of the concept of approach spaces. This theory provides an answer to natural questions in the interplay between topological and metric spaces by introducing a well suited supercategory of TOP and MET. The theory makes it possible to equip initial structures of metricizable topological spaces with a canonical structure, preserving the numerical information of the metrics. It provides a solid basis for approximation theory, turning ad hoc notions into canonical concepts, and it unifies topological and metric notions. The book explains the richness of approach structures in detail; it provides a comprehensive explanation of the categorical set-up, develops the basic theory and provides many examples, displaying links with various areas of mathematics such as approximation theory, probability theory, analysis and hyperspace theory. This book is intended for lecturers, researchers and graduate students in the following areas: topology, categorical theory, category th

Reflecting many of the recent advances and trends in this area, Discrete Structures with Contemporary Applications covers the core topics in discrete structures as well as an assortment of novel applications-oriented topics. The applications described include simulations, genetic algorithms, network flows, probabilistic primality tests, public key cryptography, and coding theory. A modern and comprehensive introduction to discrete structures With clear definitions and theorems and carefully explained proofs, this classroom-tested text presents an accessible yet rigorous treatment of the material. Numerous worked-out examples illustrate key points while figures and tables help students grasp the more subtle and difficult concepts. "Exercises for the Reader" are interspersed throughout the text, with complete solutions included in an appendix. In addition to these, each section ends with extensive, carefully crafted exercise sets ranging from routine to nontrivial; answers can be found in another appendix. Most sections also contain computer exercises that guide students through the process of writing their own programs on any computing platform. Accommodates various levels of computer implementation Although the book highly encourages the use of computing platforms, it can be used without computers. The author explains algorithms in ordinary English and, when appropriate, in a natural and easy-to-understand pseudo code that can be readily translated into any computer language. A supporting website provides an extensive set of sample programs.

Yearning for the Impossible: The Surprising Truth of Mathematics, Second Edition explores the history of mathematics from the perspective of the creative tension between common sense and the "impossible" as the author follows the discovery or invention of new concepts that have marked mathematical progress. The author puts these creations into a broader context involving related "impossibilities" from art, literature, philosophy, and physics. This new edition contains many new exercises and commentaries, clearly discussing a wide range of challenging subjects.

This book is the first book-length treatment of hybrid logic and its proof-theory. Hybrid logic is an extension of ordinary modal logic which allows explicit reference to individual points in a model. The extra expressive power is useful for many applications, for example, when reasoning about time one often wants to formulate a series of statements about what happens at specific times. There is little consensus about proof-theory for ordinary modal logic. Many modal-logical proof systems lack important properties and the relationships between proof systems for different modal logics are often unclear. The present book demonstrates that hybrid-logical proof-theory remedies this lack of uniformity in ordinary modal-logical proof systems. It considers a spectrum of different versions of hybrid logic (propositional, first-order, international first-order, and intuitionist) and of different types of proof-systems for hybrid-logic (natural deduction, Gentzen, tableaux, and axiom systems). All these systems can be motivated independently, but the fact that the systems can be given in a uniform way shows that hybrid logic and hybrid-logical proof theory is a natural enterprise.

This easy-to-understand textbook introduces the mathematical language and problem-solving tools essential to anyone wishing to enter the world of computer and information sciences. Specifically designed for the student who is intimidated by mathematics, the book offers a concise treatment in an engaging style. The thoroughly revised third edition features a new chapter on relevance-sensitivity in logical reasoning and many additional explanations on points that students find puzzling, including the rationale for various shorthand ways of speaking and 'abuses of language' that are convenient but can give rise to misunderstandings. Solutions are now also provided for all exercises. Topics and features: presents an intuitive approach, emphasizing how finite mathematics supplies a valuable language for thinking about computation; discusses sets and the mathematical objects built with them, such as relations and functions, as well as recursion and induction; introduces core topics of mathematics, including combinatorics and finite probability, along with the structures known as trees; examines propositional and quantificational logic, how to build complex proofs from simple ones, and how to ensure relevance in logic; addresses questions that students find puzzling but may have difficulty articulating, through entertaining conversations between Alice and the Mad Hatter; provides an extensive set of solved exercises throughout the text. This clearly-written textbook offers invaluable guidance to students beginning an undergraduate degree in computer science. The coverage is also suitable for courses on formal methods offered to those studying mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, economics, and political science. Assuming only minimal mathematical background, it is ideal for both the classroom and independent study.

Essentials of Mathematical Thinking addresses the growing need to better comprehend mathematics today. Increasingly, our world is driven by mathematics in all aspects of life. The book is an excellent introduction to the world of mathematics for students not majoring in mathematical studies. The author has written this book in an enticing, rich manner that will engage students and introduce new paradigms of thought. Careful readers will develop critical thinking skills which will help them compete in today's world. The book explains: What goes behind a Google search algorithm How to calculate the odds in a lottery The value of Big Data How the nefarious Ponzi scheme operates Instructors will treasure the book for its ability to make the field of mathematics more accessible and alluring with relevant topics and helpful graphics. The author also encourages readers to see the beauty of mathematics and how it relates to their lives in meaningful ways.

This text is the fifth and final in the series of educational books written by Israel Gelfand with his colleagues for high school students. These books cover the basics of mathematics in a clear and simple format - the style Gelfand was known for internationally. Gelfand prepared these materials so as to be suitable for independent studies, thus allowing students to learn and practice the material at their own pace without a class. Geometry takes a different approach to presenting basic geometry for high-school students and others new to the subject. Rather than following the traditional axiomatic method that emphasizes formulae and logical deduction, it focuses on geometric constructions. Illustrations and problems are abundant throughout, and readers are encouraged to draw figures and "move" them in the plane, allowing them to develop and enhance their geometrical vision, imagination, and creativity. Chapters are structured so that only certain operations and the instruments to perform these operations are available for drawing objects and figures on the plane. This structure corresponds to presenting, sequentially, projective, affine, symplectic, and Euclidean geometries, all the while ensuring students have the necessary tools to follow along. Geometry is suitable for a large audience, which includes not only high school geometry students, but also teachers and anyone else interested in improving their geometrical vision and intuition, skills useful in many professions. Similarly, experienced mathematicians can appreciate the book's unique way of presenting plane geometry in a simple form while adhering to its depth and rigor. "Gelfand was a great mathematician and also a great teacher. The book provides an atypical view of geometry. Gelfand gets to the intuitive core of geometry, to the phenomena of shapes and how they move in the plane, leading us to a better understanding of what coordinate geometry and axiomatic geometry seek to describe." - Mark Saul, PhD, Executive Director, Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival "The subject matter is presented as intuitive, interesting and fun. No previous knowledge of the subject is required. Starting from the simplest concepts and by inculcating in the reader the use of visualization skills, [and] after reading the explanations and working through the examples, you will be able to confidently tackle the interesting problems posed. I highly recommend the book to any person interested in this fascinating branch of mathematics." - Ricardo Gorrin, a student of the Extended Gelfand Correspondence Program in Mathematics (EGCPM)

This book collects chapters which discuss interdisciplinary solutions to complex problems by using different approaches in order to save money, time and resources. The book presents the results on the recent advancements in artificial intelligence, computational intelligence, decision-making problems, emerging problems and practical achievements in the broad knowledge management field. q-ROFS is one of the hot topics for all the researchers, industrialists as well as academicians. This book is of interest to professionals and researchers working in the field of decision making and computational intelligence, as well as postgraduate and undergraduate students studying applications of fuzzy sets. The book helps solve different kinds of the decision-making problems such as medical diagnosis, pattern recognition, construction problems and technology selection under the uncertain fuzzy environment. Containing 19 chapters, the book begins by giving a topology of the q-ROFSs and their applications. It then progresses in a logical fashion, dedicating a chapter to each approach, including the generalized information measures for q-ROFSs, implementation of q-ROFSs to medical diagnosis, inventory model, multi-attribute decision-making and approaches to real-life industrial problems such as green campus transportation, social responsibility evaluation pattern and extensions of the q-ROFSs.

Discrete Mathematics and Applications, Second Edition is intended for a one-semester course in discrete mathematics. Such a course is typically taken by mathematics, mathematics education, and computer science majors, usually in their sophomore year. Calculus is not a prerequisite to use this book. Part one focuses on how to write proofs, then moves on to topics in number theory, employing set theory in the process. Part two focuses on computations, combinatorics, graph theory, trees, and algorithms. Emphasizes proofs, which will appeal to a subset of this course market Links examples to exercise sets Offers edition that has been heavily reviewed and developed Focuses on graph theory Covers trees and algorithms

Many believe mathematics is only about calculations, formulas, numbers, and strange letters. But mathematics is much more than just crunching numbers or manipulating symbols. Mathematics is about discovering patterns, uncovering hidden structures, finding counterexamples, and thinking logically. Mathematics is a way of thinking. It is an activity that is both highly creative and challenging. This book offers an introduction to mathematical reasoning for beginning university or college students, providing a solid foundation for further study in mathematics, computer science, and related disciplines. Written in a manner that directly conveys the sense of excitement and discovery at the heart of doing science, its 25 short and visually appealing chapters cover the basics of set theory, logic, proof methods, combinatorics, graph theory, and much more. In the book you will, among other things, find answers to: What is a proof? What is a counterexample? What does it mean to say that something follows logically from a set of premises? What does it mean to abstract over something? How can knowledge and information be represented and used in calculations? What is the connection between Morse code and Fibonacci numbers? Why could it take billions of years to solve Hanoi's Tower? Logical Methods is especially appropriate for students encountering such concepts for the very first time. Designed to ease the transition to a university or college level study of mathematics or computer science, it also provides an accessible and fascinating gateway to logical thinking for students of all disciplines.

Dirk van Dalen's popular textbook "Logic and Structure," now in its fifth edition, provides a comprehensive introduction to the basics of classical and intuitionistic logic, model theory and Godel's famous incompleteness theorem.

Propositional and predicate logic are presented in an easy-to-read style using Gentzen's natural deduction. The book proceeds with some basic concepts and facts of model theory: a discussion on compactness, Skolem-Lowenheim, non-standard models and quantifier elimination. The discussion of classical logic is concluded with a concise exposition of second-order logic.

In view of the growing recognition of constructive methods and principles, intuitionistic logic and Kripke semantics is carefully explored. A number of specific constructive features, such as apartness and equality, the Godel translation, the disjunction and existence property are also included.

The last chapter on Godel's first incompleteness theorem is self-contained and provides a systematic exposition of the necessary recursion theory.

This new edition has been properly revised and contains a new section on ultra-products."

Introduction to the Theory of Optimization in Euclidean Space is intended to provide students with a robust introduction to optimization in Euclidean space, demonstrating the theoretical aspects of the subject whilst also providing clear proofs and applications. Students are taken progressively through the development of the proofs, where they have the occasion to practice tools of differentiation (Chain rule, Taylor formula) for functions of several variables in abstract situations. Throughout this book, students will learn the necessity of referring to important results established in advanced Algebra and Analysis courses. Features Rigorous and practical, offering proofs and applications of theorems Suitable as a textbook for advanced undergraduate students on mathematics or economics courses, or as reference for graduate-level readers Introduces complex principles in a clear, illustrative fashion

Real Scientists Don't Wear Ties links science to general and popular culture and everyday life in an easy-to-understand style. When a gifted writer of science selects his best pieces published in the world's most reputable periodicals such as Nature, Discover, and MIT Technology Review, we get an eminently readable collection of his varied work in book form. That it covers all-time relevant topics like quantum physics, gravitational waves, genetic engineering, space exploration, and artificial intelligence is an added delight. Prof. Perkowitz also discusses how science can be found in medical practice, cooking, soccer, and art, and also science and science fiction in the media. On the lighter side, he reports on his efforts to teach a computer to understand poetry, explains why scientists resist dressing up, and shows that unlike many people, scientists actually enjoy math.

This English edition of Yuri I. Manin's well-received lecture notes provides a concise but extremely lucid exposition of the basics of algebraic geometry and sheaf theory. The lectures were originally held in Moscow in the late 1960s, and the corresponding preprints were widely circulated among Russian mathematicians. This book will be of interest to students majoring in algebraic geometry and theoretical physics (high energy physics, solid body, astrophysics) as well as to researchers and scholars in these areas. "This is an excellent introduction to the basics of Grothendieck's theory of schemes; the very best first reading about the subject that I am aware of. I would heartily recommend every grad student who wants to study algebraic geometry to read it prior to reading more advanced textbooks."- Alexander Beilinson

The study of higher dimensional categories has mostly been developed in the globular form of 2-categories, n-categories, omega-categories and their weak versions. Here we study a different form: double categories, n-tuple categories and multiple categories, with their weak and lax versions.We want to show the advantages of this form for the theory of adjunctions and limits. Furthermore, this form is much simpler in higher dimension, starting with dimension three where weak 3-categories (also called tricategories) are already quite complicated, much more than weak or lax triple categories.This book can be used as a textbook for graduate and postgraduate studies, and as a basis for research. Notions are presented in a 'concrete' way, with examples and exercises; the latter are endowed with a solution or hints. Part I, devoted to double categories, starts at basic category theory and is kept at a relatively simple level. Part II, on multiple categories, can be used independently by a reader acquainted with 2-dimensional categories.

The Assessment Pack supports teachers in tracking and recording children's progress through the first level numeracy and mathematics Curriculum for Excellence. It is a flexible resource which can also be used as a diagnostic tool, to identify children requiring more support or challenge, and to record and report children's attainment. Each photocopiable Assessment Pack contains: * Comprehensive introduction * Yearly Progress Checks (1A, 1B, 1C) * Bank of end of first level assessments * Answers and marking guidance * Recording sheets * Resource sheets (online) Yearly progress checks assess knowledge retention and the numeracy and mathematical skills listed in the benchmarks document. End of level assessments check the ability to apply learning in new and unfamiliar situations. This pack contains everything you need to assess all children working within and at first level.

This self-contained book is an exposition of the fundamental ideas of model theory. It presents the necessary background from logic, set theory and other topics of mathematics. Only some degree of mathematical maturity and willingness to assimilate ideas from diverse areas are required. The book can be used for both teaching and self-study, ideally over two semesters. It is primarily aimed at graduate students in mathematical logic who want to specialise in model theory. However, the first two chapters constitute the first introduction to the subject and can be covered in one-semester course to senior undergraduate students in mathematical logic. The book is also suitable for researchers who wish to use model theory in their work.

Felix Hausdorff gehort zu den herausragenden Mathematikern der ersten Halfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Er hinterliess einen ungewohnlich reichhaltigen Korpus wissenschaftlicher Manuskripe. Sein Gesamtwerk soll nun in 9 Banden, jeweils mit detaillierten Kommentaren, herausgegeben werden. Der vorliegende Band II enthalt Hausdorffs wohl wichtigstes Werk, die "Grundzuge der Mengenlehre" Dieses Buch gehort zu den Klassikern der mathematischen Literatur und hat auf die Entwicklung der Mathematik im 20. Jahrhundert einen bedeutenden Einfluss ausgeubt. Daher erschien es geboten, ausfuhrliche Kommentare beizufugen. In diesen Kommentaren werden vor allem die bedeutenden originellen Beitrage, die Hausdorff in den "Grundzugen" zur Topologie, allgemeinen und deskriptiven Mengenlehre geleistet hat, eingehend behandelt. Insbesondere wird versucht, Hausdorffs Leistungen in die historische Entwicklung einzuordnen und ihre jeweilige Wirkungsgeschichte zu skizzieren."

Twists, Tilings, and Tessellation describes the underlying principles and mathematics of the broad and exciting field of abstract and mathematical origami, most notably the field of origami tessellations. It contains folding instructions, underlying principles, mathematical concepts, and many beautiful photos of the latest work in this fast-expanding field.

Bei Problemen in Technik, Natur- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften werden h ufig maximale Ergebnisse unter minimalem Aufwand gesucht. Deshalb gewinnt die mathematische Optimierung sowohl f r Ingenieure als auch Natur- und Wirtschaftswissenschaftler zunehmend an Bedeutung. Das vorliegende Lehrbuch gibt eine Einf hrung in die lineare, nichtlineare und vektorielle Optimierung, wobei auch Spezialf lle wie quadratische, parametrische und diskrete Optimierung betrachtet werden. Des Weiteren wird der Gegenstand der Spieltheorie und dynamischen Optimierung skizziert. Im Buch wird auf Beweise verzichtet und daf r die Problematik anhand von Beispielen illustriert. Ein zweiter Schwerpunkt des Buches liegt auf der Berechnung der behandelten Optimierungsaufgaben mittels Computer. Hierzu werden die Computeralgebrasysteme MAPLE, MATHEMATICA, MATHCAD und MATLAB und das Tabellenkalkulationsprogramm EXCEL herangezogen und versionsunabh ngig erl utert.

Introduction to Probability with Texas Hold'em Examples illustrates both standard and advanced probability topics using the popular poker game of Texas Hold'em, rather than the typical balls in urns. The author uses students' natural interest in poker to teach important concepts in probability.

Why do we need the real numbers? How should we construct them? These questions arose in the nineteenth century, along with the ideas and techniques needed to address them. Nowadays it is commonplace for apprentice mathematicians to hear 'we shall assume the standard properties of the real numbers' as part of their training. But exactly what are those properties? And why can we assume them? This book is clearly and entertainingly written for those students, with historical asides and exercises to foster understanding. Starting with the natural (counting) numbers and then looking at the rational numbers (fractions) and negative numbers, the author builds to a careful construction of the real numbers followed by the complex numbers, leaving the reader fully equipped with all the number systems required by modern mathematical analysis. Additional chapters on polynomials and quarternions provide further context for any reader wanting to delve deeper.

Teach Your Students Both the Mathematics of Numerical Methods and the Art of Computer Programming Introduction to Computational Linear Algebra presents classroom-tested material on computational linear algebra and its application to numerical solutions of partial and ordinary differential equations. The book is designed for senior undergraduate students in mathematics and engineering as well as first-year graduate students in engineering and computational science. The text first introduces BLAS operations of types 1, 2, and 3 adapted to a scientific computer environment, specifically MATLAB (R). It next covers the basic mathematical tools needed in numerical linear algebra and discusses classical material on Gauss decompositions as well as LU and Cholesky's factorizations of matrices. The text then shows how to solve linear least squares problems, provides a detailed numerical treatment of the algebraic eigenvalue problem, and discusses (indirect) iterative methods to solve a system of linear equations. The final chapter illustrates how to solve discretized sparse systems of linear equations. Each chapter ends with exercises and computer projects.