This book presents state-of-the-art research and survey articles that highlight work done within the Priority Program SPP 1489 "Algorithmic and Experimental Methods in Algebra, Geometry and Number Theory", which was established and generously supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) from 2010 to 2016. The goal of the program was to substantially advance algorithmic and experimental methods in the aforementioned disciplines, to combine the different methods where necessary, and to apply them to central questions in theory and practice. Of particular concern was the further development of freely available open source computer algebra systems and their interaction in order to create powerful new computational tools that transcend the boundaries of the individual disciplines involved. The book covers a broad range of topics addressing the design and theoretical foundations, implementation and the successful application of algebraic algorithms in order to solve mathematical research problems. It offers a valuable resource for all researchers, from graduate students through established experts, who are interested in the computational aspects of algebra, geometry, and/or number theory.

This book develops the foundations of "summability calculus", which is a comprehensive theory of fractional finite sums. It fills an important gap in the literature by unifying and extending disparate historical results. It also presents new material that has not been published before. Importantly, it shows how the study of fractional finite sums benefits from and contributes to many areas of mathematics, such as divergent series, numerical integration, approximation theory, asymptotic methods, special functions, series acceleration, Fourier analysis, the calculus of finite differences, and information theory. As such, it appeals to a wide audience of mathematicians whose interests include the study of special functions, summability theory, analytic number theory, series and sequences, approximation theory, asymptotic expansions, or numerical methods. Richly illustrated, it features chapter summaries, and includes numerous examples and exercises. The content is mostly developed from scratch using only undergraduate mathematics, such as calculus and linear algebra.

This book presents a collection of carefully refereed research articles and lecture notes stemming from the Conference "Automorphic Forms and L-Functions", held at the University of Heidelberg in 2016. The theory of automorphic forms and their associated L-functions is one of the central research areas in modern number theory, linking number theory, arithmetic geometry, representation theory, and complex analysis in many profound ways. The 19 papers cover a wide range of topics within the scope of the conference, including automorphic L-functions and their special values, p-adic modular forms, Eisenstein series, Borcherds products, automorphic periods, and many more.

This book provides the latest competing research results on non-commutative harmonic analysis on homogeneous spaces with many applications. It also includes the most recent developments on other areas of mathematics including algebra and geometry. Lie group representation theory and harmonic analysis on Lie groups and on their homogeneous spaces form a significant and important area of mathematical research. These areas are interrelated with various other mathematical fields such as number theory, algebraic geometry, differential geometry, operator algebra, partial differential equations and mathematical physics. Keeping up with the fast development of this exciting area of research, Ali Baklouti (University of Sfax) and Takaaki Nomura (Kyushu University) launched a series of seminars on the topic, the first of which took place on November 2009 in Kerkennah Islands, the second in Sousse on December 2011, and the third in Hammamet on December 2013. The last seminar, which took place December 18th to 23rd 2015 in Monastir, Tunisia, has promoted further research in all the fields where the main focus was in the area of Analysis, algebra and geometry and on topics of joint collaboration of many teams in several corners. Many experts from both countries have been involved.

Gathered from the 2016 Gainesville Number Theory Conference honoring Krishna Alladi on his 60th birthday, these proceedings present recent research in number theory. Extensive and detailed, this volume features 40 articles by leading researchers on topics in analytic number theory, probabilistic number theory, irrationality and transcendence, Diophantine analysis, partitions, basic hypergeometric series, and modular forms. Readers will also find detailed discussions of several aspects of the path-breaking work of Srinivasa Ramanujan and its influence on current research. Many of the papers were motivated by Alladi's own research on partitions and q-series as well as his earlier work in number theory. Alladi is well known for his contributions in number theory and mathematics. His research interests include combinatorics, discrete mathematics, sieve methods, probabilistic and analytic number theory, Diophantine approximations, partitions and q-series identities. Graduate students and researchers will find this volume a valuable resource on new developments in various aspects of number theory.

Based on talks from the 2015 and 2016 Combinatorial and Additive Number Theory (CANT) workshops at the City University of New York, these proceedings offer 19 peer-reviewed and edited papers on current topics in number theory. Held every year since 2003, the workshop series surveys state-of-the-art open problems in combinatorial and additive number theory and related parts of mathematics. Sumsets, partitions, convex polytopes and discrete geometry, Ramsey theory, primality testing, and cryptography are among the topics featured in this volume. Each contribution is dedicated to a specific topic that reflects the latest results by experts in the field. Researchers and graduate students interested in the current progress in number theory will find this selection of articles relevant and compelling.

This interdisciplinary book covers a wide range of subjects, from pure mathematics (knots, braids, homotopy theory, number theory) to more applied mathematics (cryptography, algebraic specification of algorithms, dynamical systems) and concrete applications (modeling of polymers and ionic liquids, video, music and medical imaging). The main mathematical focus throughout the book is on algebraic modeling with particular emphasis on braid groups. The research methods include algebraic modeling using topological structures, such as knots, 3-manifolds, classical homotopy groups, and braid groups. The applications address the simulation of polymer chains and ionic liquids, as well as the modeling of natural phenomena via topological surgery. The treatment of computational structures, including finite fields and cryptography, focuses on the development of novel techniques. These techniques can be applied to the design of algebraic specifications for systems modeling and verification. This book is the outcome of a workshop in connection with the research project Thales on Algebraic Modeling of Topological and Computational Structures and Applications, held at the National Technical University of Athens, Greece in July 2015. The reader will benefit from the innovative approaches to tackling difficult questions in topology, applications and interrelated research areas, which largely employ algebraic tools.

In its simplest form, Hodge theory is the study of periods - integrals of algebraic differential forms which arise in the study of complex geometry and moduli, number theory and physics. Organized around the basic concepts of variations of Hodge structure and period maps, this volume draws together new developments in deformation theory, mirror symmetry, Galois representations, iterated integrals, algebraic cycles and the Hodge conjecture. Its mixture of high-quality expository and research articles make it a useful resource for graduate students and seasoned researchers alike.

Hex: The Full Story is for anyone - hobbyist, professional, student, teacher - who enjoys board games, game theory, discrete math, computing, or history. hex was discovered twice, in 1942 by Piet Hein and again in 1949 by John F. nash. How did this happen? Who created the puzzle for Hein's Danish newspaper column? How are Martin Gardner, David Gale, Claude Shannon, and Claude Berge involved? What is the secret to playing Hex well? The answers are inside... Features New documents on Hein's creation of Hex, the complete set of Danish puzzles, and the identity of their composer Chapters on Gale's game Bridg-it, the game Rex, computer Hex, open Hex problems, and more Dozens of new puzzles and solutions Study guide for Hex players Supplemenetary text for a course in game theory, discrete math, computer science, or science history

A classical theorem of Jordan states that every finite transitive permutation group contains a derangement. This existence result has interesting and unexpected applications in many areas of mathematics, including graph theory, number theory and topology. Various generalisations have been studied in more recent years, with a particular focus on the existence of derangements with special properties. Written for academic researchers and postgraduate students working in related areas of algebra, this introduction to the finite classical groups features a comprehensive account of the conjugacy and geometry of elements of prime order. The development is tailored towards the study of derangements in finite primitive classical groups; the basic problem is to determine when such a group G contains a derangement of prime order r, for each prime divisor r of the degree of G. This involves a detailed analysis of the conjugacy classes and subgroup structure of the finite classical groups.

Diophantine number theory is an active area that has seen tremendous growth over the past century, and in this theory unit equations play a central role. This comprehensive treatment is the first volume devoted to these equations. The authors gather together all the most important results and look at many different aspects, including effective results on unit equations over number fields, estimates on the number of solutions, analogues for function fields and effective results for unit equations over finitely generated domains. They also present a variety of applications. Introductory chapters provide the necessary background in algebraic number theory and function field theory, as well as an account of the required tools from Diophantine approximation and transcendence theory. This makes the book suitable for young researchers as well as experts who are looking for an up-to-date overview of the field.

As a first comprehensive overview on Farey sequences and subsequences, this monograph is intended as a reference for anyone looking for specific material or formulas related to the subject. Duality of subsequences and maps between them are discussed and explicit proofs are shown in detail. From the Content Basic structural and enumerative properties of Farey sequences, Collective decision making, Committee methods in pattern recognition, Farey duality, Farey sequence, Fundamental Farey subsequences, Monotone bijections between Farey subsequences

L-functions associated to automorphic forms encode all classical number theoretic information. They are akin to elementary particles in physics. This book provides an entirely self-contained introduction to the theory of L-functions in a style accessible to graduate students with a basic knowledge of classical analysis, complex variable theory, and algebra. Also within the volume are many new results not yet found in the literature. The exposition provides complete detailed proofs of results in an easy-to-read format using many examples and without the need to know and remember many complex definitions. The main themes of the book are first worked out for GL(2,R) and GL(3,R), and then for the general case of GL(n,R). In an appendix to the book, a set of Mathematica functions is presented, designed to allow the reader to explore the theory from a computational point of view.

This is a new annotated edition of Thomas J. Stieltjes' Collected Papers, first published in 1914 (Vol. I) and 1918 (Vol. II) by Noordhoff, Groningen, in French, and now published by Springer-Verlag, originally to mark the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Stieltjes' death (1894). These two volumes will be of great interest to all mathematicians who are anxious to understand the impact of Stieltjes' work on modern mathematics, and in particular on the theory of orthogonal polynomials and continued fractions. In addition to the reproduction of Stieltjes' papers (I-XLVII), Volume I includes about 75 pages of commentaries by contemporary mathematicians on Stieltjes' work. Volume II contains Stieltjes' papers XLVIII-LXXXIV together with English translations of his main paper "Recherches sur les fractions continues" and his short note regarding the Riemann hypothesis. A Bibliography of Stieltjes' papers is included in both volumes for the convenience of the reader.

Exploring the Riemann Zeta Function: 190 years from Riemann's Birth presents a collection of chapters contributed by eminent experts devoted to the Riemann Zeta Function, its generalizations, and their various applications to several scientific disciplines, including Analytic Number Theory, Harmonic Analysis, Complex Analysis, Probability Theory, and related subjects. The book focuses on both old and new results towards the solution of long-standing problems as well as it features some key historical remarks. The purpose of this volume is to present in a unified way broad and deep areas of research in a self-contained manner. It will be particularly useful for graduate courses and seminars as well as it will make an excellent reference tool for graduate students and researchers in Mathematics, Mathematical Physics, Engineering and Cryptography.

This contributed volume provides readers with an overview of the most recent developments in the mathematical fields related to fractals, including both original research contributions, as well as surveys from many of the leading experts on modern fractal theory and applications. It is an outgrowth of the Conference of Fractals and Related Fields III, that was held on September 19-25, 2015 in ile de Porquerolles, France. Chapters cover fields related to fractals such as harmonic analysis, multifractal analysis, geometric measure theory, ergodic theory and dynamical systems, probability theory, number theory, wavelets, potential theory, partial differential equations, fractal tilings, combinatorics, and signal and image processing. The book is aimed at pure and applied mathematicians in these areas, as well as other researchers interested in discovering the fractal domain.

The 'Arithmetic and Geometry' trimester, held at the Hausdorff Research Institute for Mathematics in Bonn, focussed on recent work on Serre's conjecture and on rational points on algebraic varieties. The resulting proceedings volume provides a modern overview of the subject for graduate students in arithmetic geometry and Diophantine geometry. It is also essential reading for any researcher wishing to keep abreast of the latest developments in the field. Highlights include Tim Browning's survey on applications of the circle method to rational points on algebraic varieties and Per Salberger's chapter on rational points on cubic hypersurfaces.

This self-contained book is an exposition of the fundamental ideas of model theory. It presents the necessary background from logic, set theory and other topics of mathematics. Only some degree of mathematical maturity and willingness to assimilate ideas from diverse areas are required. The book can be used for both teaching and self-study, ideally over two semesters. It is primarily aimed at graduate students in mathematical logic who want to specialise in model theory. However, the first two chapters constitute the first introduction to the subject and can be covered in one-semester course to senior undergraduate students in mathematical logic. The book is also suitable for researchers who wish to use model theory in their work.

This is a new annotated edition of Thomas J. Stieltjes' Collected Papers, first published in 1914 (Vol. I) and 1918 (Vol. II) by Noordhoff, Groningen, in French, and now published by Springer-Verlag, originally to mark the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Stieltjes' death (1894). These two volumes will be of great interest to all mathematicians who are anxious to understand the impact of Stieltjes' work on modern mathematics, and in particular on the theory of orthogonal polynomials and continued fractions. In addition to the reproduction of Stieltjes' papers (I-XLVII), Volume I includes about 75 pages of commentaries by contemporary mathematicians on Stieltjes' work. Volume II contains Stieltjes' papers XLVIII-LXXXIV together with English translations of his main paper "Recherches sur les fractions continues" and his short note regarding the Riemann hypothesis. A Bibliography of Stieltjes' papers is included in both volumes for the convenience of the reader.

This unique book explores the world of q, known technically as basic hypergeometric series, and represents the author's personal and life-long study-inspired by Ramanujan-of aspects of this broad topic. While the level of mathematical sophistication is graduated, the book is designed to appeal to advanced undergraduates as well as researchers in the field. The principal aims are to demonstrate the power of the methods and the beauty of the results. The book contains novel proofs of many results in the theory of partitions and the theory of representations, as well as associated identities. Though not specifically designed as a textbook, parts of it may be presented in course work; it has many suitable exercises. After an introductory chapter, the power of q-series is demonstrated with proofs of Lagrange's four-squares theorem and Gauss's two-squares theorem. Attention then turns to partitions and Ramanujan's partition congruences. Several proofs of these are given throughout the book. Many chapters are devoted to related and other associated topics. One highlight is a simple proof of an identity of Jacobi with application to string theory. On the way, we come across the Rogers-Ramanujan identities and the Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction, the famous "forty identities" of Ramanujan, and the representation results of Jacobi, Dirichlet and Lorenz, not to mention many other interesting and beautiful results. We also meet a challenge of D.H. Lehmer to give a formula for the number of partitions of a number into four squares, prove a "mysterious" partition theorem of H. Farkas and prove a conjecture of R.Wm. Gosper "which even Erdos couldn't do." The book concludes with a look at Ramanujan's remarkable tau function.

This collection of articles, originating from a short course held at the University of Manchester, explores the ideas behind Pila's proof of the Andre-Oort conjecture for products of modular curves. The basic strategy has three main ingredients: the Pila-Wilkie theorem, bounds on Galois orbits, and functional transcendence results. All of these topics are covered in this volume, making it ideal for researchers wishing to keep up to date with the latest developments in the field. Original papers are combined with background articles in both the number theoretic and model theoretic aspects of the subject. These include Martin Orr's survey of abelian varieties, Christopher Daw's introduction to Shimura varieties, and Jacob Tsimerman's proof via o-minimality of Ax's theorem on the functional case of Schanuel's conjecture.

This book presents the mathematical background underlying security modeling in the context of next-generation cryptography. By introducing new mathematical results in order to strengthen information security, while simultaneously presenting fresh insights and developing the respective areas of mathematics, it is the first-ever book to focus on areas that have not yet been fully exploited for cryptographic applications such as representation theory and mathematical physics, among others. Recent advances in cryptanalysis, brought about in particular by quantum computation and physical attacks on cryptographic devices, such as side-channel analysis or power analysis, have revealed the growing security risks for state-of-the-art cryptographic schemes. To address these risks, high-performance, next-generation cryptosystems must be studied, which requires the further development of the mathematical background of modern cryptography. More specifically, in order to avoid the security risks posed by adversaries with advanced attack capabilities, cryptosystems must be upgraded, which in turn relies on a wide range of mathematical theories. This book is suitable for use in an advanced graduate course in mathematical cryptography, while also offering a valuable reference guide for experts.

Theta functions were studied extensively by Ramanujan. This book provides a systematic development of Ramanujan's results and extends them to a general theory. The author's treatment of the subject is comprehensive, providing a detailed study of theta functions and modular forms for levels up to 12. Aimed at advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and researchers, the organization, user-friendly presentation, and rich source of examples, lends this book to serve as a useful reference, a pedagogical tool, and a stimulus for further research. Topics, especially those discussed in the second half of the book, have been the subject of much recent research; many of which are appearing in book form for the first time. Further results are summarized in the numerous exercises at the end of each chapter.

Pseudo-reductive groups arise naturally in the study of general smooth linear algebraic groups over non-perfect fields and have many important applications. This monograph provides a comprehensive treatment of the theory of pseudo-reductive groups and gives their classification in a usable form. In this second edition there is new material on relative root systems and Tits systems for general smooth affine groups, including the extension to quasi-reductive groups of famous simplicity results of Tits in the semisimple case. Chapter 9 has been completely rewritten to describe and classify pseudo-split absolutely pseudo-simple groups with a non-reduced root system over arbitrary fields of characteristic 2 via the useful new notion of 'minimal type' for pseudo-reductive groups. Researchers and graduate students working in related areas, such as algebraic geometry, algebraic group theory, or number theory will value this book, as it develops tools likely to be used in tackling other problems.

This volume is dedicated to Robert F. Tichy on the occasion of his 60th birthday. Presenting 22 research and survey papers written by leading experts in their respective fields, it focuses on areas that align with Tichy's research interests and which he significantly shaped, including Diophantine problems, asymptotic counting, uniform distribution and discrepancy of sequences (in theory and application), dynamical systems, prime numbers, and actuarial mathematics. Offering valuable insights into recent developments in these areas, the book will be of interest to researchers and graduate students engaged in number theory and its applications.