Spectroscopic Properties of Inorganic and Organometallic Compounds provides a unique source of information on an important area of chemistry. Divided into sections mainly according to the particular spectroscopic technique used, coverage in each volume includes: NMR (with reference to stereochemistry, dynamic systems, paramagnetic complexes, solid state NMR and Groups 13-18); nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy; vibrational spectroscopy of main group and transition element compounds and coordinated ligands; and electron diffraction. Reflecting the growing volume of published work in this field, researchers will find this Specialist Periodical Report an invaluable source of information on current methods and applications. Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage in major areas of chemical research. Compiled by teams of leading experts in their specialist fields, this series is designed to help the chemistry community keep current with the latest developments in their field. Each volume in the series is published either annually or biennially and is a superb reference point for researchers. www.rsc.org/spr

There is a certain fascination associated with words. The manipulation of strings of symbols according to mutually accepted rules allows a language to express history as well as to formulate challenges for the future. But language changes as old words are used in a new context and new words are created to describe changing situations. How many words has the computer revolution alone added to languages? "Inorganometallic" is a word you probably have never encountered before. It is one created from old words to express a new presence. A strange sounding word, it is also a term fraught with internal contradiction caused by the accepted meanings of its constituent parts. "In organic" is the name of a discipline of chemistry while "metallic" refers to a set of elements constituting a subsection of that discipline. Why then this Carrollian approach to entitling a set of serious academic papers? Organic, the acknowledged doyenne of chemistry, is distinguished from her brother, inorganic, by the prefix "in," i. e. , he gets everything not organic. Organometallic refers to compounds with carbon-metal bonds. It is simple! Inorganometallic is everything else, i. e. , compounds with noncarbon-metal element bonds. But why a new term? Is not inorganic sufficient? By virtue of training, limited time, resources, co-workers, and so on, chemists tend to work on a specific element class, on a particular compound type, or in a particular phase. Thus, one finds element-oriented chemists (e. g.

Polyolefin is a major industry that is important for our economy and impacts every aspect of our lives. The discovery of new transition metal-based catalysts is one of the driving forces for the further advancement of this field. Whereas the classical heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts and homogeneous early transition metal metallocene catalysts remain the workhorses of the polyolefin industry, in roughly the last decade, tremendous progress has been made in developing non-metallocene-based olefin polymerization catalysts. Particularly, the discovery of late transition metal-based olefin polymerization catalysts heralds a new era for this field. These late transition metal complexes not only exhibit high activities rivaling their early metal counterparts, but more importantly they offer unique properties for polymer architectural control and copolymerization with polar olefins. In this book, the most recent major breakthroughs in the development of new olefin polymerization catalysts, including early metal metallocene and non-metallocene complexes and late transition metal complexes, are discussed by leading experts. The authors highlight the most important discoveries in catalysts and their applications in designing new polyolefin-based functional materials.

This volume differs somewhat from the previous volumes in the series in that there is a strong emphasis on the physical aspects and not so much on the chemical aspects of intermetallic compounds. Two of the chapters are concerned with relatively new experimental methods of studying rare earth metallic phases - high energy neutron spectroscopy and light scattering. In these chapters the authors explain the new kinds of information one obtains from these techniques and how this complements the knowledge previously gleaned from the more common measurements - such as NMR, heat capacities, magnetic susceptibility, transport and elastic properties. One of the remaining three chapters deals with NMR studies of rare earth intermetallics and the final two chapters are concerned, not so much with a particular experimental technique, but with physical phenomena that occur in these compounds: the electron-phonon interaction and heavy fermion behavior.

Spectroscopic Properties of Inorganic and Organometallic Compounds provides a unique source of information on an important area of chemistry. Divided into sections mainly according to the particular spectroscopic technique used, coverage in each volume includes: NMR (with reference to stereochemistry, dynamic systems, paramagnetic complexes, solid state NMR and Groups 13-18); nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy; vibrational spectroscopy of main group and transition element compounds and coordinated ligands; and electron diffraction. Reflecting the growing volume of published work in this field, researchers will find this Specialist Periodical Report an invaluable source of information on current methods and applications. Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage in major areas of chemical research. Compiled by teams of leading experts in their specialist fields, this series is designed to help the chemistry community keep current with the latest developments in their field. Each volume in the series is published either annually or biennially and is a superb reference point for researchers. www.rsc.org/spr

Bioinorganic chemistry is primarily concerned with the role of metal atoms in biology and is a very active research field. However, even though such important structures of metalloenzymes are known, as the MoFeCo of nitrogenase, Cu or Mn superoxide dismutase and plastocyanin, the synthetic routes to the modelling of such centers remains a matter of acute scientific interest. Other metalloenzymes, such as the Mn center of the oxygen evolving complex of PSII, are still the focus of in-depth examination, both spectroscopic and structural. Another area of concern is the interaction between drugs and metals and metal ion antagonism. Understanding the chemistry of metal ions in biological systems will bring benefits in terms of understanding such problems as biomineralization and the production of advanced materials by micro-organisms. The 29 contributions to Bioinorganic Chemistry: An Inorganic Perspective of Life give an excellent summary of the state of the art in this field, covering areas from the NMR of paramagnetic molecules to the use of lanthanide porphyrins in artificial batteries.

Carbon is chemically versatile and is thus the body and soul of biological, geological, ecological and economic systems. Its appropriation by humans through diversion of its biogeochemical cycle has been a mainstay of development. This domestication is characterized by a number of thresholds: control of fire, development of agriculture, expansion of Europe, fossil-fuel use and biotechnology. All have exacted an environmental toll, not least being climatic change and biodiversity loss. Carbon management now and in the future is a hot' political issue.There is no existing book which focuses on the pivotal role of carbon in the environment and society and the ways in which carbon has been domesticated in time and space to generate wealth and political advantage. Students of environmental science, geography, biology and general science will find this work invaluable as a cross-disciplinary text.

In this reference, the author thoroughly reviews the current state of condensed phosphate chemistry. A unique feature of this volume is an examination of the recent developments in X-ray structural techniques, reporting on fundamental results obtained through their use. Enhanced by comprehensive tables reporting crystal data, chapters identify and characterize more than 2,000 compounds. Additional features include a concise survey of the historical development of condensed phosphate chemistry; the presently accepted classification system; a review of each family of condensed phosphates and much more.

This book outlines the interaction of cadmium with the proteome and signalling molecules of mammalian cells. Chapters from expert contributors cover topics such as cadmium chemical biology, membrane receptors and transporters for cadmium and cadmium complexes, and targets of cadmium toxicity. Students and researchers working in bioinorganic chemistry will find this book an important account.

Spectroscopic Properties of Inorganic and Organometallic Compounds provides a unique source of information on an important area of chemistry. Divided into sections mainly according to the particular spectroscopic technique used, coverage in each volume includes: NMR (with reference to stereochemistry, dynamic systems, paramagnetic complexes, solid state NMR and Groups 13-18); nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy; vibrational spectroscopy of main group and transition element compounds and coordinated ligands; and electron diffraction. Reflecting the growing volume of published work in this field, researchers will find this Specialist Periodical Report an invaluable source of information on current methods and applications. Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage in major areas of chemical research. Compiled by teams of leading experts in their specialist fields, this series is designed to help the chemistry community keep current with the latest developments in their field. Each volume in the series is published either annually or biennially and is a superb reference point for researchers. www.rsc.org/spr

Spectroscopic Properties of Inorganic and Organometallic Compounds provides a unique source of information on an important area of chemistry. Divided into sections mainly according to the particular spectroscopic technique used, coverage in each volume includes: NMR (with reference to stereochemistry, dynamic systems, paramagnetic complexes, solid state NMR and Groups 13-18); nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy; vibrational spectroscopy of main group and transition element compounds and coordinated ligands; and electron diffraction. Reflecting the growing volume of published work in this field, researchers will find this Specialist Periodical Report an invaluable source of information on current methods and applications. Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage in major areas of chemical research. Compiled by teams of leading experts in their specialist fields, this series is designed to help the chemistry community keep current with the latest developments in their field. Each volume in the series is published either annually or biennially and is a superb reference point for researchers. www.rsc.org/spr

Spectroscopic Properties of Inorganic and Organometallic Compounds provides a unique source of information on an important area of chemistry. Divided into sections mainly according to the particular spectroscopic technique used, coverage in each volume includes: NMR (with reference to stereochemistry, dynamic systems, paramagnetic complexes, solid state NMR and Groups 13-18); nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy; vibrational spectroscopy of main group and transition element compounds and coordinated ligands; and electron diffraction. Reflecting the growing volume of published work in this field, researchers will find this Specialist Periodical Report an invaluable source of information on current methods and applications. Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage in major areas of chemical research. Compiled by teams of leading experts in their specialist fields, this series is designed to help the chemistry community keep current with the latest developments in their field. Each volume in the series is published either annually or biennially and is a superb reference point for researchers. www.rsc.org/spr

Hydrogen Bonding a " New Insights is an extensive text which takes numerous examples from experimental studies and uses these to illustrate theoretical investigations to allow a greater understanding of hydrogen bonding phenomenon. The most important topics in recent studies are considered including:

Intra-molecular H-bonds

Differences between H-bond and van der Waals interactions from one side and covalent bonds from the other

Bader theory to analyze H-bonding

Influence of weak H-bonds upon structure and function of biological molecules

H-bonds in crystal structures

With contributions from some of the foremost experts in this field this volume provides an invaluable resource for all members of the academic community looking for a comprehensive text on hydrogen bonding. It will be of particular interest to physical and theoretical chemists, spectroscopists, crystallographers and those involved with chemical physics.

Mixed valency is one of various names used to describe compounds which contain ions of the same element in two different formal states of oxidation. The existence of mixed valency systems goes far back into the geological evolutionary history of the earth and other planets, while a plethora of mixed valency minerals has attracted attention since antiquity. Indeed, control of the oxidation states of Fe in its oxides (FeO, Fe304' Fe203) was elegantly used in vase painting by the ancient Greeks to produce the characteristic black and red Attic ceramics (Z. Goffer, "Archaeological Chemistry," Wiley, New York, 1980). It was, however, only 25 years ago that two reviews of mixed valency appeared in the literature almost simultaneously, signalling the first attempt to treat mixed valency systems as a separate class of compounds whose properties can be correlated with the molecular and the electronic structure of their members. Then mixed valency phenomena attracted the interest of disparate classes of scientists, ranging from synthetic chemists to solid state physicists and from biologists to geologists. This activity culminated with the NATO ASI meeting in Oxford in 1979. The 1980's saw again a continuing upsurge of interest in mixed valency. Its presence is a necessary factor in the search for highly conducting materials, including molecular metals and superconductors. The highly celebrated high T c ceramic superconducting oxides are indeed mixed valency compounds.

D. Santamaria-Perez and F. Liebau : Structural relationships between intermetallic clathrates, porous tectosilicates and clathrates hydrates Vladislav A. Blatov: Crystal structures of inorganic oxoacid salts perceived as cation arrays: a periodic graph approach Angel Vegas: FeLiPO4: Dissection of a crystal structure. The parts and the whole D. J. M. Bevan, R. L. Martin, Angel Vegas: Rationalisation of the substructures derived from the three fluorite-related [Li6(MVLi)N4] polymorphs: An analysis in terms of the "Barnighausen Trees" and of the "Extended Zintl-Klemm Concept" Angel Vegas: Concurrent pathways in the phase transitions of alloys and oxides: Towards an Unified Vision of Inorganic Solids

Since the discovery of ferrocene and the sandwich-type complexes, the development of organometallic chemistry took its course like an avalanche and became one of the scientific success stories of the second half of the twentieth century. Based on this development, the traditional boundaries between inorganic and organic chemistry gradually disappeared and a rebirth of the nowadays highly important field of homogeneous catalysis occurred. It is fair to say that despite the fact that the key discovery, which sparked it all off, was made more than 50 years ago, organometallic chemistry remains a young and lively discipline.

During the last decade there has been a renewed interest in under standing from a fundamental point of view the gasification of carbon. Basi cally there are two major issues in controlling the reactivity of carbon: i) reduction of the gasification rate of carbon materials in hostile environment ii) increase of the gasification rate in order to utilize carbonaceous compounds more effectively. Although these two objectives look somewhat contradictory, they are part of the general topics of understanding gasification reactivity of carbon. Refractory applications of carbon in furnace linings, seals and vanes, as well as the use of carbon-carbon or carbon-ceramic composites in struc tures able to withstand corrosion at high temperature require a better understanding of the fundamentals involved in carbon-oxidizing gas (02' CO, H 0) reactions. Furthermore a great interest of aluminium producers 2 2 is 10 extending the lifetime of carbon electrodes in alumina electrolysis which primarily depends on reducing their consumption rates by air or carbon dioxide. Proper control of gasification reactions is also of prime importance in manufacturing carbonaceous adsorbents like granular activated carbon clothes of high adsorption characteristics. The balance between increase of porosity and decrease in mechanical strength during activation is critical for developing new porous types of carbon materials in particular for carbon clothes and this can only be achieved by a careful control of the gasification reaction."

The use of electrochemical techniques by chemists, particularly those who regard themselves as "inorganic" coordination chemists, has undergone a very rapid growth in the last 15-20 years. The techniques, as dassically applied to inorganic species, had their origins in analytical chemistry, and the methodology had assumed, until the mid 60s, more importance than the chemiStry. However, the growth of interest in coordination compounds (including organometallic complexes) having unusually rich of electron-transfer in bio-inorganic redox properties, and in the understanding species, has propelfed electro-chemistry into the foreground of potentially readily available techniques for application to a very wide range of problems of interest to those chemists. This growth has been fuelled additionally by the availability of relatively cheap equipment of growing sophistication and by an increase in the "inorganic" chemists' general knowledge of physical electrochemistry. In particular, with increasing availability and sophistication of eqUipment, kinetic problems are now being addressed, and the range of electrode types and configuration and solvents has been greatly expanded. Furthermore, the rapid expansion of interest in biological problems has opened new avenues in functionalisation of electrodes, in the development of sensory devices and, in a sense, a return to the analytical base of the science, using novel and multi-disciplinary techniques drawing on synthesis chemistry of and electronic micro-engeneering. The drive towards increasing use microcomputer-controlled data analysis and the development of microeledrodes has opened exciting new avenues for the exploration of chemical reactions involving electron-transfer processes.

John Berry: Metal-Metal Bonds in Chains of Three or More Metal Atoms: From Homometallic to Heterometallic Chains.- Malcolm Chisholm: Electronically Coupled MM Quadruple Bonded Complexes of Molybdenum and Tungsten.- Philip Power: Transition Metal Complexes Stabilized by Bulky Terphenyl Ligands: Applications to Metal-Metal Bonded Compounds.- Gerard Parkin: Metal-Metal Bonding in Bridging Hydride and Alkyl Compounds.- Roland Fischer and Gernot Frenking: Structure and Bonding of Metal Rich Coordination Compounds Containing Low Valent Ga(I) and Zn(I) Ligands.- Mike Hill: Homocatenation of Metal and Metalloid Main Group Elements.- Constandinos A. Tsipis: Aromaticity/Antiaromaticity in "Bare" and ''Ligand-Stabilized'' Rings of Metal Atoms.- Alexander Boldyrev: All-Transition Metal Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity.

vi industrial process or a class of catalysts forms the basis of other books, with information on: fundamental science of the topic, the use of the pro cess or catalysts, and engineering aspects. Single topics in catalysis are also treated in the series, with books giving the theory of the underlying science, and relating it to catalytic practice. We believe that this approach is giving a collection of volumes that is of value to both academic and industrial workers. The series editors welcome comments on the series and suggestions of topics for future volumes. Martyn Twigg Michael Spencer Billingham and Cardiff Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 1 . . . . . . . . Chapter 1. Vibrational Relaxation of Adsorbed Particles . . . .. . 5 1.1. General Approach to Describing Vibrational Relaxation ..... 5 1.2. Phonon Mechanism of Relaxation .................... 8 1.2.1. Relationship between the Simple Perturbation Theory and the Adiabatic Approximation .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . 9 . 1.2.2. One-Mode Approximation .................. . .. 11 1.2.3. Relaxation Caused by Correlation Potential Proportional to Displacement of Adsorbed Particle from Equilibrium ........................... 12 1.2.4. Relaxation Caused by Correlation Potential Proportional to Displacement of Surface Atom from Equilibrium ........................... 14 1.2.5. Results and Discussion ....................... 15 1.3. Vibrational Relaxation via Interaction with Conduction Electrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 18 . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1. Dipole Approximation ......... '.' . . . . . . . . .. . . 18 ."

Axel Christian Klixbull Jorgensen was a "Polyhistor",one of the very few in the highly specialized science of our time.His interests and contributions in ch- istry covered the whole Periodic Table.This statement demonstrates the breadth of his interests,however,it also sheds light on the constraints of chemistry which deals with a large, yet limited number of elements. It is not surprising that Jorgensen went beyond these limits,exploring the probable or plausible ch- istry of yet unknown elements and elementary particles such as quarks. Even chemistry itself did not place rigid limits on his mind,he was able to transfer his chemical concepts to scientific problems far beyond the normal such as in astrophysics. "Structure and Bonding" is intimately associated with the name C.K. J- gensen both as initiator and author over several decades.The appearance of a special edition in memory of this great scientist is a self-evident prolongation of his many contributions to the success of this series.

Numerous experiments and calculations have shown that isolated metal clusters possess many interesting features, quite different from those known from surface and solid- state physics or from atomic and molecular physics. The technological exploitation of these new properties, e.g. in miniature electronic or mechanical components, requires the cluster to be brought into an environment such as an encapsulating matrix or a surface. Due to the interaction with the contact medium, the properties of the clusters may change or even disappear. Thus the physics of cluster-on-surface systems -- the main subject of this book -- is of fundamental importance. The book addresses a wide audience, from the newcomer to the expert. Starting from fundamental concepts of adsorbate-surface interactions, the modification of electronic properties through electron confinement, and concepts of cluster production, it elucidates the distinct properties of the new metallic nanostructures.