This thesis describes the first and long-sought successful synthesis of a new pyrazole-expanded porphyrin, a higher analog of porphyrin. This "Siamese-Twin Porphyrin" provides two conjoined porphyrin-like coordination spheres, thus being able to accommodate two metal ions within the same ligand. In her thesis, Lina Blusch not only explains the challenging synthesis and characterization of the ligand system, but also its application to the synthesis of homo- and hetero-bimetallic Ni and Cu complexes. She observes interesting metal-metal-interactions in the complexes, that lead to a non-innocent multistep redox chemistry. The ligand system and its complexes show an intriguing twisted geometry, giving rise to helical chirality and other fascinating properties. This study explores the first steps and opens up a new chemistry of expanded porphyrins with the potential to biomimetic applications.

This book describes a series of contemporary techniques and their combinations used for CNTs solubilization, from physical to chemical and biological, applying inorganic and organic compounds, as well as some metal complexes. In some cases, successive steps can be applied, for instance the use of low and high-weight surfactants, or mineral acid treatment for creation of -OH and -COOH groups and their further interaction with organic molecules. Each discussed method leads to an improvement of CNT solubility, frequently a considerable one. The formed dispersions can be stable for long periods of time, from several weeks to some months, and they sometimes even remain stable after centrifugation. Several special studies have been carried out in the areas of influence of solvent and light on CNTs dispersibility, combinations and abilities of surfactants, CNT cytotoxicity, etc. Applications of solubilized CNTs are discussed in this book as well.

Solid-state chemistry is becoming increasingly important as its relevance is recognized in subjects as diverse as superconductivity and heterogeneous catalysis. There has been a long-felt need for an authoritative account of the properties of inorganic solids and of the methods for studying them, written at a level suitable for final-year undergraduates studying the subject as a special topic or for first-year graduate students embarking on research in the field. This and the previous volume aim to fill that gap.

This second volume deals with the electronic structure and bonding in solids, and then focuses on several important classes of inorganic compounds.

The commercial availability and decreasing cost of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes in recent years has opened up the field to everybody who wishes to apply these unique properties in their own technologies. This is the first book to provide a comprehensive overview of these applications, and covers the synthesis, characterization and history of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes, their use as metallasilsesquioxane catalysts, their effect upon polymer properties and plastics performance, and their use in superhydrophobic nanocomposites, and electronics, energy, space and biomedical applications. "Applications of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes" is a valuable reference for those working across a range of disciplines, including chemists, materials scientists, polymer physicists, plastics engineers, surface scientists, and anybody with a commercial or academic interest in plastics, composite materials, space materials, dental materials, tissue engineering, drug delivery, lithography, fuel cells, batteries, lubricants, or liquid crystal, LED, sensor, photovoltaic or biomedical devices.

Despite the fact that chemical applications of ultrasound are now widely acknowledged, a detailed presentation of inorganic systems covering nano-particles, catalysis, aqueous chemistry of metallic solutions and their redox characteristics, both from a theoretical and experimental perspective has eluded researchers of this field.

"Theoretical and Experimental Sonochemistry Involving Inorganic Systems" fills this gap and presents a concise and thorough review of this fascinating area of Sonochemistry in a single volume.

Fluorine Chemistry for Organic Chemists consists of 105 examples of surprising reactions. The reactions are shown as problems in the first part of the book. In the second part, explanations are offered and mechanisms of the reactions are discussed. Many of these reactions are real surprises, even for fluorine chemists.

This series provides an unequalled source of information on an area of chemistry that continues to grow in importance. Divided into sections mainly according to the particular spectroscopic technique used, coverage in each volume includes: NMR (with reference to stereochemistry, dynamic systems, paramagnetic complexes, solid state NMR and Groups 13-18); nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy; vibrational spectroscopy of main group and transition element compounds and coordinated ligands; and electron diffraction. Reflecting the growing volume of published work in the field, researchers will find this an invaluable source of information on current methods and applications.

S.C. Singhal and X.-D. Zhou: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells.- H. Wang and H.D. Abruna/: Electrocatalysis of Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells: Quantitative DEMS Studies.- J. Benziger, A. Bocarsly, M.J. Cheah, P.Majsztrik, B. Satterfield and Q. Zhao: Mechanical and Transport Properties of Nafion: Effects of Temperature and Water Activity.- S. Sachdeva, J. A. Turner, J.L. Horana and A. M. Herring: The Use of Heteropoly Acids in Proton Exchange Fuel Cells.- M. T. Kelly: Perspective on the Storage of Hydrogen: Past and Future.-"

T. Ziegler: A Chronicle About the Development of Electronic Structure Theories for Transition Metal Complexes.- J. Linderberg: Orbital Models and Electronic Structure Theory.- J.S. and J.E. Avery: Sturmians and Generalized Sturmians in Quantum Theory.- B.T Sutcliffe: Chemistry as a "Manifestation of Quantum Phenomena" and the Born-Oppenheimer Approximation?- A.J. McCaffery: From Ligand Field Theory to Molecular Collision Dynamics: A Common Thread of Angular Momentum.- M. Atanasov, D. Ganyushin, K. Sivalingam and F. Neese: A Modern First-Principles View on Ligand Field Theory Through the Eyes of Correlated Multireference Wavefunctions.- R.S. Berry and B.M. Smirnov: The Phase Rule: Beyond Myopia to Understanding.

The art of chemistry is to thoroughly understand the properties of molecular compounds and materials and to be able to prepare novel compounds with p- dicted and desirable properties. The basis for progress is to fully appreciate and fundamentally understand the intimate relation between structure and function. The thermodynamic properties (stability, selectivity, redox potential), reactivities (bond breaking and formation, catalysis, electron transfer) and electronic properties (spectroscopy, magnetism) depend on the structure of a compound. Nevertheless, the discovery of novel molecular compounds and materials with exciting prop- ties is often and to a large extent based on serendipity. For compounds with novel and exciting properties, a thorough analysis of experimental data - state-of-the-art spectroscopy, magnetism, thermodynamic properties and/or detailed mechanistic information - combined with sophisticated electronic structure calculations is p- formed to interpret the results and fully understand the structure, properties and their interrelation. From these analyses, new models and theories may emerge, and this has led to the development of ef cient models for the design and interpre- tion of new materials and important new experiments. The chapters in this book therefore describe various fundamental aspects of structures, dynamics and physics of molecules and materials. The approaches, data and models discussed include new theoretical developments, computational studies and experimental work from molecular chemistry to biology and materials science.

The series Structure and Bonding publishes critical reviews on topics of research concerned with chemical structure and bonding. The scope of the series spans the entire Periodic Table and addresses structure and bonding issues associated with all of the elements. It also focuses attention on new and developing areas of modern structural and theoretical chemistry such as nanostructures, molecular electronics, designed molecular solids, surfaces, metal clusters and supramolecular structures. Physical and spectroscopic techniques used to determine, examine and model structures fall within the purview of Structure and Bonding to the extent that the focus is on the scientific results obtained and not on specialist information concerning the techniques themselves. Issues associated with the development of bonding models and generalizations that illuminate the reactivity pathways and rates of chemical processes are also relevant.The individual volumes in the series are thematic. The goal of each volume is to give the reader, whether at a university or in industry, a comprehensive overview of an area where new insights are emerging that are of interest to a larger scientific audience. Thus each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years should be presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. A description of the physical basis of the experimental techniques that have been used to provide the primary data may also be appropriate, if it has not been covered in detail elsewhere. The coverage need not be exhaustive in data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the new principles being developed that will allow the reader, who is not a specialist in the area covered, to understand the data presented. Discussion of possible future research directions in the area is welcomed. Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors.
Readership: research scientists at universities or in industry, graduate students
Special offer
For all customers who have a standing order to the print version of Structure and Bonding, we offer free access to the electronic volumes of the Series published in the current year via SpringerLink.

In his thesis, Sohail Shahzad carefully investigates carbon nucleophiles in selenocyclisations, as well as reaction protocols for performing such reactions catalytically. After a comprehensive introduction to the element selenium, the author goes on to report the synthesis of several substrates for carbocyclisation reactions and the use of selenium reagents for the preparation of dihydronaphthalenes. Further chapters detail electrophilic selenium-mediated reactions, and novel strategies using selenium catalysts together with stoichiometric amounts of hypervalent iodine reagents as oxidants to convert stilbene carbosylic acids into the corresponding isocoumarins. This thesis outlines some excellent new synthetic routes which will be useful tools for synthetic organic chemistry in the future.

[2,3]-Sigmatropic RearrangementsofAllylic Sulfur Compounds M. Reggelin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 [2,3]-SigmatropicRearrangementsofPropargylicandAllenicSystems S. Braverman.M. Cherkinsky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 SulfurParticipation in[3,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangements R. FernandezdelaPradilla.M. Tortosa.A. Viso. . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Thione ThiolRearrangement: Miyazaki Newman KwartRearrangementandOthers C. Zonta.O. DeLucchi.R. Volpicelli.L. Cotarca. . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 TheSmilesRearrangement andtheJulia Kocienski Ole?nationReaction K. Plesniak.A. Zarecki.J. Wicha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 AuthorIndexVolumes251 275. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 ContentsofVolume274 Sulfur-MediatedRearrangementsI Volume Editor: Ernst Schaumann ISBN: 978-3-540-68097-0 SulfurisMoreThantheFatBrotherofOxygen. AnOverviewofOrganosulfurChemistry E."

Written by a preeminent teacher and scientist in the field, this book provides specialists, students, and general readers with an understanding of the basic chemistry of interactions of inorganic substances with biological systems at the molecular level. The author presents bioinorganic concepts in context and brings a distinct chemistry perspective to the subject.
Provides the streamlined coverage appropriate for one-semester courses or independent study, with all of the necessary but none of the excessive information
Prepares readers to move to the next level of study (whether they continue on in the field or transition to medicine/industry)
Presents concepts through extensive four-color visuals, appealing to a range of learning styles
Promotes critical thinking through open-ended questions throughout the narrative and at the end of each chapter"

Electrochemical processes are long known but are becoming increasingly important again, due to modern applications, such as electro-mobility or energy storage. Thus, electrochemistry is not only a topic for chemists and physicists, but also for technical engineers. This book addresses all aspects of electrochemistry, which are important in these days: electrodes, corrosion, interphases, processes, energy storage, analytical methods, and sensors.

R. Bruce King: Structure and Bonding in Zintl Ions and Related Main Group Element Clusters

Stefanie Gartner, Nikolaus Korber: Polyanions of Group 14 and Group 15 Elements in Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Solid State Compounds and Solvate Structures

Bryan Eichhorn, Sanem Kocak: Dynamic Properties of the Group 14 Zintl Ions and Their Derivatives

Thomas F. Fassler: Relationships between soluble Zintl anions, ligand-stabilized cage compounds, and intermetalloid clusters of tetrel (Si Pb) and pentel (P Bi) elements

Gerasimos S. Armatas, Mercouri Kanatzidis: Germanium-Based Porous Semiconductors from Molecular Zintl Anions

This book is an excellent compilation of cutting-edge research in heterogeneous catalysis and related disciplines - surface science, organometallic catalysis, and enzymatic catalysis. In 23 chapters by noted experts, the volume demonstrates varied approaches using model systems and their successes in understanding aspects of heterogeneous catalysis, both metal- and metal oxide-based catalysis in extended single crystal and nanostructured catalytic materials. To truly appreciate the astounding advances of modern heterogeneous catalysis, let us first consider the subject from a historical perspective. Heterogeneous catalysis had its beginnings in England and France with the work of scientists such as Humphrey Davy (1778-1829), Michael Faraday (1791-1867), and Paul Sabatier (1854-1941). Sabatier postulated that surface compounds, si- lar to those familiar in bulk to chemists, were the intermediate species leading to catalytic products. Sabatier proposed, for example, that NiH moieties on a Ni sur- 2 face were able to hydrogenate ethylene, whereas NiH was not. In the USA, Irving Langmuir concluded just the opposite, namely, that chemisorbed surface species are chemically bound to surfaces and are unlike known molecules. These chemisorbed species were the active participants in catalysis. The equilibrium between gas-phase molecules and adsorbed chemisorbed species (yielding an adsorption isotherm) produced a monolayer by simple site-filling kinetics.

In their analysis of experiments and in their planning of syntheses, organic chemistsconsciouslyorunconsciouslytendtousetheprincipleofleastmotion, thechemicalequivalentofOccam'srazor. Inrearrangementreactionsthispr- ciple is violated and may make rearrangements problematic reactions. At the sametime, thereisalwaysfascinationintheunexpectedandsorearrangement reactionsarealsoanattractive?eldofstudy. Consequently, ourunderstanding of rearrangement reactions is now quite advanced and allows strategic uses in organic synthesis. Here, a helpful tool that may easily be overlooked is thein?uence oforganosulfurfunctionalitiesontheserearrangements. Infact, the presence of sulfur may make rearrangements predictable and productive or allow speci?c transformations which would otherwise require a tedious synthetic detour. The present account is meant to spread this knowledge. In addition, an introductory chapter gives a survey of the basics of organosulfur chemistry to put the information in the individual chapters into perspective and to help readers who are less familiar with the peculiarities of sulfur in an organicenvironment. Theamountofmaterialrequiringcoveragewassovastthatthevolumehadto besplitintotwoparts. Wehopethatreaderswillappreciatethecomprehensive and up-to-date information on sulfur-mediated rearrangements. Fortunately, leading experts were available to write the individual chapters and provide state-of-the-artreviews ofthecurrent researchonsulfur-mediated rearran- ments. It was a pleasure to work with these colleagues and I appreciate their involvement in spite of many other obligations. This volume should help the chemical community in their synthetic workand so it was worththe effort. Clausthal-Zellerfeld, October 2006 Ernst Schaumann Contents SulfurisMoreThantheFatBrotherofOxygen. AnOverviewofOrganosulfurChemistry E. Schaumann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 RecentAdvancesinPummererReactions S. Akai.Y. Kita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 1,2-SulfurMigrations A. W. Sromek.V. Gevorgyan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 1,3-SulfurShifts: MechanismandSyntheticUtility S. K. Bur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 AuthorIndexVolumes251-274. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 ContentsofVolume275 Sulfur-MediatedRearrangementsII Volume Editor: Ernst Schaumann ISBN: 978-3-540-68099-4 2,3]-Sigmatropic RearrangementsofAllylic Sulfur Compounds M. Reggelin 2,3]Sigmatropic RearrangementsofPropargylic andAllenicSystems S. Braverman .M."

This book extends the development of the thermodynamic theory of specific intermolecular interactions to element-organic and specific organometallic compounds. The fundamentals of an unconventional approach to the theory of H-bonding and specific interactions are formulated, based on a concept of pentacoordinate carbon atoms. Prof. Baev has introduced the theory already in his successful books "Specific Intermolecular Interactions of Organic Compounds" and "Specific Intermolecular Interactions of Nitrogenated and Bioorganic Compounds". In this book he also demonstrates it for element organic and specific organometallic compounds, a class of substances which is of great importance in synthetic chemistry and catalysis. Furthermore, organic compound classes, that have not been treated in the previous books, are included. New types of hydrogen bonds and specific interactions are substantiated and their energies are determined on the basis of the developed methodology. In this way, the influence of the molecular structure on the energy and on intermolecular interactions can be discussed for these particular compound classes.

This thesis focuses on the development of gold- and non-classical platinum-based anti-cancer agents that display distinctively different anti-cancer mechanisms compared to the commonly used cisplatin. These metal complexes contain N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands which are able to form strong M-C(NHC) bonds, conferring high stability and favorable lipophilicity, reactivity and binding specificity of metal complexes on biomolecules. The author demonstrates significant advances made in anti-cancer gold(III), gold(I) and platinum(II) complexes. Detailed chemical synthesis, in vitro and/or in vivo anti-cancer activities are clearly presented including: (i) a class of Au(III) complexes containing a highly fluorescent N^N^N ligand and NHC ligand that simultaneously act as fluorescent thiol "switch-on" probes and anti-cancer agents; (ii) a dinuclear gold(I) complex with a mixed diphosphine and bis(NHC) ligand displaying favorable stability and showing significant inhibition of tumor growth in two independent mice models with no observable side effects; and (iii) a panel of stable luminescent cyclometalated platinum(II) complexes exhibiting high specificity to localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) domain, inducing ER stress and cell apoptosis. These works highlight the clinical potential that gold and platinum complexes offer for cancer treatment.

For the first time the discipline of modern inorganic chemistry has been systematized according to a plan constructed by a council of editorial advisors and consultants, among them three Nobel laureates (E.O. Fischer, H. Taube and G. Wilkinson).
Rather than producing a collection of unrelated review articles, the series creates a framework which reflects the creative potential of this scientific discipline. Thus, it stimulates future development by identifying areas which are fruitful for further research.
The work is indexed in a unique way by a structured system which maximizes its usefulness to the reader. It augments the organization of the work by providing additional routes of access for specific compounds, reactions and other topics.

This volume on iron-sulfur proteins includes chapters that describe the initial discovery of iron-sulfur proteins in the 1960s to elucidation of the roles of iron sulfur clusters as prosthetic groups of enzymes, such as the citric acid cycle enzyme, aconitase, and numerous other proteins, ranging from nitrogenase to DNA repair proteins. The capacity of iron sulfur clusters to accept and delocalize single electrons is explained by basic chemical principles, which illustrate why iron sulfur proteins are uniquely suitable for electron transport and other activities. Techniques used for detection and stabilization of iron-sulfur clusters, including EPR and Mossbauer spectroscopies, are discussed because they are important for characterizing unrecognized and elusive iron sulfur proteins. Recent insights into how nitrogenase works have arisen from multiple advances, described here, including studies of high-resolution crystal structures.

Failure by the international community to make substantive progress in reducing CO2 emissions, coupled with recent evidence of accelerating climate change, has brought increasing urgency to the search for additional remediation approaches. This book presents a selection of state-of-the-art geoengineering methods for deliberately reducing the effects of anthropogenic climate change, either by actively removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere or by decreasing the amount of sunlight absorbed at the Earth's surface. These methods contrast with more conventional mitigation approaches which focus on reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide. Geoengineering technologies could become a key tool to be used in conjunction with emissions reduction to limit the magnitude of climate change. Featuring authoritative, peer-reviewed entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, this book presents a wide range of climate change remediation technologies.

This series provides an unequalled source of information on an area of chemistry that continues to grow in importance. Divided into sections mainly according to the particular spectroscopic technique used, coverage in each volume includes: NMR (with reference to stereochemistry, dynamic systems, paramagnetic complexes, solid state NMR and Groups 13-18); nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy; vibrational spectroscopy of main group and transition element compounds and coordinated ligands; and electron diffraction. Reflecting the growing volume of published work in the field, researchers will find this an invaluable source of information on current methods and applications. Volume 39 provides a critical review of the literature published up to late 2004.

The rare earths represent a group of chemical elements, the lanthanides, together with scandium and yttrium, which exhibit similar chemical properties. They are strategically important to developed and developing nations as they have a wide variety of applications in catalysis, the defense industry, aerospace, the materials and life sciencesand in sustainable energy technologies.

The Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Rare Earths is acontinuing authoritative series that deals with thescience and technology of the rare earth elements in an integrated manner. Each chapter is a comprehensive, up-to-date, critical review of a particular segment of the field. The work offers the researcher and graduate student a complete and thorough coverage of this fascinating field.
Individual chapters are comprehensive, broad, critical reviewsContributions are written by highly experienced, invited expertsGives an up-to-date overview of developments in the field
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