Long before the advent of the global economy, foreign goods were transported, traded, and exchanged through myriad means, over short and long distances. Archaeological tools for identifying foreign objects, such as provenance studies, stylistic analyses, and economic documentary sources reveal non-local materials in historic and prehistoric assemblages.

Trade and exchange represent more than mere production and consumption. Exchange of goods also led to an exchange of cultural and social experiences. Discoveries of the sources of alien objects surpass archaeological expectations of exchange and geographic distance, revealing important technological advances.

With thirteen case studies from around the world, this comprehensive work provides a fresh perspective on material culture studies. Evidence of ongoing negotiation between individuals, villages, and nations provides insight into the impact of trade on the micro-, meso-, and macro-level. Covering a wide array of time periods and areas, this work will be of interest to archaeologists, anthropologists, and anyone working in cultural studies.

Optoelectronic Organic-Inorganic Semiconductor Heterojunctions summarizes advances in the development of organic-inorganic semiconductor heterojunctions, points out challenges and possible solutions for material/device design, and evaluates prospects for commercial applications. Introduces the concept and basic mechanism of semiconductor heterojunctions Describes a series of organic-inorganic semiconductor heterojunctions with desirable electrical and optical properties for optoelectronic devices Discusses typical devices such as solar cells, photo-detectors, and optoelectronic memories Outlines the materials and device challenges as well as possible strategies to promote the commercial translation of semiconductor heterojunctions-based optoelectronic devices Aimed at graduate students and researchers working in solid-state materials and electronics, this book offers a comprehensive yet accessible view of the state of the art and future directions.

Lithium-Ion Batteries and Solar Cells: Physical, Chemical, and Materials Properties presents a thorough investigation of diverse physical, chemical, and materials properties and special functionalities of lithium-ion batteries and solar cells. It covers theoretical simulations and high-resolution experimental measurements that promote a full understanding of the basic science to develop excellent device performance. Employs first-principles and the machine learning method to fully explore the rich and unique phenomena of cathode, anode, and electrolyte (solid and liquid states) in lithium-ion batteries Develops distinct experimental methods and techniques to enhance the performance of lithium-ion batteries and solar cells Reviews syntheses, fabrication, and measurements Discusses open issues, challenges, and potential commercial applications This book is aimed at materials scientists, chemical engineers, and electrical engineers developing enhanced batteries and solar cells for peak performance.

This book presents methods for investigating whether relationships are linear or nonlinear and for adaptively fitting appropriate models when they are nonlinear. Data analysts will learn how to incorporate nonlinearity in one or more predictor variables into regression models for different types of outcome variables. Such nonlinear dependence is often not considered in applied research, yet nonlinear relationships are common and so need to be addressed. A standard linear analysis can produce misleading conclusions, while a nonlinear analysis can provide novel insights into data, not otherwise possible. A variety of examples of the benefits of modeling nonlinear relationships are presented throughout the book. Methods are covered using what are called fractional polynomials based on real-valued power transformations of primary predictor variables combined with model selection based on likelihood cross-validation. The book covers how to formulate and conduct such adaptive fractional polynomial modeling in the standard, logistic, and Poisson regression contexts with continuous, discrete, and counts outcomes, respectively, either univariate or multivariate. The book also provides a comparison of adaptive modeling to generalized additive modeling (GAM) and multiple adaptive regression splines (MARS) for univariate outcomes. The authors have created customized SAS macros for use in conducting adaptive regression modeling. These macros and code for conducting the analyses discussed in the book are available through the first author's website and online via the book's Springer website. Detailed descriptions of how to use these macros and interpret their output appear throughout the book. These methods can be implemented using other programs.

Introducing a new engineering product or changing an existing model involves developing designs, reaching economic decisions, selecting materials, choosing manufacturing processes, and assessing environmental impact. These activities are interdependent and should not be performed in isolation from each other. This is because the materials and processes used in making a product can have a major influence on its design, cost, and performance in service. This Fourth Edition of the best-selling Materials and Process Selection for Engineering Design takes all of this into account and has been comprehensively revised to reflect the many advances in the fields of materials and manufacturing, including: Increasing use of additive manufacturing technology, especially in biomedical, aerospace and automotive applications Emphasizing the environmental impact of engineering products, recycling, and increasing use of biodegradable polymers and composites Analyzing further into weight reduction of products through design changes as well as material and process selection, especially in manufacturing products such as electric cars Discussing new methods for solving multi-criteria decision-making problems, including multi-component material selection as well as concurrent and geometry-dependent selection of materials and joining technology Increasing use of MATLAB by engineering students in solving problems This textbook features the following pedagogical tools: New and updated practical case studies from industry A variety of suggested topics and background information for in-class group work Ideas and background information for reflection papers so readers can think critically about the material they have read, give their interpretation of the issues under discussion and the lessons learned, and then propose a way forward Open-book exercises and questions at the end of each chapter where readers are evaluated on how they use the material, rather than how well they recall it, in addition to the traditional review questions Includes a solutions manual and PowerPoint lecture materials for adopting professors Aimed at students in mechanical, manufacturing, and materials engineering, as well as professionals in these fields, this book provides the practical know-how in order to choose the right materials and processes for development of new or enhanced products.

Chiral Organic Pollutants introduces readers to the growing challenges of chirality in synthetic chemicals. In this volume, contributors brilliantly summarize the characteristics of chiral pollutants to provide tools and techniques for effectively assessing their environmental and human health risks. Chapters cover recent research on the physicochemical properties, sources, exposure pathways, environmental fate, toxicity, and enantioselective analysis of chiral organic pollutants. Chiral Organic Pollutants also provides comprehensive discussions on the current trends in the synthesis and legislation of chiral chemicals. Key Features: Includes sampling and analytical methods for the enantioselective analysis of a wide array of chiral organic pollutants in food and the environment Summarizes recent research on the sources, fate, transport, and toxicity of chiral organic pollutants in the environment Critically examines the sources and pathways of chiral organic pollutants such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and flame retardants in food Includes a comprehensive discussion on current trends in the enantioselective synthesis and chiral switching of pesticides and pharmaceuticals Provides analysis of current national and international regulations of chiral synthetic chemicals The use of chiral synthetic chemicals such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and halogenated flame retardants has significantly grown in the past 60 years. Hence, understanding the human and environmental health effects of chiral organic pollutants is crucial in the industry, academia, and policymaking. Chiral Organic Pollutants is an excellent textbook and reference for students, scientists, engineers, and policymakers interested in food quality, environmental pollution, chemical analysis, organic synthesis, and toxicology. Also available in the Food Analysis and Properties Series: Analysis of Nanoplastics and Microplastics in Food, edited by Leo. M.L. Nollet and Khwaja Salahuddin Siddiqi (ISBN: 9781138600188) Proteomics for Food Authentication, edited by Leo M.L. Nollet, and Semih OEtles (ISBN: 9780367205058) Mass Spectrometry Imaging in Food Analysis, edited by Leo M.L. Nollet (ISBN: 9781138370692) For a complete list of books in this series, please visit our website at: www.crcpress.com/Food-Analysis--Properties/book-series/CRCFOODANPRO

A thorough and timely update, this new edition presents principles, techniques, and applications in this sub-discipline of analytical chemistry for quantifying traces of potentially toxic organic and inorganic chemical substances found in air, soil, fish, and water, as well as serum, plasma, urine, and other body fluids. The author addresses regulatory aspects, calibration, verification, and the statistical treatment of analytical data including instrument detection limits; quality assurance/quality control; sampling and sample preparation; and techniques that are used to quantify trace concentrations of organic and inorganic chemical substances. Key Features: Fundamental principles are introduced for the more significant experimental approaches to sample preparation Principles of instrumental analysis (determinative techniques) for trace organics and trace inorganics analysis An introduction to the statistical treatment of trace analytical data How to calculate instrument detection limits based on weighted least squares confidence band calibration statistics Includes an updated series of student-tested experiments

This textbook provides a comprehensive, yet accessible, introduction to statistical mechanics. Crafted and class-tested over many years of teaching, it carefully guides advanced undergraduate and graduate students who are encountering statistical mechanics for the first time through this - sometimes - intimidating subject. The book provides a strong foundation in thermodynamics and the ensemble formalism of statistical mechanics. An introductory chapter on probability theory is included. Applications include degenerate Fermi systems, Bose-Einstein condensation, cavity radiation, phase transitions, and critical phenomena. The book concludes with a treatment of scaling theories and the renormalization group. In addition, it provides clear descriptions of how to understand the foundational mathematics and physics involved and includes exciting case studies of modern applications of the subject in physics and wider interdisciplinary areas. Key Features: Presents the subject in a clear and entertaining style which enables the author to take a sophisticated approach whilst remaining accessible Contains contents that have been carefully reviewed with a substantial panel to ensure that coverage is appropriate for a wide range of courses, worldwide Accompanied by volumes on thermodynamics and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, which can be used in conjunction with this book, on courses which cover both thermodynamics and statistical mechanics

Containing the latest, groundbreaking discoveries in the field, this text outlines the basics of Einstein's theory of gravity with a focus on its most important astrophysical consequences, including stellar structures, black holes and the physics of gravitational waves. Blending advanced topics - usually not found in introductory textbooks - with examples, pedagogical boxes, mathematical tools and practical applications of the theory, this textbook maximises learning opportunities and is ideal for master and graduate students in Physics and Astronomy. Key features: * Provides a self-contained and consistent treatment of the subject that does not require advanced previous knowledge of the field. * Explores the subject with a new focus on gravitational waves and astrophysical relativity, unlike current introductory textbooks. * Fully up-to-date, containing the latest developments and discoveries in the field.

There is an important overlap between science and design. The most significant technological developments cannot be produced without designers to conceptualize them. By the same token, designers cannot do their job properly without a good understanding of the scientific or technical principles that are being developed within the product. Science in Design: Solidifying Design with Science and Technology reveals the significance of the essential yet understudied intersection of design and scientific academic research and encompasses technological development, scientific principles, and the point of overlap between science and design. Encourages readers to comprehend the role of science in all facets of design Discusses the fundamental involvement of science required for engineering and design irrespective of whether the design is from an individual, business, or social perspective Covers the ontology, characteristics, and application of science in major fields of design education and design research, with an introduction of emerging practices transforming sustainable growth through applied behavioral models Depicts the art and science of material selection using new design techniques and technology advances like augmented reality, AI, and decision-support toolkits This unique book will benefit scientists, technologists, and engineers, as well as designers and professionals, across a variety of industries dealing with scientific analysis of design research methodology, design lifecycle, and problem solving.

Did the Universe have a beginning? Will it have an end? Or has it always been the same, never changing? This is the subject of cosmology; the study of the Universe, and this book provides a perfect introduction to the subject for anyone that is interested in the wonders of our Universe This book provides an accessible overview of the Standard Model of Cosmology, which is explained in six Cosmological Clues, including evidence for the Big Bang and dark matter and dark energy - the keystones of modern cosmology. It takes readers through some of the most exciting questions in cosmology, such as what evidence do we have that the Universe started from the Big Bang? Has dark matter been observed? Will we ever know what dark energy is? Are the multiverses real? And could the Universe be a hologram? This book is an ideal guide for anyone interested in finding out more about our Universe. It will be of interest to those studying cosmology for the first time, including readers without a scientific background, who have an interest in looking up at the stars and wondering where they all came from! Key features: Contains the latest evidence for the Big Bang, dark matter, and dark energy and explores exciting scientific ideas, such as inflation and multiverses Provides a clear explanation of the main theories of how the Universe evolved based on key observations - the Cosmological Clues Gives the reader a concise introduction to the scientific process, using cosmology as the example, and explores why it has been so successful in creating the technologies we have today

Did the Universe have a beginning? Will it have an end? Or has it always been the same, never changing? This is the subject of cosmology; the study of the Universe, and this book provides a perfect introduction to the subject for anyone that is interested in the wonders of our Universe This book provides an accessible overview of the Standard Model of Cosmology, which is explained in six Cosmological Clues, including evidence for the Big Bang and dark matter and dark energy - the keystones of modern cosmology. It takes readers through some of the most exciting questions in cosmology, such as what evidence do we have that the Universe started from the Big Bang? Has dark matter been observed? Will we ever know what dark energy is? Are the multiverses real? And could the Universe be a hologram? This book is an ideal guide for anyone interested in finding out more about our Universe. It will be of interest to those studying cosmology for the first time, including readers without a scientific background, who have an interest in looking up at the stars and wondering where they all came from! Key features: Contains the latest evidence for the Big Bang, dark matter, and dark energy and explores exciting scientific ideas, such as inflation and multiverses Provides a clear explanation of the main theories of how the Universe evolved based on key observations - the Cosmological Clues Gives the reader a concise introduction to the scientific process, using cosmology as the example, and explores why it has been so successful in creating the technologies we have today

Containing the latest, groundbreaking discoveries in the field, this text outlines the basics of Einstein's theory of gravity with a focus on its most important astrophysical consequences, including stellar structures, black holes and the physics of gravitational waves. Blending advanced topics - usually not found in introductory textbooks - with examples, pedagogical boxes, mathematical tools and practical applications of the theory, this textbook maximises learning opportunities and is ideal for master and graduate students in Physics and Astronomy. Key features: * Provides a self-contained and consistent treatment of the subject that does not require advanced previous knowledge of the field. * Explores the subject with a new focus on gravitational waves and astrophysical relativity, unlike current introductory textbooks. * Fully up-to-date, containing the latest developments and discoveries in the field.

This volume first considers the categories of zinc metalloenzymes, together with models of the enzymic metal-ion binding sites. It covers the nutritional aspects of zinc: its absorption and excretion, its influence on the activity of enzymes and hormones, and the zinc deficiency syndrome.

This book summarises the development of experimental techniques for determining the impact mechanical properties of fibre reinforced epoxy laminates, and the experimental results obtained for the tensile, compressive and interlaminar shear properties of various epoxy laminates.

This book explores recent developments in QIA and describes the application of the theory to different branches of wave physics, from plasma physics, quantum physics, and ionospheric radio wave propagation to acoustics, optics, and astrophysics. This is an up-to-the-minute exposition of the latest developments in an important new area, written by authors of outstanding reputation. A rich source of both theoretical methods and practical applications, it covers a wide range of problems of general physical significance. Until recently, there was no effective method for describing waves in weakly anisotropic inhomogeneous media. The method of quasi-isotropic approximation (QIA) of geometrical optics was developed to overcome this problem. The QIA approach bridges the gap between geometrical optics of isotropic media (Rytov method) and that of anisotropic media (Courant-Lax approach), thus providing a complete picture of the geometrical optics of inhomogeneous media.

In this important book, the author summarizes and generalizes the results of 25 years of work in this exciting field, which has been developing extensively within the last few decades. The reader will find discussions of many crystals that were investigated in the microwave region, including low-dimensional and ferroelectric semiconductors, protonic conductors, quasi-one-dimensional H-bonded. and other order-disorder ferroelectrics. This volume is an essential reference for all scientists and graduate students whose interests are connected to the physics of ferroelectrics and related materials; the physics of structural phase transitions; and superionic conductors. It will also be of value to those interested in developing or exploiting microwave measurement techniques.

Lithium-ion batteries are the most promising among the secondary battery technologies, for providing high energy and high power required for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and electric vehicles (EV). Lithium-ion batteries consist of conventional graphite or lithium titanate as anode and lithium transition metal-oxides as cathode. A lithium salt dissolved in an aprotic solvent such as ethylene carbonate and diethylene carbonate is used as electrolyte. This rechargeable battery operates based on the principle of electrochemical lithium insertion/re-insertion or intercalation/de-intercalation during charging/discharging of the battery. It is essential that both electrodes have layered structure which should accept and release the lithium-ion. In advanced lithium-ion battery technologies, other than layered anodes are also considered. High cell voltage, high capacity as well as energy density, high Columbic efficiency, long cycle life, and convenient to fabricate any size or shape of the battery, are the vital features of this battery technology. Lithium-ion batteries are already being used widely in most of the consumer electronics such as mobile phones, laptops, PDAs etc. and are in early stages of application in HEV and EV, which will have far and wide implications and benefits to society. The book contains ten chapters, each focusing on a specific topic pertaining to the application of lithium-ion batteries in Electric Vehicles. Basic principles, electrode materials, electrolytes, high voltage cathodes, recycling spent Li-ion batteries and battery charge controller are addressed. This book is unique among the countable books focusing on the lithium-ion battery technologies for vehicular applications. It provides fundamentals and practical knowledge on the lithium-ion battery for vehicular application. Students, scholars, academicians, and battery and automobile industries will find this volume useful.

Membrane-Distillation in Desalination is an attempt to provide the latest knowledge, state of the art and demystify outstanding issues that delay the deployment of the technology on a large scale. It includes new updates and comprehensive coverage of the fundamentals of membrane distillation technology and explains the energy advantage of membrane distillation for desalination when compared to traditional techniques such as thermal or reverse osmosis. The book includes the latest pilot test results from around the world on membrane distillation desalination.

Modern Electrosynthetic Methods in Organic Chemistry introduces readers to new ways of making materials and compounds using low waste processes, employing energy from electricity rather than chemical reagents. It explores electro-organic synthesis, which offers clean synthesis tools as well as unusual reaction intermediates and reaction types. Despite applications previously remaining niche, due to the advent of microfluidic reactors this book is a must-read for industry professionals and academics alike. It targets specific areas of recent progress and development in the field that show high novelty and potential, at the same time inviting a wider range of applications in green and clean technology. Key Features: Offers clean synthesis tools Targets areas of recent progress and development Addresses the most recent advances in the field

While the effects of pressure change are readily quantified in physics, chemistry, and engineering applications, the physiology, medicine, and biology of pressure changes in living systems are much more complicated. This complex science translated to technical diving is discussed in a five-part series, with each topic self-contained and strategically developed in relationship to diving, spanning many disciplines and focusing on a number of technical areas. A suite of application exercises is provided at strategic points in the text. Additional material focusing on diving data, statistical correlations, underwater tests, and risk is included.

Starch is the most widespread and abundant reserve carbohydrate in plants and is unique in that it can be used for the production of food, materials in bio-based products, and energy. Starch in the Bioeconomy covers the structure, biosynthesis, biodegradation, properties, and applications of starch in the context of the bioeconomy. The book Describes the present state of cognition of the starch granule Discusses physicochemical aspects and digestibility Considers physical, chemical, and biochemical processes to yield a variety of starch substrates Examines starch-based products including bioethanol, plastics, and composites and their use in various sectors including food, materials and energy Covers the valorization of starch as a pillar of the bioeconomy The book is aimed at researchers and industry professionals focused on the development of starch science, technology, and economics. Built on a reliable and well-documented base of information, the book presents the paths that remain to be taken to decipher this still mysterious resource that has contributed so much to the rise of humanity.

The subject of chemistry is widely acknowledged as being conceptually challenging, and regarded with a perceived elitism. This book aims to address this dilemma by breaking down the fundamentals of organic chemistry and its importance in medicine, so that readers with any or no background education in chemistry can access the material and gain an appreciation and understanding for the subject. The text is written in a clear and concise manner, using appropriate figures, to explain how the medicine we are so familiar with is designed and produced. Undergraduate students, medical and nursing students, and general audiences will benefit from the accessible format and enjoyable read. Key Features: User-friendly text dealing with the chemical sciences for the non-scientist Public understanding of science at the interface of biology and chemistry is in high demand The book serves to introduce organic chemistry and its relevance to medicine Describes the foundational principles of chemistry without losing the systematic rigor of the subject

Electronic Conduction: Classical and Quantum Theory to Nanoelectronic Devices provides a concise, complete introduction to the fundamental principles of electronic conduction in microelectronic and nanoelectronic devices, with an emphasis on integrating the quantum aspects of conduction. The chapter coverage begins by presenting the classical theory of conduction, including introductory chapters on quantum mechanics and the solid state, then moving to a complete presentation of essential theory for understanding modern electronic devices. The author's unique approach is applicable to microscale and nanoscale device simulation, which is particularly timely given the explosion in the nanoelectronics field. Features Self-contained Gives a complete account of classical and quantum aspects of conduction in nanometer scale devices Emphasises core principles, the book can be useful to electrical engineers and material scientists, and no prior course in semiconductors is necessary Highlights the bridge to modern electronics, first presenting the physics, and then the engineering complications related to quantum behaviour Includes many clear, illustrative diagrams and chapter problem sets Gives an account of post-Silicon devices such as the GaAs MOSFET, the CNT-FET and the vacuum transistor Showcases why quantum mechanics is necessary with modern devices due to their size and corresponding electron transport properties Discusses all the issues that will enable readers to conduct their own research

This book provides an interdisciplinary guide to quasicrystals, the 2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winning topic, by presenting an up-to-date and detailed introduction to the many fundamental aspects and applications of quasicrystals science. It reviews the most characteristic features of the peculiar geometric order underlying their structure and their reported intrinsic physical properties, along with their potential for specific applications. The role of quasiperiodic order in science and technology is also examined by focusing on the new design capabilities provided by this novel ordering of matter. This book is specifically devoted to promoting the very notion of quasiperiodic order, and to spur its physical implications and technological capabilities. It, therefore, explores the fundamental aspects of intermetallic, photonic, and phononic quasicrystals, as well as soft-matter quasicrystals, including their intrinsic physical and structural properties. In addition, it thoroughly discusses experimental data and related theoretical approaches to explain them, extending the standard treatment given in most current solid state physics literature. It also explores exciting applications in new technological devices of quasiperiodically ordered systems, including multilayered quasiperiodic systems, along with 2D and 3D designs, whilst outlining new frontiers in quasicrystals research. This book can be used as a reader-friendly introductory text for graduate students, in addition to senior scientists and researchers coming from the fields of physics, chemistry, materials science, and engineering. Key features: * Provides an updated and detailed introduction to the interdisciplinary field of quasicrystals in a tutorial style, considering both fundamental aspects and additional freedom degrees provided by designs based on quasiperiodically ordered materials. * Includes 50 fully worked out exercises with detailed solutions, motivating, and illustrating the different concepts and notions to provide readers with further learning opportunities. * Presents a complete compendium of the current state of the art knowledge of quasicrystalline matter, and outlines future next generation materials based on quasiperiodically ordered designs for their potential use in useful technological devices. Dr. Enrique Macia-Barber is Professor of condensed matter physics at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. His research interests include the thermoelectric properties of quasicrystals and DNA biophysics. In 2010 he received the RSEF- BBVA Foundation Excellence Physics Teaching Award. His book Aperiodic Structures in Condensed Matter: Fundamentals and Applications (CRC Press, Boca-Raton, 2009) is one of the Top Selling Physics Books according to YBP Library Services.