This is a digital reprint of the revised 1976 edition of this classic work. It examines seismology, gravity, the strength of the shell, the variation of latitude and the figure of the Moon. The chapter on tidal friction is largely rewritten and what now seem to be the three most reliable estimates of the true secular acceleration of the Moon agree in suggesting that the provisional estimate in the last edition should be considerably increased. The criticism of theories of continental drift, convection and plate tectonics is much expanded. A new appendix pinpoints directions for future geophysical research. The Earth continues to provide a fundamental and comprehensive account of geophysical problems, essential to all scientists concerned with problems of the origin, history and physical constitution of the Earth.

Regional Geology Guides provide a broad view and interpretation of the geology of a region.

This book presents a geostatistical framework for data integration into subsurface Earth modeling. It offers extensive geostatistical background information, including detailed descriptions of the main geostatistical tools traditionally used in Earth related sciences to infer the spatial distribution of a given property of interest. This framework is then directly linked with applications in the oil and gas industry and how it can be used as the basis to simultaneously integrate geophysical data (e.g. seismic reflection data) and well-log data into reservoir modeling and characterization. All of the cutting-edge methodologies presented here are first approached from a theoretical point of view and then supplemented by sample applications from real case studies involving different geological scenarios and different challenges. The book offers a valuable resource for students who are interested in learning more about the fascinating world of geostatistics and reservoir modeling and characterization. It offers them a deeper understanding of the main geostatistical concepts and how geostatistics can be used to achieve better data integration and reservoir modeling.

A complete introductory text on an increasingly popular subject, "Geology and Environment in Britain and Ireland" aims to provide suitably broad coverage for students requiring a treatment clearly focused on familiar examples but retaining a global perspective. The book summarizes for Earth and environmental scientists the ways in which geology relates to the natural environment and to the human activities that it supports.;The natural environment is more than the oceans, the atmosphere and the diversity of the land surface. It extends below the ground and stretches back in time through the Earth's history. These environmental dimensions are the concern of geology. First, the book summarizes the geological influences on society through control of landscape and human geography, and through the threats posed by hazards such as landslides, subsidence and earthquakes.;Next the many Earth resources that support human activity are described: land, water, construction materials, minerals, coal, oil and gas. How are they formed or replenished? Which resources are sustainable for use over more than the immediate geological future? Thirdly, the impacts of human activity on the Earth are exam

The past two decades have witnessed a revolution in the earth sciences. The quantitative, instrument-based measurements and physical models of. geophysics, together with advances in technology, have radically transformed the way in which the Earth, and especially its crust, is described. The study of the magnetism of the rocks of the Earth's crust has played a major part in this transformation. Rocks, or more specifically their constituent magnetic minerals, can be regarded as a measuring instrument provided by nature, which can be employed in the service of the earth sciences. Thus magnetic minerals are a recording magnetometer; a goniometer or protractor, recording the directions of flows, fields and forces; a clock; a recording thermometer; a position recorder; astrain gauge; an instrument for geo logical surveying; a tracer in climatology and hydrology; a tool in petrology. No instrument is linear, or free from noise and systematic errors, and the performance of nature's instrument must be assessed and certified. This has been the task of the research worker in rock and mineral magnetism."

The development of constitutive relations for geotechnical materials, with the help of numerical models, have increased notably the ability to predict and to interpret the mechanical behaviour of geotechnical works. This work covers rock excavations, soil excavations, earth fills and dams.

PART I CHAPTER 1 T E — , , . . . . . . . . . 15 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Geological change — the answers within, and without. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Man on the Moon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Back to the beginning — from the Big Bang to early Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Impact — the ubiquitous process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 The oldest rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Time to cool — birth of the Kaapvaal continent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Old crust in the Vredefort Dome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Rifting, oceans, volcanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Mountains, fire and ice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 The unique Bushveld magmatic event. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 CHAPTER 2 C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Extinction or survival — our restless Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Meteorite-impact catastrophes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Normal (background) versus mass extinctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 A brief look at the impact record in the Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 What are the projectiles capable of causing an impact catastrophe?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 What is an impact crater? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 How can we identify impact structures? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Shock metamorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 CHAPTER 3 T A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Tswaing meteorite crater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Does Tswaing have a twin? (Kalkkop Crater, Eastern Cape Province) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 South Africa’ s other Giant Impact Morokweng impact structure, — North West Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Our southern African neighbours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Testimony of earliest impact catastrophe — Barberton and the Northern Cape Province . . 113 Traces of catastrophe in the Karoo?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 6 CHAPTER 4 V : T W . . . 117 The Vredefort Structure revealed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Getting to know the giant: By road through the Vredefort Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Traversing the outer parts of the Vredefort Dome (Fochville to Parys) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5 The geology of the Vredefort Dome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A thorough knowledge of geology is essential in the design and construction of infrastructures for transport, buildings and mining operations; while an understanding of geology is also crucial for those working in urban, territorial and environmental planning and in the prevention and mitigation of geohazards.

Geological Engineering provides an interpretation of the geological setting, integrating geological conditions into engineering design and construction, and provides engineering solutions that take into account both ground conditions and environment.

This textbook, extensively illustrated with working examples and a wealth of graphics, covers the subject area of geological engineering in four sections:

Fundamentals: soil mechanics, rock mechanics and hydrogeology

Methods: site investigations, rock mass characterization and engineering geological mapping

Applications: foundations, slope stability, tunnelling, dams and reservoirs and earth works

Geohazards: landslides, other mass movements, earthquake hazards and prevention and mitigation of geological hazards

As well as being a textbook for graduate and postgraduate students and academics, Geological Engineering serves as a basic reference for practicing engineering geologists and geological and geotechnical engineers, as well as civil and mining engineers dealing with design and construction of foundations, earth works and excavations for infrastructures, buildings, and mining operations.

Table of Contents

PART I. FUNDAMENTALS

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Geological Engineering

1.1 Definition and Importance of Geological Engineering

1.2 The Geological Environment and its Relation with Engineering

1.3 Geological Factors and Geotechnical Problems

1.4 Methods and Applications in Engineering Geology

1.5 Information Sources in Engineering Geology

1.6 How this Book is Structured

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics and Engineering Geology of Sediments

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Soil Description and Classification

2.3 Flow of Water through Soils

2.4 Effective Stress

2.5 Consolidation and Compressibility

2.6 Shear Strength of Soils

2.7 Influence of Mineralogy and Fabric on the Geotechnical Properties of Soils

2.8 Engineering Geology Characteristics of Sediments

2.9 Problematic Soils

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 3 – ROCK MECHANICS

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rocks

3.3 Stress and Strain in Rocks

3.4 Strenght and Deformability of Intact Rock

3.5 Discontinuities

3.6 Strenght and Deformability of Rock Masses

3.7 In situ Stress

3.8 Rock Mass Classifications

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 4 - HYDROGEOLOGY

4.1 Hydrogeological Behaviour of Soils and Rocks

4.2 Hydrogeological Parameters

4.3 Flow. Darcy's Law and Fundamental Flow Equations in Porous Media

4.4 Evaluation Methods for Hydrogeological Parameters

4.5 Solution Methods

4.6 Chemical Properties of Water

Recommended Reading/References

PART II. METHODS

Chapter 5 – SITE INVESTIGATIONS

5.1 Planning and Design

5.2 Preliminary Investigations

5.3 Engineering Geophysics

5.4 Boreholes, Trial Pits, Trenches and Sampling

5.5 In situ Tests

5.6 Geotechnical Instrumentation

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 6 - ROCK MASS DESCRIPTION AND CHARACTERISATION

6.1 Methodology

6.2 Description and Zoning

6.3 Intact Rock Characterisation

6.4 Description of Discontinuities

6.5 Rock Mass Parameters

6.6 Rock Mass Classification and Characterisation

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 7 - ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL MAPPING

7.1 Definition

7.2 Types of Maps

7.3 Mapping Methods

7.4 Data Collection

7.5 Applications

Recommended Reading/References

PART III. APPLICATIONS

Chapter 8 - FOUNDATIONS

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Shallow Foundations

8.3 Deep Foundations

8.4 Foundations in Rock

8.5 Foundations in Complex Geological Conditions

8.6 Site Investigation

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 9 - SLOPES

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Site Investigations

9.3 Factors Influencing Slope Stability

9.4 Types of Slope Failure

9.5 Stability Analysis

9.6 Stabilization Measures

9.7 Monitoring and Control

9.8 Slope Excavation

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 10 - TUNNELS

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Site Investigation

10.3 Influence of Geological Conditions

10.4 Geomechanical Design Parameters

10.5 Rock Mass Classifications for Tunneling

10.6 Tunnel Support Design using Rock Mass Classifications

10.7 Excavability

10.8 Tunnel Excavation and Support Methods in Rock

10.9 Tunnel Excavation and Support Methods in Soil

10.10 Geological Engineering during Tunnel Construction

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 11 - DAMS AND RESERVOIRS

11.1. Introduction

11.2 Types of Dams and Auxiliary Structures

11.3 Site Investigation

11.4 Engineering Geology Criteria for Dam Selection

11.5 Geological Materials for Dam Construction

11.6 Reservoir Water Tightness

11.7 Permeability of Dam Foundations

11.8 Reservoir Slope Stability

11.9 Engineering Geological Conditions for Dam Foundations

11.10 Seismic Actions and Induced Seismicity

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 12 - EARTH STRUCTURES

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Design Methodology

12.3 Materials

12.4 Implementation and Control

12.5 Embankments on Soft Soils

12.6 Embankments on Slopes

Recommended Reading/References

PART IV. GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS

Chapter 13 - LANDSLIDES AND OTHER MASS MOVEMENTS

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Slope Movements

13.3 Investigation of Landslides

13.4 Corrective Measures

13.5 Collapse and Subsidence

13.6 Prevention of Risks from Mass Movements

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 14 - SEISMIC HAZARD

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Faults and Earthquakes

14.3 Seismicity Studies

14.4 Seismic Hazard Analysis

14.5 Seismic Site Response

14.6 Ground Effects Induced by Earthquakes

14.7 Applications to Geological Engineering

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 15 - PREVENTION OF GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS

15.1 Geological Hazards

15.2 Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability

15.3 Safety Criteria in Geological Engineering

15.4 Prevention and Mitigation of Geological Hazards

15.5 Hazard and Risk Maps

Recommended Reading/References

Appendix A: Charts for Circular and Wedge Failure Analysis

Appendix B: Pressure Units Conversion Chart

Appendix C: Symbols and Acronyms

Appendix D: List of Boxes

Appendix E: Permissions to Reproduce Figures and Tables

Index

The book provides a valuable guide to the evaluation and understanding of ground and environmental conditions of sites and their surrounds. This is done through a series of annotated block models and supporting photographs of common geological and geomorphological situations around the world, with basic text explanations and information on each principal block diagram and its annotated photographs. Ground conditions depend on the climatic, geological and geomorphological history of the site and its surrounding area. In ground investigation, ground engineering, design and construction, a preliminary study of the local environment (including climate), the landforms and the geomorphological processes creating and modifying the local landscape is thus required, as well as informed detailed knowledge of the soils and geology, their distribution, properties and engineering behaviour. Geomodels in Engineering Geology outlines the world's climatic and morphological zones and the changes such environments bring upon the ground.It deals with fundamental aspects of surface soils and geology in relation to their engineering behavior and guides the way that ground investigation can be developed to provide appropriate information needed for design and construction of a project - augmented by case histories and experience of practical problems.

Symposium on underground excavations in soils and rocks, including earth pressure theories, buried structures and tunnels / Bangkok / 1989 and Symposium on developments in laboratory and field tests in geotechnical engineering practice / Bangkok / 1990.

Dirt, soil, call it what you want - it's everywhere we go. It is the root of our existence, supporting our feet, our farms, and our cities. This fascinating yet disquieting book finds, however, that we are running out of dirt, and it's no laughing matter. An engaging natural and cultural history of soil that sweeps from ancient civilizations to modern times, "Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations" explores the compelling idea that we are - and have long been - using up Earth's soil. Once bare of protective vegetation and exposed to wind and rain, cultivated soils erode bit by bit, slowly enough to be ignored in a single lifetime but fast enough over centuries to limit the lifespan of civilizations. A rich mix of history, archaeology and geology, "Dirt" traces the role of soil use and abuse in the history of Mesopotamia, Ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, China, European colonialism, Central America, and the American push westward. We see how soil has shaped us and we have shaped soil - as society after society has risen, prospered, and plowed through a natural endowment of fertile dirt. David R. Montgomery sees in the recent rise of organic and no-till farming the hope for a new agricultural revolution that might help us avoid the fate of previous civilizations.

A CD-ROM accompanies this handbook of practical techniques for interpreting geological structures at map scale from surface to subsurface maps. The CD-ROM has color graphs and models, and the book includes new material, in particular examples of 3-D models and techniques for using kinematic models to predict fault and ramp-anticline geometry. The book is geared toward the professional user concerned about the accuracy of an interpretation and the speed with which it can be obtained from incomplete data. Numerous analytical solutions are given that can be easily implemented with a pocket calculator or a spreadsheet.