Dieses inspirierende und motivierende Lehrbuch zeichnet facherubergreifend ein beeindruckendes Gesamtbild der biologischen Vielfalt. Spannende Aspekte der Evolution der Erde und des Lebens werden durch interdisziplinare Verknupfung geowissenschaftlicher und biowissenschaftlicher Aspekte aus einer ganz neuen Perspektive anschaulich vermittelt. Der Schwerpunkt liegt hierbei - unter Einbeziehung aktuellster wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse - auf dem Verstandnis von Konzepten und Mechanismen. Dieses Buch richtet sich an Studierende der Bio- und Geowissenschaften und an alle an der Vielfalt des Lebens interessierten Leser. Das innovative Lehrbuchkonzept regt - gleichzeitig als Lesebuch, Bilderbuch und Lexikon der organismischen Biologie - sowohl Anfanger als auch Fortgeschrittene zu einem visuellen und intuitiven Lernen an. Jede Doppelseite bietet ein in sich geschlossenes, anschaulich bebildertes Kapitel mit themenbezogenem Glossar und weiterfuhrenden Verweisen. Fur Dozenten und Lehrer, fur Schule und Hochschule bietet dieses Buch ein reichhaltiges Nachschlagewerk und einen umfassenden Fundus an didaktisch durchdachten und lernfreundlich illustrierten Lehrmaterialien. Der Inhalt reicht von der Entstehung der Erde uber die geowissenschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen und die Verknupfung zwischen biologischer und geologischer Evolution bis zur Entstehung des Menschen von grundlegenden Mechanismen der Entstehung und Erhaltung der Diversitat bis zur globalen Verteilung der heutigen Biodiversitat von den Anfangen der biologischen Systematik in der griechischen Philosophie und der Bibel uber die darwinsche Evolution und die Struktur und Funktion von Arten und Organismen bis zu den modernen Erkenntnissen der Megasystematik und Phylogenie. Mit diesem einzigartigen Konzept verschafft dieses Lehrbuch einen soliden UEberblick uber die Erdgeschichte und Biodiversitat. Die Verknupfung der verschiedenen Fachdisziplinen foerdert das Verstandnis ubergeordneter Prinzipien und naturwissenschaftlicher Zusammenhange.

Gegenstand des vorliegenden Buchs ist die Pflanzendecke der Erde, wobei neben einer knapp gehaltenen Beschreibung der Vegetationstypen vor allem die kausalen Zusammenhange zwischen dem Wuchsort charakteristischer (reprasentativer) Pflanzenarten und Pflanzengemeinschaften einerseits und entwicklungsgeschichtlich-historischen, zeitlichen bzw. raumlichen, okophysiologischen sowie anthropogenen Bedingungen andererseits vermittelt werden. Zwar liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der vom Menschen nicht oder wenig beeinflussten naturbetonten Pflanzendecke; berucksichtigt wird aber auch die kulturbetonte Vegetation, die in klimatisch bzw. edaphisch begunstigten Regionen heute den grosseren Flachenanteil einnimmt. Nach einem einfuhrenden Kapitel, das die Grundlagen fur die vegetationsokologische Gliederung der Erdoberflache enthalt, werden die Lebensbedingungen der zonalen, extrazonalen und azonalen Vegetation des Flachlands und der Gebirge von den aquatornahen immerfeuchten Tropen bis zu den Polargebieten dargestellt und mit vielen Tabellen, farbigen Graphiken und zahlreichen Fotos illustriert. Kastentexte bieten daruber hinaus erganzende Informationen zu Spezialthemen. Ein umfangreiches Literaturverzeichnis erleichtert den Zugang zu vertiefenden Publikationen."

All geologists need a broad understanding of science to understand the processes they are studying and the analytical techniques they use. In particular, geology students need to grasp the basic physics that lies behind these processes, which this book provides in plain language and simple mathematics. It also gives the reader enough background physics to allow them to make up their own minds about the validity of what they read in the scientific literature or hear. There is an emphasis on water, an essential component of geology, on which there is much published error that is indiscernible without the background provided by this book.
This up-dated and revised edition of Richard Chapman's Physics for Geologists discusses a wide range of forces at work in geology against the background of Kepler's and Newton's laws; electromagnetic radiation from optics to gamma rays, atomic structure and age-dating, heat and heat flow, electricity and magnetism, stress and strain, sea waves, acoustics, and fluids and fluid flow. The book give basic definitions and dimensions and also some warnings about mis-understanding of mathematical statistics, particularly of linear regression analysis, and unenlightened computation.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203305418

Shows the solid and drift geology together as the 'under-foot' geology.

Today's engineering and geoscience student needs to know more than how to design a new or remedial project or facility. Questions of law and ambiguities of terms often occur in contracts for mining, landfills, site reclamation, waste depositories, clean up sites, land leases, operating agreements, joint ventures, and other projects. Work place situations arise where environmental compliance methods are challenged by enforcement agencies. Although the statutes, rules, and regulations may seem to be worded clearly and specifically, there are often questions in application and sometimes varied interpretations.

Environmental Law for Engineers and Geoscientists introduces simplified American jurisprudence focusing on the legal system, its courts, terms, phrases, administrative law, and regulation by the agencies that administer environmental law. The book comprehensively covers the "big five" environmental statutes: NEPA, CAA, CWA, CERCLA, and RCRA. With the basic law chapter as a foundation, the book covers the practical applications of environmental law for geo-engineers. It concludes with a chapter on the growing area of expert witnessing and admissible evidence in environmental litigation - an area of law where success or failure increasingly depends on the exacting preparation and presentation of expert scientific evidence.

Written by a professional mining and geological engineer and a practicing attorney, Environmental Law for Engineers and Geoscientists prepares students for the numerous environmental regulatory encounters they can expect when dealing with various statutes, laws, regulations, and agency rules that govern, affect, and apply to environmental engineering projects. It provides a working knowledge of how to judge whether or not a project is in compliance with regulations, and how to ensure that it is.

Chemical structure and bonding. The scope of the series spans the entire Periodic Table and addresses structure and bonding issues associated with all of the elements. It also focuses attention on new and developing areas of modern structural and theoretical chemistry such as nanostructures, molecular electronics, designed molecular solids, surfaces, metal clusters and supramolecular structures. Physical and spectroscopic techniques used to determine, examine and model structures fall within the purview of Structure and Bonding to the extent that the focus is on the scientific results obtained and not on specialist information concerning the techniques themselves. Issues associated with the development of bonding models and generalizations that illuminate the reactivity pathways and rates of chemical processes are also relevant. The individual volumes in the series are thematic. The goal of each volume is to give the reader, whether at a university or in industry, a comprehensive overview of an area where new insights are emerging that are of interest to a larger scientific audience.

This book is designed to introduce the principal geophysical phenomena and techniques—namely seismology, gravity, magnetism, and heat flow—to students whose primary training is in geology and who possess only a basic knowledge of physics. This text is appropriate for a variety of courses including Tectonics, Earthquake Seismology, Earthquake Geology, Reflection Seismology, and Gravity Interpretation, in addition to courses in Solid Earth Geophysics. Its abundant figures and exercises, combined with the straightforward, concise style of the text, put the essentials of geophysics well within reach of such readers.

This is a translation of "Histoire de la geologie, tome 2." It covers theories and the theory of the Earth, collective ideas on the Earth between 1650 and 1830, and the discovery of extinct volanoes in Europe.

Onwumwchili is an internationally known and highly respected expert in the equatorial electrojet field- a brand of geomagnetism. This is the first book to review all the fields of equatorial electrojet phenomena and their relevant theories in one volume. In certain relevant sections, the book discusses both the equatorial electrojet and the world-wide parts of the Sq current systems.

This is a digital reprint of the revised 1976 edition of this classic work. It examines seismology, gravity, the strength of the shell, the variation of latitude and the figure of the Moon. The chapter on tidal friction is largely rewritten and what now seem to be the three most reliable estimates of the true secular acceleration of the Moon agree in suggesting that the provisional estimate in the last edition should be considerably increased. The criticism of theories of continental drift, convection and plate tectonics is much expanded. A new appendix pinpoints directions for future geophysical research. The Earth continues to provide a fundamental and comprehensive account of geophysical problems, essential to all scientists concerned with problems of the origin, history and physical constitution of the Earth.

Regional Geology Guides provide a broad view and interpretation of the geology of a region.

This book presents a geostatistical framework for data integration into subsurface Earth modeling. It offers extensive geostatistical background information, including detailed descriptions of the main geostatistical tools traditionally used in Earth related sciences to infer the spatial distribution of a given property of interest. This framework is then directly linked with applications in the oil and gas industry and how it can be used as the basis to simultaneously integrate geophysical data (e.g. seismic reflection data) and well-log data into reservoir modeling and characterization. All of the cutting-edge methodologies presented here are first approached from a theoretical point of view and then supplemented by sample applications from real case studies involving different geological scenarios and different challenges. The book offers a valuable resource for students who are interested in learning more about the fascinating world of geostatistics and reservoir modeling and characterization. It offers them a deeper understanding of the main geostatistical concepts and how geostatistics can be used to achieve better data integration and reservoir modeling.

A complete introductory text on an increasingly popular subject, "Geology and Environment in Britain and Ireland" aims to provide suitably broad coverage for students requiring a treatment clearly focused on familiar examples but retaining a global perspective. The book summarizes for Earth and environmental scientists the ways in which geology relates to the natural environment and to the human activities that it supports.;The natural environment is more than the oceans, the atmosphere and the diversity of the land surface. It extends below the ground and stretches back in time through the Earth's history. These environmental dimensions are the concern of geology. First, the book summarizes the geological influences on society through control of landscape and human geography, and through the threats posed by hazards such as landslides, subsidence and earthquakes.;Next the many Earth resources that support human activity are described: land, water, construction materials, minerals, coal, oil and gas. How are they formed or replenished? Which resources are sustainable for use over more than the immediate geological future? Thirdly, the impacts of human activity on the Earth are exam

The development of constitutive relations for geotechnical materials, with the help of numerical models, have increased notably the ability to predict and to interpret the mechanical behaviour of geotechnical works. This work covers rock excavations, soil excavations, earth fills and dams.

PART I CHAPTER 1 T E — , , . . . . . . . . . 15 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Geological change — the answers within, and without. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Man on the Moon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Back to the beginning — from the Big Bang to early Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Impact — the ubiquitous process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 The oldest rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Time to cool — birth of the Kaapvaal continent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Old crust in the Vredefort Dome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Rifting, oceans, volcanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Mountains, fire and ice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 The unique Bushveld magmatic event. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 CHAPTER 2 C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Extinction or survival — our restless Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Meteorite-impact catastrophes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Normal (background) versus mass extinctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 A brief look at the impact record in the Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 What are the projectiles capable of causing an impact catastrophe?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 What is an impact crater? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 How can we identify impact structures? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Shock metamorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 CHAPTER 3 T A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Tswaing meteorite crater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Does Tswaing have a twin? (Kalkkop Crater, Eastern Cape Province) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 South Africa’ s other Giant Impact Morokweng impact structure, — North West Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Our southern African neighbours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Testimony of earliest impact catastrophe — Barberton and the Northern Cape Province . . 113 Traces of catastrophe in the Karoo?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 6 CHAPTER 4 V : T W . . . 117 The Vredefort Structure revealed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Getting to know the giant: By road through the Vredefort Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Traversing the outer parts of the Vredefort Dome (Fochville to Parys) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5 The geology of the Vredefort Dome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A thorough knowledge of geology is essential in the design and construction of infrastructures for transport, buildings and mining operations; while an understanding of geology is also crucial for those working in urban, territorial and environmental planning and in the prevention and mitigation of geohazards.

Geological Engineering provides an interpretation of the geological setting, integrating geological conditions into engineering design and construction, and provides engineering solutions that take into account both ground conditions and environment.

This textbook, extensively illustrated with working examples and a wealth of graphics, covers the subject area of geological engineering in four sections:

Fundamentals: soil mechanics, rock mechanics and hydrogeology

Methods: site investigations, rock mass characterization and engineering geological mapping

Applications: foundations, slope stability, tunnelling, dams and reservoirs and earth works

Geohazards: landslides, other mass movements, earthquake hazards and prevention and mitigation of geological hazards

As well as being a textbook for graduate and postgraduate students and academics, Geological Engineering serves as a basic reference for practicing engineering geologists and geological and geotechnical engineers, as well as civil and mining engineers dealing with design and construction of foundations, earth works and excavations for infrastructures, buildings, and mining operations.

Table of Contents

PART I. FUNDAMENTALS

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Geological Engineering

1.1 Definition and Importance of Geological Engineering

1.2 The Geological Environment and its Relation with Engineering

1.3 Geological Factors and Geotechnical Problems

1.4 Methods and Applications in Engineering Geology

1.5 Information Sources in Engineering Geology

1.6 How this Book is Structured

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics and Engineering Geology of Sediments

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Soil Description and Classification

2.3 Flow of Water through Soils

2.4 Effective Stress

2.5 Consolidation and Compressibility

2.6 Shear Strength of Soils

2.7 Influence of Mineralogy and Fabric on the Geotechnical Properties of Soils

2.8 Engineering Geology Characteristics of Sediments

2.9 Problematic Soils

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 3 – ROCK MECHANICS

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rocks

3.3 Stress and Strain in Rocks

3.4 Strenght and Deformability of Intact Rock

3.5 Discontinuities

3.6 Strenght and Deformability of Rock Masses

3.7 In situ Stress

3.8 Rock Mass Classifications

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 4 - HYDROGEOLOGY

4.1 Hydrogeological Behaviour of Soils and Rocks

4.2 Hydrogeological Parameters

4.3 Flow. Darcy's Law and Fundamental Flow Equations in Porous Media

4.4 Evaluation Methods for Hydrogeological Parameters

4.5 Solution Methods

4.6 Chemical Properties of Water

Recommended Reading/References

PART II. METHODS

Chapter 5 – SITE INVESTIGATIONS

5.1 Planning and Design

5.2 Preliminary Investigations

5.3 Engineering Geophysics

5.4 Boreholes, Trial Pits, Trenches and Sampling

5.5 In situ Tests

5.6 Geotechnical Instrumentation

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 6 - ROCK MASS DESCRIPTION AND CHARACTERISATION

6.1 Methodology

6.2 Description and Zoning

6.3 Intact Rock Characterisation

6.4 Description of Discontinuities

6.5 Rock Mass Parameters

6.6 Rock Mass Classification and Characterisation

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 7 - ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL MAPPING

7.1 Definition

7.2 Types of Maps

7.3 Mapping Methods

7.4 Data Collection

7.5 Applications

Recommended Reading/References

PART III. APPLICATIONS

Chapter 8 - FOUNDATIONS

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Shallow Foundations

8.3 Deep Foundations

8.4 Foundations in Rock

8.5 Foundations in Complex Geological Conditions

8.6 Site Investigation

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 9 - SLOPES

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Site Investigations

9.3 Factors Influencing Slope Stability

9.4 Types of Slope Failure

9.5 Stability Analysis

9.6 Stabilization Measures

9.7 Monitoring and Control

9.8 Slope Excavation

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 10 - TUNNELS

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Site Investigation

10.3 Influence of Geological Conditions

10.4 Geomechanical Design Parameters

10.5 Rock Mass Classifications for Tunneling

10.6 Tunnel Support Design using Rock Mass Classifications

10.7 Excavability

10.8 Tunnel Excavation and Support Methods in Rock

10.9 Tunnel Excavation and Support Methods in Soil

10.10 Geological Engineering during Tunnel Construction

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 11 - DAMS AND RESERVOIRS

11.1. Introduction

11.2 Types of Dams and Auxiliary Structures

11.3 Site Investigation

11.4 Engineering Geology Criteria for Dam Selection

11.5 Geological Materials for Dam Construction

11.6 Reservoir Water Tightness

11.7 Permeability of Dam Foundations

11.8 Reservoir Slope Stability

11.9 Engineering Geological Conditions for Dam Foundations

11.10 Seismic Actions and Induced Seismicity

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 12 - EARTH STRUCTURES

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Design Methodology

12.3 Materials

12.4 Implementation and Control

12.5 Embankments on Soft Soils

12.6 Embankments on Slopes

Recommended Reading/References

PART IV. GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS

Chapter 13 - LANDSLIDES AND OTHER MASS MOVEMENTS

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Slope Movements

13.3 Investigation of Landslides

13.4 Corrective Measures

13.5 Collapse and Subsidence

13.6 Prevention of Risks from Mass Movements

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 14 - SEISMIC HAZARD

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Faults and Earthquakes

14.3 Seismicity Studies

14.4 Seismic Hazard Analysis

14.5 Seismic Site Response

14.6 Ground Effects Induced by Earthquakes

14.7 Applications to Geological Engineering

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 15 - PREVENTION OF GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS

15.1 Geological Hazards

15.2 Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability

15.3 Safety Criteria in Geological Engineering

15.4 Prevention and Mitigation of Geological Hazards

15.5 Hazard and Risk Maps

Recommended Reading/References

Appendix A: Charts for Circular and Wedge Failure Analysis

Appendix B: Pressure Units Conversion Chart

Appendix C: Symbols and Acronyms

Appendix D: List of Boxes

Appendix E: Permissions to Reproduce Figures and Tables

Index

The book provides a valuable guide to the evaluation and understanding of ground and environmental conditions of sites and their surrounds. This is done through a series of annotated block models and supporting photographs of common geological and geomorphological situations around the world, with basic text explanations and information on each principal block diagram and its annotated photographs. Ground conditions depend on the climatic, geological and geomorphological history of the site and its surrounding area. In ground investigation, ground engineering, design and construction, a preliminary study of the local environment (including climate), the landforms and the geomorphological processes creating and modifying the local landscape is thus required, as well as informed detailed knowledge of the soils and geology, their distribution, properties and engineering behaviour. Geomodels in Engineering Geology outlines the world's climatic and morphological zones and the changes such environments bring upon the ground.It deals with fundamental aspects of surface soils and geology in relation to their engineering behavior and guides the way that ground investigation can be developed to provide appropriate information needed for design and construction of a project - augmented by case histories and experience of practical problems.

Symposium on underground excavations in soils and rocks, including earth pressure theories, buried structures and tunnels / Bangkok / 1989 and Symposium on developments in laboratory and field tests in geotechnical engineering practice / Bangkok / 1990.