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Books > Earth & environment > Earth sciences > Geology & the lithosphere > General
Gegenstand des vorliegenden Buchs ist die Pflanzendecke der Erde, wobei neben einer knapp gehaltenen Beschreibung der Vegetationstypen vor allem die kausalen Zusammenhange zwischen dem Wuchsort charakteristischer (reprasentativer) Pflanzenarten und Pflanzengemeinschaften einerseits und entwicklungsgeschichtlich-historischen, zeitlichen bzw. raumlichen, okophysiologischen sowie anthropogenen Bedingungen andererseits vermittelt werden. Zwar liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der vom Menschen nicht oder wenig beeinflussten naturbetonten Pflanzendecke; berucksichtigt wird aber auch die kulturbetonte Vegetation, die in klimatisch bzw. edaphisch begunstigten Regionen heute den grosseren Flachenanteil einnimmt. Nach einem einfuhrenden Kapitel, das die Grundlagen fur die vegetationsokologische Gliederung der Erdoberflache enthalt, werden die Lebensbedingungen der zonalen, extrazonalen und azonalen Vegetation des Flachlands und der Gebirge von den aquatornahen immerfeuchten Tropen bis zu den Polargebieten dargestellt und mit vielen Tabellen, farbigen Graphiken und zahlreichen Fotos illustriert. Kastentexte bieten daruber hinaus erganzende Informationen zu Spezialthemen. Ein umfangreiches Literaturverzeichnis erleichtert den Zugang zu vertiefenden Publikationen."
Shows the solid and drift geology together as the 'under-foot' geology.
Today's engineering and geoscience student needs to know more than how to design a new or remedial project or facility. Questions of law and ambiguities of terms often occur in contracts for mining, landfills, site reclamation, waste depositories, clean up sites, land leases, operating agreements, joint ventures, and other projects. Work place situations arise where environmental compliance methods are challenged by enforcement agencies. Although the statutes, rules, and regulations may seem to be worded clearly and specifically, there are often questions in application and sometimes varied interpretations.
Chemical structure and bonding. The scope of the series spans the entire Periodic Table and addresses structure and bonding issues associated with all of the elements. It also focuses attention on new and developing areas of modern structural and theoretical chemistry such as nanostructures, molecular electronics, designed molecular solids, surfaces, metal clusters and supramolecular structures. Physical and spectroscopic techniques used to determine, examine and model structures fall within the purview of Structure and Bonding to the extent that the focus is on the scientific results obtained and not on specialist information concerning the techniques themselves. Issues associated with the development of bonding models and generalizations that illuminate the reactivity pathways and rates of chemical processes are also relevant. The individual volumes in the series are thematic. The goal of each volume is to give the reader, whether at a university or in industry, a comprehensive overview of an area where new insights are emerging that are of interest to a larger scientific audience.
This is a translation of "Histoire de la geologie, tome 2." It covers theories and the theory of the Earth, collective ideas on the Earth between 1650 and 1830, and the discovery of extinct volanoes in Europe.
Onwumwchili is an internationally known and highly respected expert in the equatorial electrojet field- a brand of geomagnetism. This is the first book to review all the fields of equatorial electrojet phenomena and their relevant theories in one volume. In certain relevant sections, the book discusses both the equatorial electrojet and the world-wide parts of the Sq current systems.
The Magaliesberg by Vincent Carruthers was first published in 1990. A second edition was published in 2000 and reprinted in 2007. It has now been revised again for publication to coincide with the international proclamation of the Magaliesberg Biosphere. The book has been highly successful and is a valuable source of information about the Magaliesberg, its geology, biodiversity and human history. During the decades since its publication substantial changes have taken place in in South Africa and in the Magaliesberg region and the revised editions to the book have taken cognisance of these. Most importantly, The Magaliesberg has had a profound influence on government and public awareness of the region and it has led directly to application to UNESCO for the Magaliesberg to be registered as a Biosphere Reserve in June 2014. This international recognition of the importance of the area will greatly enhance conservation efforts and stimulate tourism, education and research in the region. The current edition of the book celebrates this accomplishment and it will continue to be the primary source of information for public readership. The Magaliesberg mountains are more than two billion years old - one of the oldest mountain ranges on the planet – and the book traces their creation and the changes in the landscape over this vast passage of time. The ancient geomorphology has given rise to a wide spectrum of different habitats and a consequent diversity of plant and animal life. The book’s extensive descriptions of the fauna and flora of the area inspire the reader to consider the impact that man has on his environment. Each of the main plant and animal groups – trees, flowers, birds, mammals, reptiles and insects – has a full chapter devoted to it with checklists of every species found in the area indicating both the Scientific as well as common names. The second half of the book is dedicated to the immensely rich human history of the Magaliesberg and is equally comprehensive. Starting with the pre-hominid ancestors of humankind it describes the paleontological and archaeological evidence of the succession of people who have lived in the mountains over hundreds of thousands of years. Stone Age tools and etchings, Iron Age walled villages as well as the forts and battlefields of more recent centuries are all brought to life in detailed accounts of the people and events of the time. Carruthers’s eloquent writing style is easy to read and grabs the reader’s attention from the start. The comprehensive book is based on exhaustive research and is complemented by numerous illustrations and full-colour photographs. Carruthers’s love for the area is obvious and he describes the Magaliesberg as a ‘priceless national asset’, which this book has helped, and continues to help, to preserve. The many full-colour and black and white photographs, as well as detailed illustrations on every page, add value to the book and make it a publication that appeals to those readers who are academically inclined, as well as those who are amateur environmentalists or historians.
Regional Geology Guides provide a broad view and interpretation of the geology of a region.
A complete starting package for students and researchers of the earth science community interested in numerical modeling of microstructures. This excellent book deals with the numerical simulation of such microstructures in rocks. It starts with an introduction to existing methods and techniques for optical and electron microscopic analysis. The main part of the book contains examples of numerical modeling of processes and microstructures in rocks, using the software package "ELLE".
Geographical Models with Mathematica provides a fairly comprehensive overview of the types of models necessary for the development of new geographical knowledge, including stochastic models, models for data analysis, for geostatistics, for networks, for dynamic systems, for cellular automata and for multi-agent systems, all discussed in their theoretical context. The author then provides over 65 programs, written in the Mathematica language, that formalize these models. Case studies are provided to help the reader apply these programs to their own studies.
Tenerife is a remarkable island, dominated by Mount Teide, an active volcano higher than any mountain in mainland Spain. The island has extraordinary volcanic landscapes, and thousands of species of plants and animals that are found only there. The authors' love of Tenerife stems from its enormous variety of habitats with their complex plant and animal communities. They have explored the island from the laurel forests of eastern Anaga to the cliffs of Los Gigantes in Teno, from the semi-deserts of the extreme south to the richly vegetated slopes along the north coast, and from remote black sand beaches to the lavas of Las Canadas and the craters of Teide and Pico Viejo. Local Spanish experts have guided them to remote places and have contributed accounts of their own special interests. most studied of all volcanoes.
This book presents a geostatistical framework for data integration into subsurface Earth modeling. It offers extensive geostatistical background information, including detailed descriptions of the main geostatistical tools traditionally used in Earth related sciences to infer the spatial distribution of a given property of interest. This framework is then directly linked with applications in the oil and gas industry and how it can be used as the basis to simultaneously integrate geophysical data (e.g. seismic reflection data) and well-log data into reservoir modeling and characterization. All of the cutting-edge methodologies presented here are first approached from a theoretical point of view and then supplemented by sample applications from real case studies involving different geological scenarios and different challenges. The book offers a valuable resource for students who are interested in learning more about the fascinating world of geostatistics and reservoir modeling and characterization. It offers them a deeper understanding of the main geostatistical concepts and how geostatistics can be used to achieve better data integration and reservoir modeling.
Introduction to Volcanic Seismology, Third Edition covers all aspects of volcano seismology, specifically focusing on recent studies and developments. This new edition expands on the historical aspects, including updated information on how volcanic seismology was handled in the past (instrumentation, processing techniques, number of observatories worldwide) that is compared to present day tactics. Updated case studies can be found throughout the book, providing information from the most studied volcanoes in the world, including those in Iceland. Additional features include descriptions of analog experiments, seismic networks, both permanent and temporal, and the link between volcanoes, plate tectonics, and mantle plumes. Beginning with an introduction to the history of volcanic seismology, the book then discusses models developed for the study of the origin of volcanic earthquakes of both a volcano-tectonic and eruption nature. In addition, the book covers a variety of topics from the different aspects of volcano-tectonic activity, the seismic events associated with the surface manifestations of volcanic activity, descriptions of eruption earthquakes, volcanic tremor, seismic noise of pyroclastic flows, explosion earthquakes, and the mitigation of volcanic hazards.
A complete introductory text on an increasingly popular subject, "Geology and Environment in Britain and Ireland" aims to provide suitably broad coverage for students requiring a treatment clearly focused on familiar examples but retaining a global perspective. The book summarizes for Earth and environmental scientists the ways in which geology relates to the natural environment and to the human activities that it supports.;The natural environment is more than the oceans, the atmosphere and the diversity of the land surface. It extends below the ground and stretches back in time through the Earth's history. These environmental dimensions are the concern of geology. First, the book summarizes the geological influences on society through control of landscape and human geography, and through the threats posed by hazards such as landslides, subsidence and earthquakes.;Next the many Earth resources that support human activity are described: land, water, construction materials, minerals, coal, oil and gas. How are they formed or replenished? Which resources are sustainable for use over more than the immediate geological future? Thirdly, the impacts of human activity on the Earth are exam
The development of constitutive relations for geotechnical materials, with the help of numerical models, have increased notably the ability to predict and to interpret the mechanical behaviour of geotechnical works. This work covers rock excavations, soil excavations, earth fills and dams.
A thorough knowledge of geology is essential in the design and construction of infrastructures for transport, buildings and mining operations; while an understanding of geology is also crucial for those working in urban, territorial and environmental planning and in the prevention and mitigation of geohazards.
PART I CHAPTER 1 T E — , , . . . . . . . . . 15 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Geological change — the answers within, and without. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Man on the Moon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Back to the beginning — from the Big Bang to early Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Impact — the ubiquitous process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 The oldest rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Time to cool — birth of the Kaapvaal continent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Old crust in the Vredefort Dome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Rifting, oceans, volcanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Mountains, fire and ice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 The unique Bushveld magmatic event. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 CHAPTER 2 C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Extinction or survival — our restless Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Meteorite-impact catastrophes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Normal (background) versus mass extinctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 A brief look at the impact record in the Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 What are the projectiles capable of causing an impact catastrophe?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 What is an impact crater? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 How can we identify impact structures? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Shock metamorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 CHAPTER 3 T A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Tswaing meteorite crater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Does Tswaing have a twin? (Kalkkop Crater, Eastern Cape Province) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 South Africa’ s other Giant Impact Morokweng impact structure, — North West Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Our southern African neighbours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Testimony of earliest impact catastrophe — Barberton and the Northern Cape Province . . 113 Traces of catastrophe in the Karoo?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 6 CHAPTER 4 V : T W . . . 117 The Vredefort Structure revealed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Getting to know the giant: By road through the Vredefort Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Traversing the outer parts of the Vredefort Dome (Fochville to Parys) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5 The geology of the Vredefort Dome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physische Geographie kompakt ermAglicht Studenten mit Haupt- oder Nebenfach Geographie wie auch SchA1/4lern einen raschen, kompakten Einstieg in die Materie. Die didaktisch herausragenden vierfarbigen Abbildungen visualisieren die wichtigen geographischen Prozesse und erleichtern das VerstAndnis fA1/4r die Konzepte und Theorien der Physischen Geographie. Veranschaulicht werden die Fakten an vorwiegend mitteleuropAischen Beispielen. Der Bogen spannt sich in diesem Lehrbuch von den endogenen und exogenen KrAften A1/4ber die Dynamik der AtmosphAre und die BAden der Erde bis zur Vegetation und zur naturrAumlichen Gliederung Deutschlands. Das Buch bietet: - eine verstAndliche EinfA1/4hrung der Physischen Geographie fA1/4r das Grundstudium der Geographie an UniversitAten und PHs, fA1/4r Oberstufe an Schulen sowie als BrA1/4ckenkurs fA1/4r potenzielle Geographiestudenten, - ein Kompendium PrA1/4fungsvorbereitung, - Grundtatsachen, - kurze Exkurse zu aktuellen Themen, Problemen und Fragestellungen, - Fragenexkurse - Regionalbeispiele Deutschland - Bezug und Verwendung von Textbausteinen sowie Abbildungen aus Lehrbuch a žGeographie"
Symposium on underground excavations in soils and rocks, including earth pressure theories, buried structures and tunnels / Bangkok / 1989 and Symposium on developments in laboratory and field tests in geotechnical engineering practice / Bangkok / 1990.
In diamond alluvial deposits, the information about the spatial distribution of stone size is of crucial importance for the quantitative characterisation of the different areas of the deposit. In fact, the value of the diamond reserves depends strongly on the distribution of stone sizes: between two areas with the same grade, the most valuable is the one with larger stones. The geological genesis of the mineralization, related with the transport and deposition of stones in trapsites, can create separated spatial areas, corresponding to different stone size. To characterise these distinct areas, the non smooth transitions between them should be accounted for, in the estimation of internal properties. An extended version of zonal control of geostatistical estimation (Soares et ai, 1995) proposed in this paper, aims to characterising the classes of size histogram for each geological unit, avoiding the smooth effect. For this purpose the morphology of each geological unit is obtained by using two distinct criteria: i) first, the points of each unit are classified according to the local and global probabilities of belonging to each unit (Soares, 1992); ii) in a second classification, the optimization technique of Simulated Annealing is used to rearrange the pre-classified points in order to impose, in the final morphological maps, the spatial variability of experimental samples (Goovaerts, 1994). A case study of a diamond alluvial deposit with two geological units with distinct stone size histograms is presented. |
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