Across the nation, the debate over metropolitan sprawl and its impact has become pivotal to urban planning. A decade and a half ago, Smart Growth America and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sought to raise the level of the debate by sponsoring groundbreaking research to quantitatively measure sprawl and its quality-of-life impacts. The resulting measures are widely used in urban research and public health. Costs of Sprawl provides a panoramic guide to urban form in America, measures sprawl for metropolitan areas, urbanized areas, and counties, and studies the relationship between sprawl and quality-of-life outcomes. From this preliminary investigation, it looks like the costs of sprawl are varied and substantial, and the alternative of compact development is far superior. An essential read for researchers, planners, urban designers, policy makers, and smart growth advocates in the U.S. and abroad, this book provides a comprehensive and detailed analysis of one of the most critical issues in planning today.

Sustainable Mass Transit: Challenges and Opportunities in Urban Public Transportation examines the numerous types of mass transit systems, looking closely at all their key functions, including operations, maintenance, development, design, building and retrofitting. It examines the mitigation measures that reduce or eliminate negative environmental impacts, including green infrastructure, materials conservation, ecological conservation and other sustainable initiatives. The book explores organizational best practices, environmental regulatory constraints and life-cycle assessments, describing which sustainable elements can be added while rehabilitating or expanding a mass transportation infrastructure or ancillary facility. The book concludes with a look at forthcoming sustainable initiatives that will enhance mass transit systems.

This book breaks new ground in the studies of green transition. It frames the ongoing transformation in terms of a "battle of modernities" with the emerging vision of ecomodernity as the final destination. It also offers a systematic exploration of the potential for extensive transformation of carbon-intensive sectors - with a focus on energy and transport - towards a low or post-carbon economy. The book does so in a comparative perspective, by pointing to a diversity of techno-economic and institutional solutions in the mature Western economies, and in the rapidly growing East and developing South. The contributors highlight a broad spectrum of available alternatives as well as illuminate conflicting interests involved. They also demonstrate how solutions to the climate challenge require parallel technological and governance innovation. The book advocates a new, overarching vision and agenda of ecomodernity - based on a synergistic paradigm-shift in industry, politics and culture - to trigger and sustain the ecological innovation necessary to tip development in a green direction. This vision cannot be monolithic; rather, it should reflect the diverse interests and conditions of the global population. This book is aimed at researchers and postgraduate students of energy, transport, environmental and climate policies, as well as development, environment, innovation and sustainability.

This book brings together research working at the boundary between design knowledges and mobilities, offering a novel collection for both theorists and practitioners. Drawing upon detailed case studies, it demonstrates the diverse roles of design in shaping mobility at different spaces and scales: across cities; within different types of buildings and infrastructures; and through commuting, work and leisure activities. A range of international scholars illustrate the designed mobilities of car parks, traffic lights, street benches, pedestrian wayfinding systems and accessible design in the urban environment; they examine spaces within hospitals, airports and train stations and investigate design practices for bicycles, future urban vehicles and MotoGP motorcycle racing. Other contributions explore overlooked mobile artefacts such as television and video game remote controls, 3D printing and the types of packaging which enable objects themselves to move around. This book demonstrates how the tools, assumptions and processes of design shape spaces of mobility, and also illuminates how shifts in the fluidity and circulation of people, practices and materials in turn reconfigure practices of design. Mobilising Design develops multi-disciplinary understandings of design, drawing upon diverse literatures including design history, product design, architecture and cultural geography. By highlighting often invisible artefacts and associated knowledges and controversies, the book foregrounds the taken-for-granted ways in which everyday mobility is designed. It will be of interest to scholars in geography, sociology, economic history, architecture, design and urban theory.

Originally published in 1979, this study deals on a fully comprehensive level with both passenger and freight travel. The 40 chapters deal with an extensive range of related topics, including equilibrium modelling, theoretical and conceptual developments in demand modelling, goods movement and forecasting and policy. It outlines approaches to understanding travel behaviour, which move beyond the individual choice theory towards a broader consideration of activities.

Originally published in 1983, this volume examines one of the most long-standing major commercial water-arteries of Western and Central Europe: The Rhine. Since the mid 20th Century its importance has been given new stimulus by the intensified mobility of economic circulation generated by the EU – forming as it does a common axis to that organisation’s original six members. The Rhine is one of the world’s busiest rivers and therefore provides an excellent case study in the development of inland waterway transport, not only because of its complex physical nature, but also because of the diversity of economic, social and political patterns along its course.

High speed rail (HSR) is being touted as a strategic investment for connecting people across regions, while also fostering prosperity and smart urban growth. However, as its popularity increases, its implementation has become contentious with various parties contesting the validity of socioeconomic and environmental objectives put forward as justification for investment. High Speed Rail and Sustainability explores the environmental, economic and social effects of developing a HSR system, presenting new evaluations of the proposed system in California in the US as well as lessons from international experience. Drawing upon the accumulated experience from past HSR system development around the world, leading experts present a diverse set of perspectives as well as diverse contexts of implementation. Assessments of the California case as well as cases from Japan, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Taiwan, China, and the UK show how governments and stakeholders have bridged the gap between the vision and the realities of connecting metropolitan regions through HSR. This is a valuable resource for academics, researchers and policy-makers in the areas of urban planning, civil engineering, transportation and environmental design.

This unique volume presents the achievements of the land, sea and air transport industry of Singapore in the last 50 years after Singapore gained its independence in 1965. It provides a comprehensive overview of Singapore's progress in transportation from a typical third world system in the 1960s to one that is currently in the top league globally in all aspects of passenger and freight transportation. Singapore's successes in land transport planning, urban traffic management, and public transport systems provide valuable experience for major cities worldwide. The emergence of the Singapore Port as the most efficient container port in the world is another success story that inspires both established and up-and-coming port operators alike. The ambitious goal of Singapore to develop itself into a maritime knowledge hub of the future is a bold and exciting undertaking catching worldwide attention. In air transport, Singapore is well known for its efficiency as a major regional hub.This book examines in detail the important milestones and background developments that have led to the highly advanced state of transportation systems in the land, sea and air transport of Singapore today. Each chapter is written by professionals who are themselves part of the success stories presented. The chapter authors are specially invited to provide a professional account of the topics of their expertise. The authors have been able to draw on extensive amounts of published and unpublished documents and reports to present a comprehensive picture for the subject of interest in each chapter. As a whole, the book offers a hollistic and informative professional reference book on the major happenings and achievements of Singapore in the transportation sector.

This unique volume presents the achievements of the land, sea and air transport industry of Singapore in the last 50 years after Singapore gained its independence in 1965. It provides a comprehensive overview of Singapore's progress in transportation from a typical third world system in the 1960s to one that is currently in the top league globally in all aspects of passenger and freight transportation. Singapore's successes in land transport planning, urban traffic management, and public transport systems provide valuable experience for major cities worldwide. The emergence of the Singapore Port as the most efficient container port in the world is another success story that inspires both established and up-and-coming port operators alike. The ambitious goal of Singapore to develop itself into a maritime knowledge hub of the future is a bold and exciting undertaking catching worldwide attention. In air transport, Singapore is well known for its efficiency as a major regional hub.This book examines in detail the important milestones and background developments that have led to the highly advanced state of transportation systems in the land, sea and air transport of Singapore today. Each chapter is written by professionals who are themselves part of the success stories presented. The chapter authors are specially invited to provide a professional account of the topics of their expertise. The authors have been able to draw on extensive amounts of published and unpublished documents and reports to present a comprehensive picture for the subject of interest in each chapter. As a whole, the book offers a hollistic and informative professional reference book on the major happenings and achievements of Singapore in the transportation sector.

High Speed Rail's (HSR) main objective is to attract air passengers between big metropolitan areas however the main territorial implications in many cases occur not in these metropolitan areas but in the intermediate cities. These implications open up new spatial planning possibilities such as decentralization, new regional centres and urban renewal projects. This book presents the experience of 20 years of HSR in Spain including some explicit information, arguments and conclusions derived from HSR in other European Countries. It debates the HSR territorial implications at three scales: national, regional and local, thus being of interest for strategic debates at those scales, such as the decision of new national lines, the pros and cons of deviating the line to reach minor intermediate cities or the selection of precise locations for new stations and the development projects in their surroundings. Comparisons with the recent changes in accessibility, spatial distribution of population and activities, are made with mobility for working purposes and with the characteristics of the HSR passengers. This book also examines the actions, strategies and urban projects that medium size cities can use to make best use of HSR opportunities, synthesising the experience of HSR medium cities in Spain and Europe. The book's conclusions will be of interest, over and above scholars, to transport infrastructure decision makers, city and regional planners and managers, and transport companies.

This book is about how societies around the world can accelerate innovation in sustainable transport. It examines the relationship between policy change and the development of technological innovations in low carbon vehicle technologies, including biofuels, hybrid-electric vehicles, electric vehicles and fuel cells. Examining this relationship across countries and regions that are leaders in vehicle manufacturing and innovation, such as the European Union, Germany, Sweden, China, Japan, Korea and USA, the books aims to learn lessons about policy and innovation performance.

In 1915, the road system in south Florida had changed little since before the Civil War. Travelling from Miami to Ft. Myers meant going through Orlando, 250 miles north of Miami. Within 15 years, three highways were dredged and blasted through the Everglades: Ingraham Highway from Homestead, 25 miles south of Miami, to Flamingo on the tip of the peninsula; Tamiami Trail from Miami to Tampa; and Conner's Highway from West Palm Beach to Okeechobee City. In 1916, Florida's road commission spent $967. In 1928 it spent $6.8 million. Tamiami Trail, originally projected to cost $500,000, eventually required $11 million. These roads were made possible by the 1920s Florida land boom, the replacement of animal and steam-powered implements with gasoline and diesel-powered equipment, and the creation of a highway funding system based on fuel taxes. This book tells the story of the finance and technology of first modern highways in the South.

Public Transport provides an accessible introductory text to the field of public transport systems, covering bus, coach, rail, metro, domestic air and taxi modes. The market structure is set out, together with data collection methods. The technology of bus and rail systems is introduced with particular reference to peak capacity and energy consumption. An analysis of cost structures and costing methods leads into a review of pricing concepts and their application. In addition to issues related to urban systems, specific chapters cover rural public transport and the long-distance sector. A concluding chapter examines long-run policy issues, such as likely population changes and scope for substitution of travel. The primary context taken is that of the British Isles, drawing extensively on data such as the National Travel Survey in England. However, the principles and findings are also broadly applicable to countries of similar per capita income and population density.

This sixth edition introduces a new chapter on data collection and survey methods for public transport systems in addition to a general update of the text to reflect the latest statistical evidence, research findings and policy changes. Public Transport is an essential textbook for both students in transport and those in related fields. This is an invaluable resource for transport planners in local authorities and consultancies.

Table of Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

Introduction

Acknowledgments

Chapter One: Organisation and Control of Transport in the British Isles

Chapter Two: The Role of Public Transport

Chapter Three: Data Collection for Public Transport

Chapter Four: Service Quality and Marketing

Chapter Five: The Technology of Bus and Coach Systems

Chapter Six: Urban Railways and Rapid Transit Systems

Chapter Seven: Network Planning

Chapter Eight: Costing and Cost Allocation Methods

Chapter Nine: Pricing Theory and Practice

Chapter Ten: Rural Public Transport

Chapter Eleven: Long-distance public transport

Chapter Twelve: Some Current Policy Issues

Index

Provides a unique review of the major spatial aspects of transport systems, a detailed analysis of transport problems in urban and rural areas, an evaluation of social and environmental impacts, and a planning and policy overview. Divided into four parts, each considering a different aspect of transport geography. The first part outlines the basic geography of transport and examines transport and spatial structures, focusing upon the varying contributions made by transport to industrial, agricultural and urban development. Part two moves to consider specific transport systems at both national and international scales, drawing on studies from industrialised and developing nations and discussing the effects upon transport of the political changes in the former USSR and Eastern Europe. The third part examines some of the many problems of transport and urban and rural areas using specific examples to illustrate the contrasting difficulties and evaluate current urban transportation planning methods.

Cars, Automobility and Development in Asia explores the nexus between automobility and development in a pan-Asian comparative perspective. The book seeks to integrate the policies, production forms, consumption preferences and symbolism implicated in emerging Asian automobilities. Using empirically rich and grounded analyses of both comparative and single-country case studies, the authors chart new approaches to studying automobility and development in emerging Asia.

'This very interesting book explores the issues and approaches that society must take to shift to lower carbon usage in transportation. . . Each expert contributor provides excellent insight into the various facets of contemporary mobility systems and transportation practices to help the reader understand the complexities of transportation and related environmental concerns. Topics include urbanization and transportation in urban areas travel patterns, accessibility to transportation, and financial aspects.' - W.J. Sproule, Choice 'In their new book, Moving Towards Low Carbon Mobility, Moshe Givoni and David Banister have succeeded in doing what few edited volumes achieve. They have put together a set of chapters by international experts on a range of topics that link together tightly as a coherent whole.' - Michael Kuby, Journal of Transport Geography 'For a thorough and thoughtful perspective on what it will take to de-carbonize cities of the future, this book is a must-read. Technology alone, we are told, will not create the post-carbon city. As important is coming to grips with a complex web of cultural, institutional, financial, and social factors that powerfully shape mobility choices, now and in the future. A balanced, holistic approach that reveals how the many elements of contemporary transport systems work together offers the best hope for achieving more sustainable, less carbon-intensive mobility futures.' - Robert Cervero, University of California, Berkeley, US The transport sector has been singularly unsuccessful in becoming low carbon and less resource intensive. This book takes an innovative and holistic social, cultural and behavioural perspective, as well as covering the more conventional economic and technological dimensions, to provide a more complete understanding of the mobility and transport system and its progress towards high carbon mobility. The book uses this platform to explore the means to achieve low carbon mobility through outlining alternative pathways, through an investigation of theories of change, and through alternative visions of the low carbon transport city. The book's core message is that the complexity of the mobility and transport system should not encourage inaction, but strong and immediate action. In addition to implementing a wide range of policy measures, the book argues for a fundamental change in 'thinking' when it comes to transport policy, governance and analysis approaches, before low carbon mobility becomes a reality. Bringing together the latest thinking on transport, mobility and the environment, this book will appeal to researchers and students interested in sustainability issues and sustainable transport and transport related areas in particular, including policy makers as well as a more general professional audience. Contributors include: N. Akyelken, M. Al-Chalabi, D. Banister, E. Beyazit, J. Bishop, M. Givoni, R. Hickman, J. Liu, J. Macmillen, J. Markovitch, A. Neves, T. Schwanen, M. Tran

Inland waterways are a host for a mode of transport that is not as visible to the general public or as used as it once was. It is, however, generally perceived to be very important to our freight transport system today, although a closer look into the inland waterway transport system rebuts this perception and reveals the strengths and opportunities of this mode of transportation. This book gives the reader a thorough understanding of the current role of inland waterway transport as a freight transport system and its conditions. Drawing on case studies from across Europe, this text explores the economic, logistic, and technological and policy issues related to inland waterway transport and the challenges that changes in these areas present to this transport mode. It also explores the strategies for the inland waterway transport sector to secure and then enlarge its role in the future of freight transport. Inland Waterway Transport will be an invaluable source for students and researchers of transport studies. In addition, the book will be useful to policymakers and practitioners involved in its development. It may also appeal to wider readers with an interest in the fascinating business of inland waterway transport.

Transport Justice develops a new paradigm for transportation planning based on principles of justice. Author Karel Martens starts from the observation that for the last fifty years the focus of transportation planning and policy has been on the performance of the transport system and ways to improve it, without much attention being paid to the persons actually using - or failing to use - that transport system. There are far-reaching consequences of this approach, with some enjoying the fruits of the improvements in the transport system, while others have experienced a substantial deterioration in their situation. The growing body of academic evidence on the resulting disparities in mobility and accessibility, have been paralleled by increasingly vocal calls for policy changes to address the inequities that have developed over time. Drawing on philosophies of social justice, Transport Justice argues that governments have the fundamental duty of providing virtually every person with adequate transportation and thus of mitigating the social disparities that have been created over the past decades. Critical reading for transport planners and students of transportation planning, this book develops a new approach to transportation planning that takes people as its starting point, and justice as its end.

As bicycle commuting grows in the United States, the profile of the white, middle-class cyclist has emerged. This stereotype evolves just as investments in cycling play an increasingly important role in neighborhood transformations. However, despite stereotypes, the cycling public is actually quite diverse, with the greatest share falling into the lowest income categories. Bicycle Justice and Urban Transformation demonstrates that for those with privilege, bicycling can be liberatory, a lifestyle choice, whereas for those surviving at the margins, cycling is not a choice, but an often oppressive necessity. Ignoring these "invisible" cyclists skews bicycle improvements towards those with choices. This book argues that it is vital to contextualize bicycling within a broader social justice framework if investments are to serve all street users equitably. "Bicycle justice" is an inclusionary social movement based on furthering material equity and the recognition that qualitative differences matter. This book illustrates equitable bicycle advocacy, policy and planning. In synthesizing the projects of critical cultural studies, transportation justice and planning, the book reveals the relevance of social justice to public and community-driven investments in cycling. This book will interest professionals, advocates, academics and students in the fields of transportation planning, urban planning, community development, urban geography, sociology and policy.

Much work has been done on port governance yet little has addressed intermodal terminal governance, despite the clear similarities. This book fills that gap by establishing a governance framework for situating analysis of intermodal terminals throughout their life cycle. A version of the product life cycle theory is amended with governance theory to produce a framework covering each stage of the terminal's life cycle, from the initial planning to the many decisions taken regarding the public/private split in funding mechanisms, ownership, selecting an operator, specifying KPIs to the operator, setting fees, earning profit, ensuring fair access to all rail service operators, and finally to reconcessioning the terminal to a new operator, managing the handover and maintaining the terminal throughout its life cycle. An institutional analysis of stakeholder relations, situated within a governance framework, illuminates these issues and enables not only conceptualisation and greater understanding of the geography of intermodal transport, but also decision-making and goal-setting by planners and policy makers. This book thus has three functions: first, as a textbook on the planning and operation of intermodal terminals; second, as a presentation of recent empirical research on intermodal terminal governance; third, as a framework for future research in which the broad field of analysis of intermodal transport can be viewed through a single lens and used to inform geographers, policymakers and planners.

In recognition of the importance of road safety as a major health issue, the World Health Organization has declared 2011-2021 the Decade of Safety Action. Several countries in Europe, North America, and Asia have been successful in reducing fatalities and injuries due to road traffic crashes. However, many low-income countries continue to experience high rates of traffic fatalities and injuries. Transport Planning and Traffic Safety: Making Cities, Roads, and Vehicles Safer offers a source book for road safety training courses as well as an introductory textbook for graduate-level courses on road safety taught in engineering institutes. It brings together the international experiences and lessons learned from countries which have been successful in reducing traffic crashes and their applicability in low-income countries. The content is based on lectures delivered during an international course on transportation planning and traffic safety, sponsored annually by the Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Programme (TRIPP) at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. The book is interdisciplinary and aimed at professionals-traffic and road engineers, vehicle designers, law enforcers, and transport planners. The authors examine trends in performance of OECD countries and highlight the public health and systems approach of traffic safety with the vulnerable road user in focus. Topics include land use (transportation planning, mobility, and safety), safety education and legislation, accident analysis, road safety research, human tolerance to injury, vehicle design, safety in construction zones, safety in urban areas, traffic calming, public transportation, safety laws and policies, and pre-hospital care of the injured.

By 2050, two-thirds of the world's population will live in cities. To thrive, they will need efficient and sustainable forms of transport, but to achieve this, the financial incentives guiding urban transport operation must change - and change rapidly. Urban transport plays a critical role in determining the social, environmental and economic shape of cities. Improving Urban Access: New Approaches to Funding Transport Investment provide innovative ideas on how we might reorganize transport finance to ensure that it is suited to serving the social, environmental and economic principles that must guide future urban living. Continuing the work begun by its predecessor, Urban Access for the 21st Century, the authors assess the complexity of implementing new finance approaches and suggest ways to make positive and radical changes. Although the range of revenue raising options remain limited to users, indirect beneficiaries, and the general public, these can be recast to transform the way transport is paid for and therefore how its services are delivered. New finance models only succeed when they are intrinsically linked to the economic, social, cultural and political forces that create urban life. Together these volumes provide a starting point for the deeper research and policy design needed to successfully create urban transport finance systems that can address the challenges that 21st century cities present.

Does the development of new technology cause an increase in the level of surveillance used by central government? Is the growth in surveillance merely a reaction to terrorism, or a solution to crime control? Are there more structural roots for the increase in surveillance? This book attempts to find some answers to these questions by examining how governments have increased their use of surveillance technology. Focusing on a range of countries in Europe and beyond, this book demonstrates how government penetration into private citizens' lives was developing years before the 'war on terrorism.' It also aims to answer the question of whether central government actually has penetrated ever deeper into the lives of private citizens in various countries inside and outside of Europe, and whether citizens are protected against it, or have fought back. The main focus of the volume is on how surveillance has shaped the relationship between the citizen and the State. The contributors and editors of the volume look into the question of how central government came to intrude on citizens' private lives from two perspectives: identification card systems and surveillance in post-authoritarian societies. Their aim is to present the heterogeneity of the European historical surveillance past in the hope that this might shed light on current trends. Essential reading for criminologists, sociologists and political scientists alike, this book provides some much-needed historical context on a highly topical issue.

Explore the Design and Operation of Urban Transport Interchanges Transport planners throughout the world can implement a range of policies to influence travelers' behavior, and encourage a move to public transport to achieve urban sustainability and social inclusion. At the same time population growth and urban sprawl exert their own pressures. Quality, accessible and reliable public transport through intermodal trips provides a solution. More than 20% of current commuting trips in Europe are intermodal, and typically between 20% and 30% of trip time is spent in intermodal transfer. Interchange stations are becoming important parts of city infrastructure where people spend time on social or economic activities. Includes Contributions from Numerous Experts in the Field CITY-HUBs: Sustainable and Efficient Urban Transport Interchanges focuses on urban transport interchanges from more than 20 European researchers demonstrates why transport interchanges are crucial for a seamless public transport system. It is based on a broad consultation process to stakeholders of 26 interchanges in 10 different countries, and on tailored surveys to travelers in five of them. It shows travelers how to reduce the negative aspects of transfer by improving information provision and by delivering convenient services and facilities. The book outlines the required steps from interchange planning to operation, and defines the functions, the design of the space for transfer, stay and services, and assesses the needs for different types of interchange. It introduces the evaluation of urban and economic impacts and the identification of users' perceptions to improve interchange efficiency. The most important factors from the user point of view are safety and security, transfer conditions, information, design, services and facilities, environmental quality and comfort. These define the efficiency of the interchange from two different perspectives: as a transport node and as a place. Packed with relevant data and offering step-by-step instruction, this book: Proposes innovative operating strategies for an intermodal services organization (i.e. innovative business model) Explores pilot and test case studies for defining interchanges good practice, and tests them in validation case studies Sets out urban planning guidelines for urban integration of a transport interchange As an advanced guide CITY-HUBs: Sustainable and Efficient Urban Transport Interchanges caters to transport operators, authorities, end-users' organizations and policy makers who are challenged to implement new urban interchanges or to upgrade them.

The world is on the verge of an unprecedented increase in the production and use of biofuels for transport. The combination of rising oil prices, issues of security, climate instability and pollution, deepening poverty in rural and agricultural areas, and a host of improved technologies, is propelling governments to enact powerful incentives for the use of these fuels, which is in turn sparking investment. Biofuels for Transport is a unique and comprehensive assessment of the opportunities and risks of the large-scale production of biofuels. The book demystifies complex questions and concerns, such as thefood v. fuel debate. Global in scope, it is further informed by five country studies from Brazil, China, Germany, India and Tanzania. The authors conclude that biofuels will play a significant role in our energy future, but warn that the large-scale use of biofuels carries risks that require focused and immediate policy initiatives. Published in association with BMELV, FNR and GTZ.