This practical yet rigorous book provides a development of nonlinear, Lyapunov-based tools and their use in the solution of control-theoretic problems. Rich in motivating examples and new design techniques, the text balances theoretical foundations and real-world implementation.

System on Chip (SOC) having both digital and analog circuits has become increasingly prevalent in integrated circuit manufacturing industry. Electronic tests are classified as digital, analog and mixed signal. Current methodologies for the testing of digital circuits are well developed. In contrast, methodologies for the testing of analog circuits remain relatively underdeveloped due to the complex nature of analog signals. Compared to digital testing, analog testing lags far behind in methodologies and tools and therefore demands substantial research and development effort.

Fault Diagnosis of Analog Integrated Circuits is a textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate level students as well as practicing engineers. The objective of this book is to study the testing and fault diagnosis of analog and analog part of mixed signal circuits. A background in analog integrated circuit, artificial neural network is desirable but not essential.

The text covers the testing and fault diagnosis of both bipolar and Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) circuits. Fault model of the devices in analog domain has been introduced in the text. The test stimulus generations are also discussed in details. Experimental verification of some state of the art techniques has also been presented in the book. It also contains problems that can be used as quiz or homework. This book enables the reader to test an analog circuit that is implemented either in bipolar or MOS technology.

Multibody systems are the appropriate models for predicting and evaluating performance of a variety of dynamical systems such as spacecraft, vehicles, mechanisms, robots or biomechanical systems. This book adresses the general problem of analysing the behaviour of such multibody systems by digital simulation. This implies that pre-computer analytical methods for deriving the system equations must be replaced by systematic computer oriented formalisms, which can be translated conveniently into efficient computer codes for - "generatin"g the system equations based on simple user data describing the system model - "solving" those complex equations yielding results ready for design evaluation. Emphasis is on computer based derivation of the system equations thus freeing the user from the time consuming and error-prone task of developing equations of motion for various problems again and again.

It has been hard for me to escape the imprint of my early, strong, but scattered trains of thought. There was, at the beginning, little to go by; and I saw no clear way to go. This book is accordingly filled with internal tensions that are not, as yet, fully annealed. Subsequent writers may re-present the work, explaining it in a simpler way. Others may simply invert it. I mean by this that, by writing it backwards, from its found ends {practical machinable teeth) to its tentative beginnings (dimly perceived geometrical notions), one might conceivably write a manual, not on how to understand these kinds of gears, but on how to make them. Indeed a manual will need to be written. If this gearing is to be further investigated, evaluated and checked for applicability, prototypes will need to be made. I wish to say again however that my somewhat convoluted way of presenting these early ideas has been inevitable. It has simply not been possible to present a tidy set of explanations and rules without exploring first (and in a somewhat backwards-going direction) the complexities of the kinematic geometry. There remains, now in this book, a putting together of primitive geometric intuition, computer aided exploration of certain areas, geometric explanations of the discovered phenomena, and a loose sprinkling of a relevant algebra cementing the parts together.

The intent of this book is threefold: (1) to summarize recent research concerned with residential crowding, (2) to present some new perspec tives on this important subject, and (3) to consider design implications and recommendations that can be derived from the existing body of research. We have sought to bring together the work of many of the researchers most involved in these areas, and have asked them to go beyond their data-to present new insights into response to residential crowding and to speculate about the meaning of their work for the present and future design of residential environments. We feel that this endeavor has been successful, and that the present volume will help to advance our understanding of these issues. The study of residential density is not new. Studies in this area were conducted by sociologists as early as the 1920s, yielding moderate corre lational relationships between census tract density and various social and physical pathologies. This work, however, has been heavily criticized because it did not adequately consider confounding social structural factors, such as social class and ethnicity. The research that will be presented in the present volume represents a new generation of crowding investigation. All of the work has been conducted during the 1970s, and a range of methodological strategies have been employed in these studies.

This book brings together some of the most influential pieces of research undertaken around the world in design synthesis. It is the first comprehensive work of this kind and covers all three aspects of research in design synthesis:

- understanding what constitutes and influences synthesis;

- the major approaches to synthesis;

- the diverse range of tools that are created to support this crucial design task.

With its range of tools and methods covered, it is an ideal introduction to design synthesis for those intending to research in this area as well as being a valuable source of ideas for educators and practitioners of engineering design.

Optical Microscanners and Microspectrometers using Thermal Bimorph Actuators shows how to design and fabricate optical microsystems using innovative technologies and and original architectures. A barcode scanner, laser projection mirror and a microspectrometer are explained in detail, starting from the system conception, discussing simulations, choice of cleanroom technologies, design, fabrication, device test, packaging all the way to the system assembly.

An advanced microscanning device capable of one- and two-dimensional scanning can be integrated in a compact barcode scanning system composed of a laser diode and adapted optics. The original design of the microscanner combines efficiently the miniaturized thermal mechanical actuator and the reflecting mirror, providing a one-dimensional scanning or an unique combination of two movements, depending on the geometry. The simplicity of the device makes it a competitive component.

The authors rethink the design of a miniaturized optical device and find a compact solution for a microspectrometer, based on a tunable filter and a single pixel detector. A porous silicon technology combines efficiently the optical filter function with a thermal mechanical actuator on chip. The methodology for design and process calibration are discussed in detail. The device is the core component of an infrared gas spectrometer.

Microfluidics and BioMEMS Applications central idea is on microfluidics, a relatively new research field which finds its niche in biomedical devices, especially on lab-on-a-chip and related products. Being the essential component in providing driving fluidic flows, an example of micropump is chosen to illustrate a complete cycle in development of microfluidic devices which include literature review, designing and modelling, fabrication and testing. A few articles are included to demonstrate the idea of tackling this research problem, and they cover the main development scope discussed earlier as well as other advanced modelling schemes for microfluidics and beyond.

Scientists and students working in the areas of MEMS and microfluidics will benefit from this book, which may serve both communities as both a reference monograph and a textbook for courses in numerical simulation, and design and development of microfluidic devices.

Structural Synthesis in Precision Elasticity reflects the summary of theoretical and experimental studies whose conclusions are effective for optimized structural synthesis in precision elasticity, as well as demonstrate a large experience and options in the synthesis, production, application of precision elastic guides, mechanisms, correctors, transducers, instruments and machines. The main focus of this book is in the possible simplification of the corresponding analytical apparatus by using kinematical equivalents, matrix methods, appropriate contours, and function expansion with enough accurate minimal polynomials. This approach allows for substitution of some known unwieldy formulae and methods that are not convenient for digestible and tractable synthesis.

The book consists of two main parts:

- The elastic systems functional analysis and structural synthesis methods, including effective approximations and references to the history of their development

- The application and development of precision functional elastic systems at reference and operating conditions, including the observation of archives with effective synthesized structures and elements of nanotechnology.

Each part provides theoretical basics and a large variety of examples and recommendations. This book gives theoretical and practical tools to researchers, precision machines, instruments and miniature systems designers, engineers, metrologists, and engineering students.

Despite that this book is dedicated to the general problems of the structural synthesis in precision elasticity, most of the practical examples and applications are concerned with the measuring systems as the precision is their main goal.

The author intends to show close connection between the elastic precision structures developed during the 20th century and even before and the new elastic systems for atomic force microscopy and other recently created advanced structures in precision elasticity.

Mathematical Programming has been of significant interest and relevance in engineering, an area that is very rich in challenging optimization problems. In particular, many design and operational problems give rise to nonlinear and mixed-integer nonlinear optimization problems whose modeling and solu tion is often nontrivial. Furthermore, with the increased computational power and development of advanced analysis (e. g. , process simulators, finite element packages) and modeling systems (e. g. , GAMS, AMPL, SPEEDUP, ASCEND, gPROMS), the size and complexity of engineering optimization models is rapidly increasing. While the application of efficient local solvers (nonlinear program ming algorithms) has become widespread, a major limitation is that there is often no guarantee that the solutions that are generated correspond to global optima. In some cases finding a local solution might be adequate, but in others it might mean incurring a significant cost penalty, or even worse, getting an incorrect solution to a physical problem. Thus, the need for finding global optima in engineering is a very real one. It is the purpose of this monograph to present recent developments of tech niques and applications of deterministic approaches to global optimization in engineering. The present monograph is heavily represented by chemical engi neers; and to a large extent this is no accident. The reason is that mathematical programming is an active and vibrant area of research in chemical engineering. This trend has existed for about 15 years.

Interest in the fascinating field of multicriteria optimization and its application to design processes has grown very quickly in recent years. Researchers and practising engineers will find this book an comprehensive presentation of this subject. After an introduction to multicriteria optimization and the advantages of using multicriteria techniques, the first part of the book presents methods and computer procedures for solving multicriteria optimum design problems including interactive methods and knowledge-based systems. The second part presents an extensive range of applications of these methods to design processes in the fol- lowing fields: mechanisms and dynamic systems, aircraft and space technology, machine tool design, metal forming and cast metal technology, civil and architectural engineering, and structures made of advanced materials.

Cross-layer design seeks to enhance the capacity of wireless networks significantly through the joint optimization of multiple layers in the network, primarily the physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layers. Although there are advantages of such design in wireline networks as well, this approach is particularly advantageous for wireless networks due to the properties (such as mobility and interference) that strongly affect performance and design of higher layer protocols. This unique monograph is concerned with the issue of cross-layer design in wireless networks, and more particularly with the impact of node-level multiuser detection on such design. It provides an introduction to this vibrant and active research area insufficiently covered in existing literature, presenting some of the principal methods developed and results obtained to date. Accompanied by numerous illustrations, the text is an excellent reference for engineers, researchers and students working in communication networks.

As is known, the book named "Multivariate spline functions and their applications" has been published by the Science Press in 1994. This book is an English edition based on the original book mentioned 1 above with many changes, including that of the structure of a cubic - interpolation in n-dimensional spline spaces, and more detail on triangu- lations have been added in this book. Special cases of multivariate spline functions (such as step functions, polygonal functions, and piecewise polynomials) have been examined math- ematically for a long time. I. J. Schoenberg (Contribution to the problem of application of equidistant data by analytic functions, Quart. Appl. Math., 4(1946), 45 - 99; 112 - 141) and W. Quade & L. Collatz (Zur Interpo- lations theories der reellen periodischen function, Press. Akad. Wiss. (PhysMath. KL), 30(1938), 383- 429) systematically established the the- ory of the spline functions. W. Quade & L. Collatz mainly discussed the periodic functions, while I. J. Schoenberg's work was systematic and com- plete. I. J. Schoenberg outlined three viewpoints for studing univariate splines: Fourier transformations, truncated polynomials and Taylor ex- pansions. Based on the first two viewpoints, I. J. Schoenberg deduced the B-spline function and its basic properties, especially the basis func- tions. Based on the latter viewpoint, he represented the spline functions in terms of truncated polynomials. These viewpoints and methods had significantly effected on the development of the spline functions.

Experts in rheology and polymer processing present up-to-date, fundamental and applied information on the rheological properties of polymers, in particular those relevant to processing, contributing to the physical understanding and the mathematical modelling of polymer processing sequences. Basic concepts of non-Newtonian fluid mechanics, micro-rheological modelling and constitutive modelling are reviewed, and rheological measurements are described. Topics with practical relevance are debated, such as linear viscoelasticity, converging and diverging flows, and the rheology of multiphase systems. Approximation methods are discussed for the computer modelling of polymer melt flow. Subsequently, polymer processing technologies are studied from both simulation and engineering perspectives. Mixing, crystallization and reactive processing aspects are also included. Audience: An integrated and complete view of polymer processing and rheology, important to institutions and individuals engaged in the characterisation, testing, compounding, modification and processing of polymeric materials. Can also support academic polymer processing engineering programs.

Surface treatment is an efficient means for protection of various products against corrosion and also for increasing strength or resistance to wear or fatigue. Also certain electrical, chemical or optical properties may be achieved only by creating special surface layers. Many examples can be given: leaf springs with shot-peened surfaces; carburised and hardened tooth gears; coated cutting tips for machining; chemical appliances made of glass strengthened by ion exchange; enamelled vessels and containers; components for engines or turbines with heat insulating ceramic surface layers; chemical equipment made from low-carbon steel clad with a layer of stainless steel or other more expensive material; endoprostheses of hip joints with ceramic coatings; multilayered integrated circuits and other components for electronics and electrotechnology. In many of these components, high stresses often act; from mechanical loading as well as thermal and residual ones, caused by the surface treatment itself. These stresses can sometimes lead to a failure of parts bearing small or even no load. Thus, for an efficient utilisation of all the advantages surface treatment offers, and for assuring that the designed component will work reliably for a certain period, often under very severe conditions, it is necessary to know how components with coated or otherwise treated surfaces behave under mechanical loading, and what the reasons may be for their preliminary fracture or rejection from service. It is also important to know the general principles of design of surface treated components.

Mechanical engineering, an engineering discipline born of the needs of the Industrial Revolution, is once again asked to do its substantial share in the call for industrial renewal. The general call is urgent as we face the profound issues of productivity and competitiveness that require engineering solutions, among others. The Mechanical Engineering Series is a new series, featuring graduate texts and research monographs, intended to address the need for information in contemporary areas of mechanical engineering. The series is conceived as a comprehensive one that will cover a broad range of concentrations important to mechanical engineering graduate education and research. We are fortunate to have a distinguished roster of consulting editors, each an expert in one of the areas of concentration. The names of the consult ing editors are listed on page vi. The areas of concentration are applied mechanics, biomechanics, computational mechanics, dynamic systems and control, energetics, mechanics of materials, processing, thermal science, and tribology. We are pleased to present Nonlinear Analysis of Thin-Walled Structures by James F. Doyle. Austin, Texas Frederick F. Ling Preface This book is concerned with the challenging subject of the nonlinear static, dynamic, and stability analyses of thin-walled structures. It carries on from where Static and Dynamic Analysis of Structures, published by Kluwer 1991, left off; that book concentrated on frames and linear analysis, while the present book is focused on plated structures, nonlinear analysis, and a greater emphasis on stability analysis."

SCM is one of the hottest topics in manufacturing and distribution, and like JIT and TQC it requires a corporate commitment. This book provides both fundamental principles of SCM as well as a set of guidelines to assist in practical application of SCM. It will be one of the first books on the market that deals exclusively with SCM and its application. Readers in the academic, management sciences, sales, marketing and government environments will find this book of particular interest.

The Verilog Hardware Description Language was first introduced in 1984. Over the 20 year history of Verilog, every Verilog engineer has developed his own personal "bag of tricks" for coding with Verilog. These tricks enable modeling or verifying designs more easily and more accurately. Developing this bag of tricks is often based on years of trial and error. Through experience, engineers learn that one specific coding style works best in some circumstances, while in another situation, a different coding style is best. As with any high-level language, Verilog often provides engineers several ways to accomplish a specific task. Wouldn't it be wonderful if an engineer first learning Verilog could start with another engineer's bag of tricks, without having to go through years of trial and error to decide which style is best for which circumstance? That is where this book becomes an invaluable resource. The book presents dozens of Verilog tricks of the trade on how to best use the Verilog HDL for modeling designs at various level of abstraction, and for writing test benches to verify designs. The book not only shows the correct ways of using Verilog for different situations, it also presents alternate styles, and discusses the pros and cons of these styles.

Wide-bandwidth high dynamic range Digital to Analog Converters (D/A) are essential elements of modern systems, e.g. multi-carrier communication systems. Current Steering D/A converters offer the potential to achieve high dynamic range for wide frequency bandwidths, however, their performance at higher frequencies is usually limited by strong nonlinear behavior. This behavior is not well understood and impedes performance progress.

Wide-Bandwidth High Dynamic Range D/A Converters presents a structured description of the operation principles and the nonlinear behavior of Current Steering D/A Converters, and shows ways to deal with it in the design phase.

The book provides the reader a thorough understanding of error mechanisms at high frequencies. It explains their effects and shows their dependencies with parameters of the processed signal, the architecture, its circuit blocks and their implementations. A highlight of the book is the detailed treatment of timing errors caused by circuit imperfections due to process mismatch and clock interconnects.

The book follows a unique approach, building an analysis and synthesis framework of concepts with a generic scope beyond the current steering architecture.

The concepts are tested in practice with the design and measurements of a high performance 12b 500MSample/sec Current Steering Digital to Analog Converter realized in 0.18m m CMOS.

The HMM2004 International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms is the second event of a series that has been started in 2000 as main activity of the IFToMM Permanent Commission for History of MMS, Mechanism and Machine Science. The aim of the HMM Symposium is to be a forum to exchange views, opinions, and experiences on History of MMS from technical viewpoints in order to track the past but also to look at future developments in MMS. The HMM Symposium Series is devoted to the technical aspects of historical deve- pments and therefore it has been addressed mainly to the IFToMM Community. In fact, most the authors of the contributed papers are experts in MMS and related topics. This year HMM Symposium came back to Cassino, after the challenging first event in 2000. The HMM2004 International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms was held at the University of Cassino, Italy, from 12 to 15 May 2004. These Proceedings contain 29 papers by authors from all around the world. These papers cover the wide field of the History of Mechanical Engineering and particularly the History of MMS. The contributions address mainly technical aspects of historical developments of Machines and Mechanisms. History of IFToMM, the International Federation for the Promotion of Mechanism and Machine Science is also outlined through the historical activities of some of its Commissions.

The International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms is a new initiative to promote explicitly researches and publications in the field of the History of TMM (Theory of Machines and Mechanisms). It was held at the University of Cassino, Italy, from 11 to 13 May 2000. The Symposium was devoted mainly to the technical aspects of historical developments and therefore it has been addressed mainly to the IFToMM Community. In fact, most the authors of the contributed papers are experts in TMM and related topics. This has been, indeed, a challenge: convincing technical experts to go further in-depth into the background of their topics of expertise. We have received a very positive response, as can be seen by the fact that these Proceedings contain contributions by authors from all around the world. We received about 50 papers, and after review about 40 papers were accepted for both presentation and publishing in the Proceedings. This means also that the History of TMM is of interest everywhere and, indeed, an in-depth knowledge of the past can be of great help in working on the present and in shaping the future with new ideas. I believe that a reader will take advantage of the papers in these Proceedings with further satisfaction and motivation for her or his work (historical or not). These papers cover the wide field of the History of Mechanical Engineering and particularly the History of TMM.

A vast majority of failures emanate from stress concentrators such as geometrical discontinuities. The role of stress concentration was first highlighted by Inglis (1912) who gives a stress concentration factor for an elliptical defect, and later by Neuber (1936). With the progress in computing, it is now possible to compute the real stress distribution at a notch tip. This distribution is not simple, but looks like pseudo-singularity as in principle the power dependence with distance remains. This distribution is governed by the notch stress intensity factor which is the basis of Notch Fracture Mechanics. Notch Fracture Mechanics is associated with the volumetric method which postulates that fracture requires a physical volume. Since fatigue also needs a physical process volume, Notch Fracture Mechanics can easily be extended to fatigue emanating from a stress concentration.

It appears that we live in an age of disasters: the mighty Missis sippi and Missouri flood millions of acres, earthquakes hit Tokyo and California, airplanes crash due to mechanical failure and the seemingly ever increasing wind speeds make the storms more and more frightening. While all these may seem to be unexpected phenomena to the man on the street, they are actually happening according to well defined rules of science known as extreme value theory. We know that records must be broken in the future, so if a flood design is based on the worst case of the past then we are not really prepared against floods. Materials will fail due to fatigue, so if the body of an aircraft looks fine to the naked eye, it might still suddenly fail if the aircraft has been in operation over an extended period of time. Our theory has by now penetrated the so cial sciences, the medical profession, economics and even astronomy. We believe that our field has come of age. In or~er to fully utilize the great progress in the theory of extremes and its ever increasing acceptance in practice, an international conference was organized in which equal weight was given to theory and practice. This book is Volume I of the Proceedings of this conference. In selecting the papers for Volume lour guide was to have authoritative works with a large variety of coverage of both theory and practice.

Fault-tolerance in integrated circuits is not an exclusive concern regarding space designers or highly-reliable application engineers. Rather, designers of next generation products must cope with reduced margin noises due to technological advances. The continuous evolution of the fabrication technology process of semiconductor components, in terms of transistor geometry shrinking, power supply, speed, and logic density, has significantly reduced the reliability of very deep submicron integrated circuits, in face of the various internal and external sources of noise. The very popular Field Programmable Gate Arrays, customizable by SRAM cells, are a consequence of the integrated circuit evolution with millions of memory cells to implement the logic, embedded memories, routing, and more recently with embedded microprocessors cores. These re-programmable systems-on-chip platforms must be fault-tolerant to cope with present days requirements. This book discusses fault-tolerance techniques for SRAM-based Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). It starts by showing the model of the problem and the upset effects in the programmable architecture. In the sequence, it shows the main fault tolerance techniques used nowadays to protect integrated circuits against errors. A large set of methods for designing fault tolerance systems in SRAM-based FPGAs is described. Some presented techniques are based on developing a new fault-tolerant architecture with new robustness FPGA elements. Other techniques are based on protecting the high-level hardware description before the synthesis in the FPGA. The reader has the flexibility of choosing the most suitable fault-tolerance technique for its project and to compare a set of fault tolerant techniques for programmable logic applications.

This book provides complete coverage of the slitting method. It details new results in analysis, computation, and estimation and discusses different roles of residual stresses from the fracture mechanics perspective. It provides detailed formulations and examples of compliance functions, weighted least squares fit and convergence test in stress estimation, and computer programs to facilitate the implementation of the slitting method.