In the process industries, stiction is the most common performance-limiting valve problem and over the last decade numerous different techniques for overcoming it have been proposed. This book represents a comprehensive presentation of these methods, including their principles, assumptions, strengths and drawbacks. Guidelines and working procedures are provided for the implementation of each method and MATLAB (R)-based software can be downloaded from www.ualberta.ca/~bhuang/stiction-book enabling readers to apply the methods to their own data. Methods for the limitation of stiction effects are proposed within the general context of: oscillation detection in control loops, stiction detection, diagnosis and stiction quantification and diagnosis of multiple faults. The state-of-the-art algorithms presented in this book are demonstrated and compared in industrial case studies of diverse origin - chemicals, building, mining, pulp and paper, mineral and metal processing.

This book describes a coherent approach to the explanation of the movement of individual vehicles or groups of vehicles. To avoid possible misunderstandings, some preliminary remarks are called for. 1. This is intended to be a textbook. It brings together methods and approaches that are widely distributed throughout the literature and that are therefore difficult to assess. Text citations of sources have been avoided; literature references are listed together at the end of the book. 2. The book is intended primarily for students of engineering. It describes the theoretical background necessary for an understanding of the methods by which links in a road network are designed and dimensioned or by which traffic is controlled; the methods themselves are not dealt with. It may also assist those actually working in such sectors to interpret the results of traffic flow measure ments more accurately than has hitherto been the case. 3. The book deals with traffic flow on links between nodes, and not at nodes themselves. Many readers will probably regret this, since nodes are usually the bottlenecks which limit the capacity of the road network. A book dedicated to the node would be the obvious follow-up. A separation of link and node is justified, however, partly because the quantity of material has to be kept within reasonable bounds and partly because the treatment of traffic flow at nodes requires additional mathematical techniques (in particular, those relating to queueing theory)."

Thin shells are very popular structures in many different branches of engineering. There are the domes, water and cooling towers, the contain ments in civil engineering, the pressure vessels and pipes in mechanical and nuclear engineering, storage tanks and platform components in marine and offshore engineering, the car bodies in the automobile industry, planes, rockets and space structures in aeronautical engineering, to mention only a few examples of the broad spectrum of application. In addition there is the large applied mechanics group involved in all the computational and experimental work in this area. Thin shells are in a way optimal structures. They play the role of.the "primadonnas" among all kinds of structures. Their performance can be extraordinary, but they can also be very sensitive. The susceptibility to buckling is a typical example. David Bushnell says in his recent review paper entitled "Buckling of Shells - Pitfall for DeSigners" "To the layman buckling is a mysterious, perhaps even awe inspiring phenomenon that transforms objects originally imbued with symmetrical beauty into junk.""

The peaceful use of space flight systems for research and technological devel opments in the context of promoting European and international cooperation represents the essential motivation for the programmes of the European Space Agency (ESA). One of ESA's programmes is dedicated to microgravity research, which is now an established discipline in Europe, with a dedicated group of scientists participating. The Challenger disaster has resulted in a serious dis continuity of flight opportunities in the next few years but the forthcoming International Space Station, new launchers and reentry vehicles are expected to provide ample opportunities for microgravity research in the long term. Meanwhile parabolic aircraft flights, sounding rockets as well as the delayed Shuttle-dependent missions, Spacelab D-2, the IML-missions and EURECA I, will be employed to keep microgravity experimenters reasonably busy in the interim period. To prepare the ground for these activities, both regarding research and experiment facilities, an in-depth analysis of the state of the art is an essential requirement at this time. Such an analysis is presented in this volume. It ad dresses all of the topics that have been identified to be of relevance. Besides a presentation of the fundamental aspects justifying microgravity research, the results of experiments already performed are reviewed and recommendations for future activities are made. Close to fifty European scientists have cooper ated in the preparation of this volume and their dedicated and concerted effort is greatly appreciated."

The combination of increasing airport congestion and the ad vent of large transports has caused increased interest in aircraft wake turbulence. A quantitative understanding of the interaction between an aircraft and the vortex wake of a preceding aircraft is necessary for planning future high density air traffic patterns and control systems. The nature of the interaction depends on both the characteristics of the following aircraft and the characteristics of the wake. Some of the questions to be answered are: What deter mines the full characteristics of the vortex wake? What properties of the following aircraft are important? What is the role of pilot response? How are the wake characteristics related to the genera ting aircraft parameters? How does the wake disintegrate and where? Many of these questions were addressed at this first Aircraft Wake Turbulence Symposium sponsored by the Air Force Office of Sci entific Research and The Boeing Company. Workers engaged in aero dynamic research, airport operations, and instrument development came from several count ries to present their results and exchange information. The new results from the meeting provide a current picture of the state of the knowledge on vortex wakes and their interactions with other aircraft. Phenomena previously regarded as mere curiosities have emerged as important tools for understanding or controlling vortex wakes. The new types of instability occurring within the wake may one day be used for promoting early dis integration of the hazardous twin vortex structure.

"Applications of Neural Networks in High Assurance Systems" is the first book directly addressing a key part of neural network technology: methods used to pass the tough verification and validation (V&V) standards required in many safety-critical applications. The book presents what kinds of evaluation methods have been developed across many sectors, and how to pass the tests. A new adaptive structure of V&V is developed in this book, different from the simple six sigma methods usually used for large-scale systems and different from the theorem-based approach used for simplified component subsystems.

Phenomenology of Diesel Combustion and Modeling Diesel is the most efficient combustion engine today and it plays an important role in transport of goods and passengers on land and on high seas. The emissions must be controlled as stipulated by the society without sacrificing the legendary fuel economy of the diesel engines. These important drivers caused innovations in diesel engineering like re-entrant combustion chambers in the piston, lower swirl support and high pressure injection, in turn reducing the ignition delay and hence the nitric oxides. The limits on emissions are being continually reduced. The- fore, the required accuracy of the models to predict the emissions and efficiency of the engines is high. The phenomenological combustion models based on physical and chemical description of the processes in the engine are practical to describe diesel engine combustion and to carry out parametric studies. This is because the injection process, which can be relatively well predicted, has the dominant effect on mixture formation and subsequent course of combustion. The need for improving these models by incorporating new developments in engine designs is explained in Chapter 2. With "model based control programs" used in the Electronic Control Units of the engines, phenomenological models are assuming more importance now because the detailed CFD based models are too slow to be handled by the Electronic Control Units. Experimental work is necessary to develop the basic understanding of the pr- esses.

The book provides an introduction to the mechanics of composite materials, written for graduate students and practitioners in industry. It examines ways to model the impact event, to determine the size and severity of the damage and discusses general trends observed during experiments.

Many important industrial applications incline toward better understanding of the constitutive properties of matter. Nowadays, the development of measurement possibilities, even in nanoscale, allows for multiscale formulations that drive to the more sophisticated models used in continuum mechanics. These phenomenological models are particularly important and useful for solutions of very concrete initial boundary value problems. Our interests are focused mainly on detailed descriptions of material behavior that depend not only on simple stress-strain relationships but also includes the strong influence of loading type, which introduces temperature, strain rate dependence, fracture, etc. Understanding these physics phenomena is of fundamental importance for successful and responsible computations. In particular, using the popular commercial programs requires deep understanding of constitutive formulations and their restrictions. These lectures are addressed to industrial users who are responsible for making crucial decisions in design, as well as, to young scientists who work on new models that describe the behavior of materials which also account the new influences and reflect the complexity of the material behavior. At the end, let me express my gratitude to the lecturers of the CISM course No. 328 on "Advances in Constitutive Relations Applied in Computer Codes", held in Udine in July 2007, who finally prepared the included materials. Unfortunately, during the preparation and collecting papers for this book, our friend and colleague Prof. Janusz R. Klepaczko passed away. This is a very big loss for the society of mechanics.

The necessity for a reprint of the previous edition of this Manual has afforded an opportunity of bringing the information in certain parts of the book up to date, by the addition of a new Chapter 13 which deals with the more important developments that have occurred in the interim. This method has been adopted in order to simplify and to expedite the preparation of the present edition. As with the other Manuals of the Series, the elementary method of treatment of the subject has been retained, but where considered necessary some theoretical aspects are discussed. The previous edition has been checked and where desirable certain minor altera tions and improvements have been made in order to clarify the text. There have been several important developments in electrical components and wiring methods since the last edition, the more interesting of which have included the wider use of electronics in the design and construction of certain automobile parts. Examples of these are the use of transistors, diodes and printed circuits on flat and flexible bases, notably for instrument panels, while minia turized versions of printed circuits are finding wider applications in automobile components, e.g. for alternator voltage control units. In order to assist the non-technical reader, for whom these Manuals were originally intended, a brief outline of the theory and applications of diodes and transistors has been included to help him to understand the circuits using these modern components."

This volume offers an introduction into the technology programs and international projects of reusable orbital transport systems. Besides the technological requirements, meteorological and air chemical aspects in regard to the environmental compatibility of future transport systems are the most important topics. The aim of the symposium was to investigate the classical disciplines and methods of aeronautics and astro- nautics in connection with meteorological and air chemical methods and models. For this purpose an attempt was made to identify technological optimization parameters in respect to the air chemical environmental compatibility of future orbital transport systems.

The articles in the book treat flow instability and transition starting with classical material dealt with in an innovative and rigorous way, some newer physical mechanisms explained for the first time and finally with the very complex topic of bombustion and two-phase flow instabilities.

The analysis of plates and shells under static and dynamic loads is of greatinterest to scientists and engineers both from the theoretical and the practical viewpoint. The Boun- dary Element Method (BEM) has some distinct advantages over domain techniques such as the Finite Difference Method (FDM) and the Finite Element Method (FEM) for a wide class of structuralanalysis problems. This is the first book to deal specifically with the analysis of plates and shells by the BEM and to cover all aspects of their behaviour, and combi- nes tutorial and state-of-the-art articles on the BEM as ap- plied to plates and shells. It aims to inform scientists and engineers about the use and the advantages of this techni- que, the most recent developments in the field and the per- tinent literature for further study.

This stimulating and inspiring book explores the present and anticipates the future of Automotive Microsystems. The past decade has seen enormous progress in the use of automotive microsysems; their effect has been dramatic in reducing casualties, controlling emissions and increasing passenger comfort and vehicle performance. The book is a snapshot of new technological priorities in microsystems-based smart devices that offers a mid-term perspective on coming smart systems applications in automobiles.

The proceedings contain papers accepted for the 17th ISPE International Conference on Concurrent Engineering, which was held in Cracow, Poland, September 6-10, 2010. Concurrent Engineering (CE) has a history of over twenty years. At first, primary focus was on bringing downstream information as much upstream as possible, by introducing parallel processing of processes, in order to prevent errors at the later stage which would sometimes cause irrevocable damage and to reduce time to market. During the period of more than twenty years, numerous new concepts, methodologies and tools have been developed. During this period the background for engineering/manufacturing has changed extensively. Now, industry has to work with global markets. The globalization brought forth a new network of experts and companies across many different domains and fields in distributed environments. These collaborations integrated with very high level of profesionalism and specialisation, provided the basis for innovations in design and manufacturing and succeeded in creating new products on a global market.

Welcome to Bavaria - Germany and to the First Intercontinental Maritime Simulation Symposium and Mathematical Modelling Workshop. A triennial international conference jointly pro moted by Control Data, IMSF and SCS, which takes place at Schliersee, a small town near the Alps. The aim of the Symposium is to cover most of the aspects of maritime modelling and simulation in theory and practice, to promote the exchange of knowledge and experience between dif ferent international research groups in this field, and to strengthen the international contact between developers and users of modelling and simulation techniques. On the occas on of the Symposium people of scientific and engineering disciplines will meet to discuss the state-of-the art and future activities and developments. A large number of contributed papers has been strictly exam ined and selected by the papers committee to guarantee a high international standard. The book contains the accepted papers which will be presented at the Symposium. The papers have been classified according to the following topics: VI 1. Fifth Generation Computer Technology 2. Simulation-Software-Tools 3. An Industrial Computer System - The Chrysler Story 4. Marine Mathematical Modelling 5. CFD for Marine Vehicles 6. Navigation Methodology 7. Marine Maneuvering and Motion Simulation 8. Off-Shore Modelling 9. Steering and Control of Marine Vehicles 10. Training and Traffic Control 11. Under-Water Vehicles Operation Authors from 9 countries will meet at the Symposium."

In March 1988, an international workshop on intersections without traffic signals was held at the Ruhr-University in Bochum, Germany. The proceedings of this workshop were published by Springer 1). The workshop was performed in a very harmonious atmosphere, which stimulated the experts from different countries to communicate and exchange their ideas and experiences. The presentations and the written contributions documented the present state of technical solutions for design and engineering of unsi gnalized intersections both regarding scientific research and practical applications. Moreover, numerous unsolved problems were identified. Thus, the 1988 workshop stimulated new developments in the field of unsignalized inter sections in several countries. In the meantime, these investigations have lead to a remarkable progress. For example in Germany a new guideline for unsignalized cross intersections and T-junctions has been finished and is going to be introduced in 1991. New results on roundabout capacity have been worked out as well. Many particularly important developments were made in foreign countries. Especially in the United States, an increasing interest in this subject can be observed. In the annual meetings of the TRB, this item received great attention. Many research institutes in North America have concentrated their activities on that point. A new TRB-circular concerning unsignalized intersections is going to be published. It will contain a new procedure for four-way-stop-control intersections, which seems to be a special feature of North American traffic engineering. However, new results from the US for two-way-stop control intersections are available as well."

This volume contains the papers presented at the Second International Work ing Conference on Dependable Computing for Critical Applications, sponsored by IFIP Working Group lOA and held in Tucson, Arizona on February 18-20, 1991. In keeping with the first such conference on this topic, which took place at the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1989, this meeting was like wise concerned with an important basic question: Can we rely on Computers? In more precise terms, it addressed various aspects of computer system de pendability, a broad concept defined as th'e trustworthiness of computer service such that reliance can justifiably be placed on this service. Given that this term includes attributes such as reliability, availability, safety, and security, it is our hope that these papers will contribute to further integration of these ideas in the context of critical applications. The program consisted of 20 papers and three panel sessions. The papers were selected from a total of 61 submissions at a November 1990 meeting of the Program Committee in Ann Arbor, Michigan. We were very fortunate to have a broad spectrum of interests represented, with papers in the final program coming from seven different countries, representing work at universities, corporations, and government agencies. The process was greatly facilitated by the diligent work of the Program Committee and the quality of reviews provided by outside referees. In addition to the paper presentations, there were three panel sessions or ganized to examine particular topics in detail."

LIOn Delamination of Laminated Composites (a) Fiber-Reinforced Composites Considerable technological advances in the production of high-strength fibers (graphite, boron, etc.) have led to a wide use of light high-strength composite materials (graphite epoxy, boron-epoxy, etc.). It is expedient, to make thin walled composite rods, plates, and shells from such materials. Plates can be made by bonding a set of unidirectional thin fiber layers, Fig.l.l. Such plates are orthotropic, as a rule. A random short-fiber composite is shown in Fig. 1.2. Fiber-reinforced composites are widely used in thin-walled aircraft structures because of their specific high strength. For example, the graphite-epoxy composite is characterized by a unidirectional tensile strength of 1.4 GPa while the density is 1.6 Mg/rrt? . For comparison, we may take a steel (steel 4340) whose corresponding properties are identified by values like 1.2 GPa and 7.8 Mg/rrt? . 1. INTRODUCTION Figure 1.1 2 1.1. On Delamination of Laminated Composites Figure 1.2 3 1. INTRODUCTION It is characteristic for laminated plastic material to possess a fairly low bonding. Therefore, low-velocity impacts and defects in manufacturing lead to local delamination. (b) Linear Problems of Delamination Buckling Delamination can significantly reduce the compressive strength and stiffness of the laminate. Local delamination can be considered as a crack in the bond. Under buckling there appears a high interlaminate stress at the crack edge that leads to a spreading of the crack. Delamination growth can lead to structural instability."

The subject of this brief is the application of linear parameter-varying (LPV) control to a class of dynamic systems to provide a systematic synthesis of gain-scheduling controllers with guaranteed stability and performance. An important step in LPV control design, which is not well covered in the present literature, is the selection of weighting functions. The proper selection of weighting functions tunes the controller to obtain the desired closed-loop response. The selection of appropriate weighting functions is difficult and sometimes appears arbitrary. In this brief, gain-scheduling control with engineering applications is covered in detail, including the LPV modeling, the control problem formulation, and the weighting function optimization. In addition, an iterative algorithm for obtaining optimal output weighting functions with respect to the H2 norm bound is presented in this brief. Using this algorithm, the selection of appropriate weighting functions becomes an automatic process. The LPV design and control synthesis procedures in this brief are illustrated using: * air-to-fuel ratio control for port-fuel-injection engines; * variable valve timing control; and * application to a vibration control problem. After reading this brief, the reader will be able to apply its concepts to design gain-scheduling controllers for their own engineering applications. This brief provides detailed step-by-step LPV modeling and control design strategies along with an automatic weight-selection algorithm so that engineers can apply state-of-the-art LPV control synthesis to solve their own engineering problems. In addition, this brief should serve as a bridge between the H-infinity and H2 control theory and the real-world application of gain-scheduling control.

Ocean development has conventionally been targeted at the exploitation of natural resources, however this trend is gradually changing: Ocean space has itself come to be regarded as a precious resource. Since problems associated with energy, food supply, and population will become even more crucial over the coming years, ocean space is being reevaluated as a means for providing solutions in many of these areas. The future prosperity of mankind will to a large measure be dependent on the manner in which the resources of the oceans are utilized. To develop ocean space effectively, international cooperation is essential since a global perspective is paramount. It is on this basis of cooperation and communication that the present symposium was organized, bringing together experts from all over the world to report current findings in ocean development and to consider areas of future research. The material covered here deals with all aspects of these areas which are now of such of vital importance.

A scientific overview of current and future satellite systems for mobile and broadband communications. In part I, the fundamentals of geostationary and non-geostationary satellite constellations and the related questions of communications technology are treated. Part II deals with satellite systems for mobile communications and treats several network features as well as their technology, regulation and financing. Part III is devoted to future satellite systems for broadband communications and explains the specialities of satellite communications, particularly on the basis of ATM and TCP/IP. An extensive survey on operating and planned satellite systems completes the book.

The aim of this book is to present pedestrian injuries from a biomechanical perspective. We aim to give a detailed treatment of the physics of pedestrian impact, as well as a review of the accident databases and the relevant injury criteria used to assess pedestrian injuries. A further focus will be the effects on injury outcome of (1) pedestrian/vehicle position and velocity at impact and (2) the influence of vehicle design on injury outcome. Most of the content of this book has been published by these and other authors in various journals, but this book will provide a comprehensive treatment of the biomechanics of pedestrian impacts for the first time. It will therefore be of value to new and established researchers alike.