During the past fifty years, U.S. leadership in space activities has benefited the global economy, enhanced our national security, strengthened international relationships, advanced scientific discovery and improved our way of life. Space capabilities provide the U.S. and our allies unprecedented advantages in national decision-making, military operations and homeland security. Space systems provide national security decision-makers with unfettered global access and create a decision advantage by enabling a rapid and tailored response to global challenges. Moreover, space systems are vital to monitoring strategic and military developments as well as supporting treaty monitoring and arms control verification. This book examines the United States national space policy and national security strategy.

This book presents current research in the field of space science. Topics discussed in this compilation include supernovae as probes for dark energy; structure and transport of the Martian surface material; the study for black hole in m-theory; origin of the Saturn rings; space science applications of aerogels; dynamics and disruption mechanisms of asteroids; primordial black holes, formation and evolution; black holes in higher order curvature gravity; scalar potential model of galaxies; the dark energy scale in superconductors and constraints on dark energy and dark matter from supernovae and gamma ray burst data.

The methodical study of the crystal growth processes and electrophoretic separation of the biomixtures have been carried out under microgravity conditions. The mathematical simulation of technological processes was performed by dint of the Navie-Stokes equations, the equations for heat and mass transfer and the Maxwell equations for magnetic and electric fields with reasoned assumptions. The analysis of special space experiment on continuous flow electrophoresis showed that the failures of experiments on biomixture separation with the help of this method are due to hydrodynamic instability of biocomponent jet by the action of vibrations and ponderomotive force in electric field.

Space operations are among the most demanding and unforgiving pursuits ever undertaken by humans and will become all the more difficult when means do not match aspirations. Will we leave the close proximity of low-Earth orbit, where astronauts have circled since 1972, and explore the solar system, charting a path for the eventual expansion of human civilisation into space? If so, how will we ensure that our exploration delivers the greatest benefit to the nation? Can we explore with reasonable assurances of human safety? Can the nation marshal the resources to embark on the mission? This book explores the nations important decisions on the future of human spaceflight. This book consists of public documents which have been located, gathered, combined, reformatted, and enhanced with a subject index, selectively edited and bound to provide easy access.

Both military and civilian components of space technologies are used for modern countries or nations anxious to develop rapidly as well as to structure their identity as autonomous states. This idea recently drew some major powers to think about means of limitations for others, rather than themselves, based on the strategic advantages provided by the mastering of space systems (launchers and satellites), paving the way for a possible weaponisation of space. This book presents and discusses a new international context for space policies. This book also describes the panorama of a new strategic international environment for space.

This book is a ricochet against mainstream physics. It sprang out of the idea that outer symmetries of space-time are the same as inner symmetries of matter. In other words, the standard model of physics is a space-time group. This book is about structures and phenomena that are lying hidden underneath the surface of space-time. It begins with a few biographic events, Majoranas legacy, the philosophy of Gerhard Frey and some related anthropological topics which have to do with high energy physics. It continues with a reconstruction of the theorem by Banach and Tarski in Minkowski space. We are making acquaintance with the standard model as a property of space-time. So we are challenging quite unusual actions such as penetration of quarks by a probe. We propose to apply a penetrating function D. Then, measure and basis are connected with the axiom of choice.

This book explores the significant challenges in sustaining and upgrading The Global Positioning System (GPS). The GPS provides positioning, navigation, and timing data to users world-wide, and has become essential to U.S. national security and a key tool in an expanding array of public service and commercial applications at home and abroad. GPS is integrated into nearly every facet of U.S. military operations, and the number of civil users is increasing. Other countries are now developing their own independent global navigation satellite systems that could offer capabilities that are comparable, if not superior to GPS. The U.S. government, which plans to invest more than $5.8 billion from 2009 through 2013 in the GPS space and ground control segments currently under development, provides GPS service free of charge. The Department of Defense (DoD) develops and operates GPS, and an interdepartmental committee manages the U.S. space-based positioning, navigation and timing infrastructure, which includes GPS. This book looks at the global economic and national security importance of GPS, the ongoing GPS modernisation effort and the international efforts to develop new systems.

The successful launches of SpaceShipOne raised the possibility of an emerging U.S. commercial space tourism industry that would make human space travel available to the public. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), which has responsibility for safety and industry promotion, licenses operations of commercial space launches and launch sites. To allow the industry to grow, Congress prohibited FAA from regulating crew and passenger safety before 2012, except in response to high-risk events. This book evaluates FAA's safety oversight of commercial space launches, response to emerging issues, and challenges in regulating and promoting space tourism and responding to competitive issues affecting the industry. This book also highlights the federal role in commercial space launches and the government's response to emerging industry trends, both domestically and internationally. This book consists of public documents which have been located, gathered, combined, reformatted, and enhanced with a subject index, selectively edited and bound to provide easy access.

With the ongoing miniaturisation of components, the utility of smaller satellites is increasing. Many believe in the near future that small satellites will be able to perform all functions that larger satellites currently perform today. It has been suggested that these satellites will be less expensive, thus offer a lower risk to the consumer in case they fail before their mission design life. This book looks at the ability to build and operate smaller satellites with current technology to perform covert Space Control and Space Situational Awareness missions near geostationary orbit. The investigation determined if space qualified Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) components and current technology could be used to build covert smaller satellites. The largest satellite was sized to be undetectable from earth based sensors. Subsequent CubeSat sizes were selected to determine how small a satellite could be built with COTS components and current technology to perform the assigned missions. A comparative analysis was then performed to determine how these satellites could be cost effectively launched to orbit. A cost estimate was performed to determine the entire life cycle cost for each satellite size excluding launch and integration segments. Using that information, the best satellite size was determined.

"We choose to go to the Moon, not because it is easy but because it is hard." President John F. Kennedy's words spoke of an American enterprise that rivalled, and echoed, that of the discovery and settling of his own country a century before. At the height of the Cold War between America and Russia, hundreds of spacecraft, both manned and robotic, travelled into outer space - the New Frontier. They sent back awe-inspiring images and sounds from Earth orbit, the Moon, and the planets of Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and Venus; they also overturned our preconceptions about our own planet. "Live from the Moon" is the exploratory story of this remarkable cultural and political phenomenon. Expert and enthusiast Mike Allen examines these images sent back from space, their use as propaganda, their value as drama and entertainment, and their spiritual role in shaping humanity's changing view of itself across the second half of the twentieth century. He looks at the complex relationship between space exploration, film and television during these decades to show the synergy between them in pushing forward the frontiers not only of our knowledge of the Universe, but of our need to visualise the furthest reaches of our imaginations in order to fully know what it is to be human.

In January 2004 NASA was given a new policy direction known as the Vision for Space Exploration. That plan, now renamed the United States Space Exploration Policy, called for sending human and robotic missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. In 2005 NASA outlined how to conduct the first steps in implementing this policy and began the development of a new human-carrying spacecraft known as Orion, the lunar lander known as Altair, and the launch vehicles Ares I and Ares V. Collectively, these are called the Constellation System. In November 2007 NASA asked the National Research Council (NRC) to evaluate the potential for new science opportunities enabled by the Constellation System of rockets and spacecraft. The NRC committee evaluated a total of 17 mission concepts for future space science missions. Of those, the committee determined that 12 would benefit from the Constellation System and five would not. This book presents the committee's findings and recommendations, including cost estimates, a review of the technical feasibility of each mission, and identification of the missions most deserving of future study.

Space exploration is an immense and expanding field. The quest for knowledge about space has resulted in hundreds of very important technologies which have been incorporated into society's fabric including the biomedical field. This book examines a multitude of issues related to space exploration including philosophy, biology, dark energy, space tourism, space station measurements, supernova, and Saturn's rings.

The search for life in the solar system and beyond has to date been governed by a model based on what we know about life on Earth (terran life). Most of NASA's mission planning is focused on locations where liquid water is possible and emphasizes searches for structures that resemble cells in terran organisms. It is possible, however, that life exists that is based on chemical reactions that do not involve carbon compounds, that occurs in solvents other than water, or that involves oxidation-reduction reactions without oxygen gas. To assist NASA incorporate this possibility in its efforts to search for life, the NRC was asked to carry out a study to evaluate whether nonstandard biochemistry might support life in solar system and conceivable extrasolar environments, and to define areas to guide research in this area. This book presents an exploration of a limited set of hypothetical chemistries of life, a review of current knowledge concerning key questions or hypotheses about nonterran life, and suggestions for future research. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 A Sketch of the Chemistry Behind Known Carbon-based Life on Earth 3 Pushing the Boundaries of Life 4 Alternatives to Terran Biochemistry in Water 5 Origin of Life 6 Why Water? Toward More Exotic Habitats 7 Life Detection and Biomarkers 8 Conclusions and Recommendations Appendix A Glossary Appendix B Biographies of Committee Members and Staff

The Space Shuttle is one of the oldest and most famous manned launch systems. The only launch vehicle that has been used for a longer period of time is the Soviet (now Russian) R-7 booster. By the start of the third millennia, the Space Shuttle had carried crews into space over 85 times. Although it is not a military structure, the Shuttle had been sold as an all-purpose launch system to be used jointly for military and civilian purposes. Featuring full-colour photos throughout, this book covers the design, development and operational history of a unique vehicle.

This resource book for the media specialist or for use in the G/T classroom offers substantive information combined with an activity orientation that aims to "demystify space" for today's students. The text provides a comprehensive overview of the whole field of space science. It presents hands-on activities that integrate space science with other curriculum areas. These range from man's first contemplation of flight to rockets, space shuttles, hypersonic planes, space colonies, and space stations.

On 12th April 1981 a revolutionary new spacecraft blasted off from Florida on her maiden flight. NASA's Space Shuttle Columbia was the most advanced flying machine ever built - the high watermark of post-war aviation development. A direct descendant of the record-breaking X-planes the likes of which Chuck Yeager had tested in the skies over the Mojave Desert, Columbia was a winged rocket plane, the size of an airliner, capable of flying to space and back before being made ready to fly again. She was the world's first real spaceship. On board were men with the Right Stuff. The Shuttle's Commander, moonwalker John Young, was already a veteran of five spaceflights. Alongside him, Pilot Bob Crippen was making his first, but Crip, taken in by the space agency after the cancellation of a top secret military space station programme in 1969, had worked on the Shuttle's development for a decade. Never before had a crew been so well prepared for their mission. Yet less than an hour after Young and Crippen's spectacular departure from the Cape it was clear that all was not well. Tiles designed to protect Columbia from the blowtorch burn of re-entry were missing from the heatshield. If the damage to their ship was too great the astronauts would be unable to return safely to earth. But neither they nor mission control possessed any way of knowing. Instead, NASA turned to the National Reconnaissance Office, a spy agency hidden deep inside the Pentagon whose very existence was classified. To help, the NRO would attempt something that had never been done before. Success would require skill, pinpoint timing and luck ... Drawing on brand new interviews with astronauts and engineers, archive material and newly declassified documents, Rowland White, bestselling author of Vulcan 607, has pieced together the dramatic untold story of the mission for the first time. Into the Black is a thrilling race against time; a gripping high stakes cold-war story, and a celebration of a beyond the state-of-the-art machine that, hailed as one of the seven new wonders of the world, rekindled our passion for spaceflight. *With a foreword by Astronaut Richard Truly* 'Beautifully researched and written, Into the Black tells the true, complete story of the Space Shuttle better than it's ever been told before.' Colonel Chris Hadfield, former Astronaut and Space Station Commander 'Brilliantly revealed, Into the Black is the finely tuned true story of the first flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia. Rowland White has magnificently laid bare the unknown dangers and unseen hazards of that first mission ... Once read, not forgotten.' Clive Cussler

Imagine a network of extraterrestrials in radio contact with each other across the universe, superior beings who hail from advanced civilizations quadrillions of miles away, just waiting for Earth to tune in. Some people believe it's only a matter of time before we discover the right "station." Waiting for Contact tells the story of the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) movement, which emerged in 1959 as new technological developments turned what once was speculation into science: astronomers began using radio telescopes to listen for messages from space. Boosted by support from Frank Drake, Philip Morrison, and Carl Sagan, the SETI movement gained followers and continues to capture imaginations today. In this one-of-a-kind history, Lawrence Squeri looks at the people, the reasons, the goals, and the mindsets behind SETI. He shows how it started as an expression of the times, a way out of Cold War angst with hope for a better world. SETI's early advocates thought that with guidance from technically and ethically advanced outsiders, humanity might learn how to avoid horrors like global warfare and economic crisis and the threat of nuclear annihilation. Squeri also describes the challenges SETI has faced over the years: the struggle to be taken seriously by the scientific community and by NASA, competition for access to radio telescopes, perpetual lack of funding, and opposition by the government. Yet-lest readers be tempted into similar skepticism-he points out that if, against all expectations, the embattled SETI movement finally succeeds, the long-awaited first signal picked up by its radio antennas will usher the greatest shift in human history.

Brave astronauts, flaring rockets, and majestic launches are only one side of the story of spaceflight. Any mission to space depends on years-if not decades-of work by thousands of dedicated individuals on the ground. These are the people whose voices offer a friendly link to Earth in the void of space, whose hands maneuver rovers across the face of planets, and whose skills guide astronauts home. This book is a long-overdue history of three major centers that have managed important missions since the dawn of the space age. In Mission Control, Michael Johnson explores the famous Johnson Space Center in Houston, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, and the European Space Operations Centre in Darmstadt, Germany-each a strategically designedmicro-environment responsible for the operation of spacecraft and the safety of passengers. Johnson explains the motivations behind the location of each center and their intricate design. He shows how the robotic spaceflight missions overseen in Pasadena and Darmstadt set these centers apart from Houston. He argues that the type of spacecraft and the missions they controlled-not the nations they represented-defined how the centers developed, yet they played vital national roles as space technology became a battleground for international power struggles in the Cold War years and even after.

'Brilliant. You won't find a clearer, more engaging guide to what we know (or would like to know) about the universe and how it is put together' Bill Bryson Celebrated physicist and global bestselling author Paul Davies tells the story of the universe in thirty cosmological conundrums In the constellation of Eridanus there lurks a cosmic mystery. It's as if something has taken a huge bite out of the universe, leaving a super-void. What could be the culprit? A super massive black hole? Another, bigger universe? Or an expanding vacuum bubble, destined to envelop and annihilate everything in existence? Scientists now understand the history of our universe better than the history of our own planet, but they continue to uncover startling new riddles-the hole in the universe being just one. In this electrifying book, award-winning physicist Paul Davies walks us through the puzzles and paradoxes that have preoccupied cosmologists from ancient Greece to the present day. Laying bare the audacious research that has led us to mind-bending solutions, Davies reveals how we might begin to approach the greatest outstanding enigmas of all.

Space exploration has fascinated us since the launch of the first primitive rockets more than 3,000 years ago, and it continues to fascinate us today. The data gathered from such exploration has been hugely instrumental in furthering our understanding of our universe and our world. In Space Flight: History, Technology, and Operations, author Lance K. Erickson offers a comprehensive look at the history of space exploration, the technology that makes it possible, and the continued efforts that promise to carry us into the future. Space Flight goes through the history of space exploration, from the earliest sub-orbital and orbital missions to today's deep-space probes, to provide a close look at past and present projects, then turns its attention to programs being planned today and to the significance of future exploration. Focusing on research data gleaned from these exploration programs, the book's historical perspective highlights the progression of our scientific understanding of both the smallest and largest entities in our universe, from subatomic particles, to distant stars, planets, and galaxies. Both the novice and the advanced student of space exploration stand to profit from the author's engaging and insightful discussion.

This book develops the statistical mechanics of the formation of gravitating cosmogonical bodies in the investigation of our solar system and other exoplanetary systems. The first part of the text acquaints the reader with the developing statistical theory of gravitating cosmogonical body formation. Within the framework of this theory, the models and evolution equations of the statistical mechanics are proposed, while well-known problems of gravitational condensation of infinite distributed cosmic substances are solved on the basis of the proposed statistical model of spheroidal bodies. The second section of the book details theoretical and practical approaches to investigating the solar system and other exoplanetary systems. In particular, it considers a new universal stellar law (USL) for extrasolar planetary systems connecting the temperature, the size and the mass of each star. Within the framework of the developed statistical theory, a new law (generalizing the famous law of O. Schmidt) for the distribution of planetary in the solar system is also provided.

Inside the epic quest to find life on the water-rich moons at the outer reaches of the solar system Where is the best place to find life beyond Earth? We often look to Mars as the most promising site in our solar system, but recent scientific missions have revealed that some of the most habitable real estate may actually lie farther away. Beneath the frozen crusts of several of the small, ice-covered moons of Jupiter and Saturn lurk vast oceans that may have been in existence for as long as Earth. Could there be organisms living in their depths? Alien Oceans reveals the science behind the thrilling quest to find out.