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Books > Social sciences > Sociology, social studies > Social issues > Social impact of disasters > General
The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, which covered nearly thirty
thousand square miles across seven states, was the most destructive
river flood in U.S. history. Due to the speed of new media and the
slow progress of the flood, this was the first environmental
disaster to be experienced on a mass scale. As it moved from north
to south down an environmentally and technologically altered
valley, inundating plantations and displacing more than half a
million people, the flood provoked an intense and lasting cultural
response. The Flood Year 1927 draws from newspapers, radio
broadcasts, political cartoons, vaudeville, blues songs, poetry,
and fiction to show how this event took on public meanings.
Americans at first seemed united in what Herbert Hoover called a
"great relief machine," but deep rifts soon arose. Southerners,
pointing to faulty federal levee design, decried the attack of
Yankee water. The condition of African American evacuees in
"concentration camps" prompted pundits like W.E.B. Du Bois and Ida
B. Wells to warn of the return of slavery to Dixie. And
environmentalists like Gifford Pinchot called the flood "the most
colossal blunder in civilized history." Susan Scott Parrish
examines how these and other key figures--from entertainers Will
Rogers, Miller & Lyles, and Bessie Smith to authors Sterling
Brown, William Faulkner, and Richard Wright--shaped public
awareness and collective memory of the event. The crises of this
period that usually dominate historical accounts are war and
financial collapse, but The Flood Year 1927 enables us to assess
how mediated environmental disasters became central to modern
consciousness.
The 1970s were a decade of historic American energy crises-major
interruptions in oil supplies from the Middle East, the country's
most dangerous nuclear accident, and chronic shortages of natural
gas. In Energy Crises, Jay Hakes brings his expertise in energy and
presidential history to bear on the questions of why these crises
occurred, how different choices might have prevented or ameliorated
them, and what they have meant for the half-century since-and
likely the half-century ahead. Hakes deftly intertwines the
domestic and international aspects of the long-misunderstood fuel
shortages that still affect our lives today. This approach, drawing
on previously unavailable and inaccessible records, affords an
insider's view of decision-making by three U.S. presidents, the
influence of their sometimes-combative aides, and their often
tortuous relations with the rulers of Iran and Saudi Arabia. Hakes
skillfully dissects inept federal attempts to regulate oil prices
and allocation, but also identifies the decade's more positive
legacies-from the nation's first massive commitment to the
development of alternative energy sources other than nuclear power,
to the initial movement toward a less polluting, more efficient
energy economy. The 1970s brought about a tectonic shift in the
world of energy. Tracing these consequences to their origins in
policy and practice, Hakes makes their lessons available at a
critical moment-as the nation faces the challenge of climate change
resulting from the burning of fossil fuels.
In this synthetic, interdisciplinary work, Neil Brenner develops a
new interpretation of the transformation of statehood under
contemporary globalizing capitalism. Whereas most analysts of the
emergent, post-Westphalian world order have focused on
supranational and national institutional realignments, New State
Spaces shows that strategic subnational spaces, such as cities and
city-regions, represent essential arenas in which states are being
transformed. Brenner traces the transformation of urban governance
in western Europe during the last four decades and, on this basis,
argues that inherited geographies of state power are being
fundamentally rescaled. Through a combination of theory
construction, historical analysis and cross-national case studies
of urban policy change, New State Spaces provides an innovative
analysis of the new formations of state power that are currently
emerging.
Tankers account for the largest number of firefighter crash deaths
of all types of fire department vehicles. This report examines the
various causal factors that have been identified as problematic for
tankers and their drivers.
* Major disasters increased over 93 per cent during the 1990s,
reaching 712 in 2001 * Up to 340 million people are affected by
disasters every year* 'Vulnerability' is the key to understanding
the causes, impacts and ways to mitigate disasters In this
penetrating analysis, the authors critically examine
"vulnerability" as a concept that is vital to the way we understand
the impact and magnitude of disasters. This book is a
counterbalance to technocratic approaches that limit themselves to
simply looking at natural phenomena. Through the notion of
vulnerability, the authors stress the importance of social
processes and human-environmental interactions as causal agents in
the making of disasters. They critically examine what renders
communities unsafe, a condition they argue that depends primarily
on the relative position of advantage or disadvantage that a
particular group occupies within a society's social order.
Bolstering their theoretical analysis with case studies drawn from
Asia, Africa and Latin America, the authors also look at
vulnerability in terms of its relationship to development and
through its impact on policy and peoples' lives.
This two-volume work examines the causes of civil war and consequent humanitarian emergencies in developing countries. Twenty-three international experts explain why wars start and how to prevent them--offering a less costly alternative to the present reactive strategy of the world community to provide mediation, relief, and rehabilitation after the conflict occurs. The volumes provide a general framework which is applied to such recent conflicts as those in Rwanda, Burundi, Somalia, the Congo, Afghanistan, and the Caucasus.
This volume sheds light on the complex linkages between tourism,
disaster and conflict. In many countries, tourism crises have been
precipitated by natural disasters. At the same time, the tourism
industry has often been assigned a pivotal role in the
reconstruction and recovery efforts. Prospective tourists have been
lured into supporting post-disaster rehabilitation simply through
visiting disaster-affected areas. Yet, prioritising the tourism
sector in the recovery process may have unintended consequences:
less touristic areas that have been severely affected by the
disaster may receive less humanitarian relief support. Disaster
recovery processes in the tourism industry can also be highly
uneven, as multinational hotel chains tend to recover more swiftly
and increase both their market share and their control over
important resources. Politically well-connected tourist operators
and wealthy local elites tend to exploit distorted recovery
governance mechanisms and take advantage of the legal and
institutional uncertainties triggered by disasters. Insecure,
customary land rights of ethnic minority groups and indigenous
people may be particularly prone to exploitation by opportunistic
tourist operators in the aftermath of a disaster. When disasters
strike settings of pre-existing conflict, they may exacerbate the
situation by increasing competition over scarce resources and
relief funds, or they may catalyse conflict resolution following an
intolerable excess of additional suffering among fighting parties.
Tourism ventures may offer post-conflict livelihood opportunities,
but potentially trigger new conflicts. Disasters may instigate a
morbid "dark tourism" industry that invites visitors to enter
spaces of death and suffering at memorials, graves, museums, and
sites of atrocity.
With contributions from a range of expert voices within the field,
this book explores the use of art therapy as a response to
traumatic events. Offering rare insight into ways in which art
therapists have responded to recent crises, this is a unique
resource for art therapists looking to coordinate interventions for
large-scale disaster and resulting trauma. Chapters address a range
of environmental and manmade disasters around the world, including
hurricanes, typhoons, wildfires, mass shootings and forced
migration, highlighting the impact of an art therapy approach in
dealing with widespread trauma. Covering both community and
individual cases, it provides an in-depth view into the challenges
of working in these settings, including the effects on the
therapist themselves, and offers practical information on how to
coordinate, fund and maintain responses in these environments. The
first book to focus on disaster response in art therapy, this will
be an invaluable contribution to the field in an increasingly vital
area.
Earthquakes are a huge global threat. In thirty-six countries,
severe seismic risks threaten populations and their increasingly
interdependent systems of transportation, communication, energy,
and finance. In this important book, Louise Comfort provides an
unprecedented examination of how twelve communities in nine
countries responded to destructive earthquakes between 1999 and
2015. And many of the book's lessons can also be applied to other
large-scale risks. The Dynamics of Risk sets the global problem of
seismic risk in the framework of complex adaptive systems to
explore how the consequences of such events ripple across
jurisdictions, communities, and organizations in complex societies,
triggering unexpected alliances but also exposing social, economic,
and legal gaps. The book assesses how the networks of organizations
involved in response and recovery adapted and acted collectively
after the twelve earthquakes it examines. It describes how advances
in information technology enabled some communities to anticipate
seismic risk better and to manage response and recovery operations
more effectively, decreasing losses. Finally, the book shows why
investing substantively in global information infrastructure would
create shared awareness of seismic risk and make postdisaster
relief more effective and less expensive. The result is a landmark
study of how to improve the way we prepare for and respond to
earthquakes and other disasters in our ever-more-complex world.
At 5:41 p.m. May 22, 2011, the deadliest single tornado to hit the
United States in 50 years tore its way through Joplin, Missouri. By
the time it completed its murderous course, 160 lives were lost,
and those who survived have stories they can tell for the rest of
their lives. Two veteran southwest Missouri reporters, Randy Turner
and John Hacker, share some of those stories in 5:41. The book
features photos taken by Hacker within moments of the deadly
tornado and details about some of the horrific moments that came to
symbolize May 22, 2011, in Joplin, Missouri. The book includes the
following: -First person stories of the horrors of the tornado
-Photographs taken moments after 5:41 -The obituaries of those who
died May 22 or later from injuries received in the tornado -Details
from three hospitals that served the community well, including one
that was hit by the tornado -The nightmarish experiences of those
who had just graduated from Joplin High School moments before the
tornado destroyed the building. -The outpouring of volunteering
that made Joplin stand for hope in the days after May 22. -The
complete text of the Joplin Tornado Memorial Service held at
Missouri Southern State University, including the speeches by
President Barack Obama, Gov. Jay Nixon, and Rev. Aaron Brown -The
final National Weather Service report -The heroes who gave their
lives to save others This book offers a revealing look at the day
that changed Joplin, Missouri, forever.
Why do we have the constant feeling that disaster is looming?
Beyond the images of atomic apocalypse that have haunted us for
decades, we are dazzled now by an array of possible catastrophe
scenarios: climate change, financial crises, environmental
disasters, technological meltdowns-perennial subjects of
literature, film, popular culture, and political debate. Is this
preoccupation with catastrophe questionable alarmism or complacent
passivity? Or are there certain truths that can be revealed only in
apocalypse? In The Future as Catastrophe, Eva Horn offers a novel
critique of the modern fascination with disaster, which she treats
as a symptom of our relationship to the future. Analyzing the
catastrophic imaginary from its cultural and historical roots in
Romanticism and the figure of the Last Man, through the narratives
of climatic cataclysm and the Cold War's apocalyptic sublime, to
the contemporary popularity of disaster fiction and
end-of-the-world blockbusters, Horn argues that apocalypse always
haunts the modern idea of a future that can be anticipated and
planned. Considering works by Lord Byron, J. G. Ballard, and Cormac
McCarthy and films such as 12 Monkeys and Minority Report alongside
scientific scenarios and political metaphors, she analyzes
catastrophic thought experiments and the question of survival, the
choices legitimized by imagined states of exception, and the
contradictions inherent in preventative measures taken in the name
of technical safety or political security. What makes today's
obsession different from previous epochs' is the sense of a
"catastrophe without event," a stealthily creeping process of
disintegration. Ultimately, Horn argues, imagined catastrophes
offer us intellectual tools that can render a future shadowed with
apocalyptic possibilities affectively, epistemologically, and
politically accessible.
Recent years have witnessed considerable speculation about the
potential of open data to bring about wide-scale transformation.
The bulk of existing evidence about the impact of open data,
however, focuses on high-income countries. Much less is known about
open data’s role and value in low- and middle-income countries, and
more generally about its possible contributions to economic and
social development. Open Data for Developing Economies features
in-depth case studies on how open data is having an impact across
the developing world-from an agriculture initiative in Colombia to
data-driven healthcare projects in Uganda and South Africa to
crisis response in Nepal. The analysis built on these case studies
aims to create actionable intelligence regarding: (a) the
conditions under which open data is most (and least) effective in
development, presented in the form of a Periodic Table of Open
Data; (b) strategies to maximize the positive contributions of open
data to development; and (c) the means for limiting open data’s
harms on developing countries.
FINALIST FOR THE 2020 HILARY WESTON WRITERS' TRUST PRIZE FOR
NONFICTION * A New York Times New & Noteworthy Book * A CBC
Best Nonfiction Book of 2020 * A Globe and Mail Top 100 Book for
2020 "Combining his poetic sensibilities and storytelling skills
with a documentarian's eye, [Heighton] has created a wrenching
narrative."-2020 Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction
Jury In the fall of 2015, Steven Heighton made an overnight
decision to travel to the frontlines of the Syrian refugee crisis
in Greece and enlist as a volunteer. He arrived on the isle of
Lesvos with a duffel bag and a dubious grasp of Greek, his mother's
native tongue, and worked on the landing beaches and in OXY--a
jerrybuilt, ad hoc transit camp providing simple meals, dry
clothes, and a brief rest to refugees after their crossing from
Turkey. In a town deserted by the tourists that had been its
lifeblood, Heighton--alongside the exhausted locals and
under-equipped international aid workers--found himself thrown into
emergency roles for which he was woefully unqualified. From the
brief reprieves of volunteer-refugee soccer matches to the riots of
Camp Moria, Reaching Mithymna is a firsthand account of the crisis
and an engaged exploration of the borders that divide us and the
ties that bind.
On April 26, 1986, Unit Four of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor
exploded in then Soviet Ukraine. More than 3.5 million people in
Ukraine alone, not to mention many citizens of surrounding
countries, are still suffering the effects. "Life Exposed" is the
first book to comprehensively examine the vexed political,
scientific, and social circumstances that followed the disaster.
Tracing the story from an initial lack of disclosure to post-Soviet
democratizing attempts to compensate sufferers, Adriana Petryna
uses anthropological tools to take us into a world whose social
realities are far more immediate and stark than those described by
policymakers and scientists. She asks: What happens to politics
when state officials fail to inform their fellow citizens of real
threats to life? What are the moral and political consequences of
remedies available in the wake of technological disasters?
Through extensive research in state institutions, clinics,
laboratories, and with affected families and workers of the
so-called Zone, Petryna illustrates how the event and its aftermath
have not only shaped the course of an independent nation but have
made health a negotiated realm of entitlement. She tracks the
emergence of a "biological citizenship" in which assaults on health
become the coinage through which sufferers stake claims for
biomedical resources, social equity, and human rights. "Life
Exposed" provides an anthropological framework for understanding
the politics of emergent democracies, the nature of citizenship
claims, and everyday forms of survival as they are interwoven with
the profound changes that accompanied the collapse of the Soviet
Union.
Focusing on the region of the Arab world--comprising some two
hundred million people and twenty-one sovereign states extending
from the Atlantic to the Persian Gulf--this book develops a theory
of social change that demystifies the setbacks this region has
experienced on the road to transformation. Professor Sharabi
pinpoints economic, political, social, and cultural changes in the
last century that led the Arab world, as well as other developing
countries, not to modernity but to neopatriarchy--a modernized form
of patriarchy. He shows how authentic change was blocked and
distorted forms and practices subsequently came to dominate all
aspects of social existence and activity--among them militant
religious fundamentalism, an ideology symptomatic of neopatriarchal
culture. Presenting itself as the only valid option, Muslim
fundamentalism now confronts the elements calling for secularism
and democracy in a bitter battle whose outcome is likely to
determine the future of the Arab world as well as that of other
Muslim societies in Africa and Asia.
Meltdown investigates and recreates the dramatic events behind the
most notorious nuclear accidents in history, as well as those
shrouded in secrecy. Combining human tragedy with intriguing
science, each account reveals new aspects of humanity's complex
relationship with nuclear power and the ongoing struggle to harness
and control it. From the pioneers of Los Alamos who got up close
and personal with the cores of atomic bombs, to the hapless
engineers in Soviet fuel-processing plants who unwittingly mixed up
a disaster in a bucket, and from the terrifying impact of a tsunami
at Fukushima to the mystery of the recent Russian incident,
Meltdown explores the past and future of this extraordinary and
potentially lethal source of infinite power.
Big data, surveillance, crisis management. Three largely different
and richly researched fields, however, the interplay amongst these
three domains is rarely addressed. Through unique international
case studies this book examines the links between these three
fields. Considering crisis management as an 'umbrella term' that
covers a number of crises and ways of managing them, this book
explores the collection of 'big data' by governmental crisis
organisations, as well as the unintended consequences of using such
data. In particular, through the lens of surveillance, the
contributions investigate how the use and abuse of big data can
easily lead to monitoring and controlling the behaviour of people
affected by crises. Readers will understand that big data in crisis
management must be examined as a political process, involving
questions of power and transparency. A highly topical volume, Big
Data, Surveillance and Crisis Management will appeal to
postgraduate students and postdoctoral researchers interested in
fields including Sociology and Surveillance Studies, Disaster and
Crisis Management, Media Studies, Governmentality, Organisation
Theory and Information Society Studies.
In law, as elsewhere, the ordinary is overshadowed in the popular
and academic literature by the dramatic and sensational. While the
role and behavior of lawyers in the operation of our criminal
justice system has been closely scrutinized, comparatively little
research has been devoted to the manner in which lawyers litigate
the day-to-day civil (non-criminal) cases that comprise the vast
bulk of the workload in state and federal courts. Originally
commissioned by the U.S. Department of Justice, this is the first
comprehensive national study of the U.S. civil justice system.
Kritzer analyzes 1600 cases involving 1400 attorneys in five
federal judicial districts. Examining the background, experiences,
day-to-day activities, and outlook of civil lawyers, Kritzer finds
that the work of lawyers combines the roles of the professional and
the broker in many aeas of ordinary litigation. Arguing that
lawyers' behavior must be understood in part as a form of brokerage
between the client and the legal system, he suggests that the roles
of professionals and brokers be considered as complements rather
than alternatives in the justice system, and concludes by
recommending that lawyers' monopoly on advocacy in civil litigation
be restricted. An engaging, lucidly written study, The Justice
Broker will be of special interest to practicing lawyers and legal
scholars.
This book is a classic study of a disease which had a profound
impact on the history of Tudor and Stuart England. Plague was both
a personal affliction and a social calamity, regularly decimating
urban populations. Slack vividly describes the stresses which
plague imposed on individuals, families, and whole communities, and
the ways in which people tried to explain, control, and come to
terms with it.
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