Although Latin America had a substantial merchant fleet by the 1950s, at the end of the century most of the major shipping companies have disappeared from the continent. Continuing to grow through protectionist efforts during the 1960s and 1970s, the industry began to decline when container technology, requiring large capital investments, shifted competition to access capital. This book shows how technology undermined and finally shattered the nationalist efforts to create a significant Latin American merchant shipping industry. Written in a clear and concise style, it provides the first authoritative survey of Latin American shipping during the second half of the century. The book opens with a discussion of cargo preference—a form of protectionism—in Chile and shows how Latin American merchant fleets expanded under cargo preference. Most countries witnessed a dramatic expansion in their national fleets. In the 1970s, the impact of containers, a new technology, began to be felt. As the book shows, the large capital outlays needed to adopt containers undermined the foundations of Latin American shipping companies, and most of the merchant shipping companies in the region gradually collapsed. The book also examines the non-commercial role of merchant shipping, particularly in international clashes such as the Cuban Revolution.

A history of the Wiltshire & Berkshire Canal

Latin Americans as sailors? This remark caused laughter among 19th-century foreign observers, particularly British observers. Yet, Latin Americans did struggle to create important merchant fleets, an effort largely ignored outside the region. This book rescues Latin American shipping from oblivion. In a chronological narrative, it presents the most important events in the emergence of Latin American shipping. While focusing on the shipping companies, the book also roams widely into governmental policy, foreign relations, and naval affairs. Divided into two parts, the book opens with a brief summary of the age of sailing ships, then traces the history of the first steamship companies, focusing on Brazil and Chile until 1914. Part I then goes on to analyze the impact of World War I and the Great Depression. Part II considers World War II and U.S. surplus ships. New issues in Latin American shipping, arising in the 1950s, will be discussed in another volume.

A history of Isle of Man shipping

This book reviews the long history of U.S. shipping policy, and explains the present challenges (including the increasing use of open register arrangements). U.S. labor problems, tort and liability risks, environmental and safety regulations, and coastal and harbor security issues receive heavy emphasis. Options for reviving U.S. shipbuilding are analayzed, along with balance of payments implications, and sealift and national security requirements. The book offers a detailed program for American maritime renewal. It is intended for maritime, national security, international trade, and foreign policy audiences. Extensive data and tables allow for a comprehensive assessment of the U.S. merchant marine and the global shipping industry, with substantial historical background.

Nearly two thirds of world shipping is done under flags of convenience. The significant over-tonnaging, subsidies and/or restrictions, and shipping friendly policies present in many countries create strong competitive pressures. Unfortunately, the U.S. and British merchant marines are in serious decline. But the Japanese, Chinese, Greeks, and Scandinavians are thriving at sea. And many European Union, Asian, and former Eastern bloc nations are likely to remain determined competitors.

U.S. maritime policies need overhaul and a more realistic outlook. This book reviews the long history of U.S. shipping policy, and explains the present challenges (including the increasing use of open register arrangements). U.S. labor problems, tort and liability risks, environmental and safety regulations, and coastal and harbor security issues receive heavy emphasis. Options for reviving U.S. shipbuilding are analayzed, along with balance of payments implications, and sealift and national security requirements. The book offers a detailed program for American maritime renewal. It is intended for maritime, national security, international trade, and foreign policy audiences. Extensive data and tables allow for a comprehensive assessment of the U.S. merchant marine and the global shipping industry, with substantial historical background.

Symbols of safety, reassurance, and guidance, lighthouses hold a special fascination for many people. On the Great Lakes, lighthouses - "northern lights" - helped to open the region to settlement and supported the growth of commercial trade. To this day, they continue to light the way for thousands of recreational boaters. In this definitive guide to the lighthouses of the Great Lakes, Charles Hyde describes the histories of more than one hundred and sixty individual lighthouses that still exist on Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan, and Superior, and the straits of Mackinac. He also describes the lives of early lighthouse keepers and their families, the heroes and heroines who lived in isolation, dedicated to aiding travelers in distress. Hyde documents maritime history from the early eighteenth century, when the first lighthouses were built in North America, and the subsequent growth of commerce on the Great Lakes. He also provides a general history of the United States Lighthouse Service and its descendants and examines how these organizations have functioned on the Great Lakes. As the shipping industry flourished, so too did the necessity for lighthouses. With their proliferation came a demand for more sophisticated structures. This book describes the changing design of lighthouses and the equipment that produces their beacons.

This biography was written by two-time Pulitzer winner Marquis James in 1948, but was never published. W.R. Grace's son commissioned James to write it when the author was at the height of his career. However, as Viking Press was about to print the book, the Grace company decided not to release it. It then lay in the firm's archives until it was uncovered by Lawrence Clayton of the University of Alabama. "Merchant Adventurer" tells the story of one of America's most successful immigrants. First arriving in America in 1846, Irish-born William R. Grace worked his way up from ordinary seaman to become master of a vast commercial empire, reformer of the Democratic party and New York City's first Catholic mayor. Grace's fortune quickly rose once he began supplying ships in the Peruvian guano trade. By the late 1860s, Grace was a rich man; his firm, headquartered in New York, operated vessels all over the world, helped build railroads in Latin America, and ran guns to Peru for its disastrous war against Chile. Yet Grace's energies did not stop with his business dealings. In the 1880s he served twice as mayor of New York, successfully fighting the corruption of Tammany Hall. As the century waned, he battled to control the rubber market and nearly won a contract to build what is now the Panama Canal.

This major study by Frederic Lane tracks the rise and decline of the great shipbuilding industry of Renaissance Venice. Drawing on a wealth of archival sources, Lane presents detailed descriptions of the Venetian arsenal, including the great galleys that doubled as cargo ships and warships; the sixteenth-century round ships, which introduced dramatic innovations in rigging; and the majestic galleons, whose straight lines and greater speed made them ideal for merchantmen, but whose narrowness made them liable to capsize if loaded with artillery. Additional chapters detail the actual process of ship construction, the organization and activity of the craft guilds, and the development and management of the Arsenal.

- Menendez was the founder of the nation's oldest city, St. Augustine
- Complete and accurate biography of a leader whose ambition drove him to pursue adventure and conquest
- For history and biography buffs

The construction of the Erie Canal may truly be described as a major event in the growth of the young United States. At a time when the internal links among the states were scanty, the canal's planners boldly projected a system of transportation that would strike from the eastern seaboard, penetrate the frontier, and forge a bond between the East and the growing settlements of the West. In this comprehensive history, Ronald E. Shaw portrays the development of the canal as viewed by its contemporaries, who rightly saw it as an engineering marvel and an achievement of great economic and social significance not only for New York but also for the nation.

Changing vessel technology presents a major challenge to shipping manufacturers. A change in vessel design can require major modifications of port facilities, information systems, and marketing techniques. While shippers must be ready to make changes in order to be competitive, they must be careful to choose technology that can be successfully and economically implemented in their market environment.

This volume examines the vessel technology issues that shipping companies are confronting. Case studies are presented for liner shipping, liquid and dry bulk shipping, and the ship-port interface. The cases, based on actual industry situations, explore management's options with and decisions on essential aspects of changing vessel technology. Specific technologies are described along with their economic, regulatory, and political implications.

Written primarily for serving and trainee deck officers, those studying for certificates of competency in merchant shipping and fishermen, Reeds Maritime Meteorology analyses the elements and forces which contribute to maritime meteorology and the principles which govern them. Updated to include the latest developments in the use of satellite technology in forecasting, Navtext and the ramifications of GMDSS, the book examines:

* cloud formation and development

* precipitation and thunderstorms

* atmospheric pressure and wind

* ocean currents and swell

* tropical revolving storms

* the development and distribution of sea ice

* weather routeing

* passage planning

* the management and care of cargo in heavy weather

This revised edition covers significant developments in the variety of forecasts available for the seafarer, coverage of global warming and weather routing options, as well as updates throughout in line with technological advancements and research discoveries, and updates to the exam questions at the end of each chapter.

This book examines the current and controversial topic of the sulphur cap in maritime supply chains, a new regulation set to be enforced in 2020. The author presents extensive research on three northern countries - Finland, Sweden and Estonia - and the effects they felt when these regulations were rolled out in 2015. These regional case studies are presented alongside extensive private sector data, annual reports and interviews to assess and forecast how the maritime supply chain will cope with rising costs and alternative approaches to environmental regulations. This book includes advanced regression analyses alongside interactive simulation models for the reader to evaluate new supply chain strategies and study the effects of these regulations.

This book is open access under a CC BY NC ND 4.0 license. This book belongs to the Maritime Business and Economic History strand of the Palgrave Studies in Maritime Economics book series. This open access book discusses how Norwegian shipping companies played a crucial role in global shipping markets in the 20th century, at times transporting more than ten per cent of world seaborne trade. Chapters explore how Norway managed to remain competitive, despite being a high labour-cost country in an industry with global competition. Among the features that are emphasised are market developments, business strategies and political decisions The Norwegian experience was shaped by the main breaking points in 20th century world history, such as the two world wars, and by long-term trends, such as globalization and liberalization. The shipping companies introduced technological and organizational innovations to build or maintain a competitive advantage in a rapidly changing world. The growing importance of offshore petroleum exploration in the North Sea from the 1970s was both a threat and an opportunity to the shipping companies. By adapting both business strategies and the political regime to the new circumstances, the Norwegian shipping sector managed to maintain a leading position internationally.

The book provides the first, complete overview of the American merchant marine during World War I: the rapid expansion of trans-Atlantic shipping; a record of shipbuilding between 1914-1918, including the revival of sailing vessel construction and wood and concrete freighters; profiles of the companies that operated ships; a record of all losses at sea from enemy action; highlights of the experiences of mariners with U-boat commanders and crews, mines, and aircraft attacks; and the role of the Naval Overseas Transportation Service.

These two volumes present a unique resource on the history and development of merchant shipping from the last decades of the eighteenth century to the latter decades of the nineteenth. International in coverage - including Britain, the United States, France, Holland, India, and the Middle East - the volumes provide a rich compendium of facts and figures on all aspects of merchant shipping, international commerce and trade, seamanship and mercantile law. Among the topics covered are the repeal of the Navigation Laws, the education of merchant seamen, the progress of steam navigation in Europe, steamships of the United States, steam to India and overland routes, the ships and operations of major shipping companies, and the changes introduced by the opening of the Suez Canal. Lindsay was the leading authority on the history of merchant shipping and these volumes reveal both his wide practical and commercial experience and his impressive command of his subject. Definitive and comprehensive, it remains unchallenged. This two volume set includes a substantial introduction by leading naval historian Andrew Lambert, Laughton Professor of Naval History, King's College London.

Developments in Maritime Transportation and Exploitation of Sea Resources covers recent developments in maritime transportation and exploitation of sea resources, encompassing ocean and coastal areas. The book brings together a selection of papers reflecting fundamental areas of recent research and development in the fields of: - Ship Hydrodynamics - Marine Structures - Ship Design - Shipyard Technology - Ship Machinery - Maritime Transportation, and - Safety and Reliability Issues such as the Environment, Renewable Energy, Wave and Wind Modelling, Coastal Engineering, Fisheries and Legal Maritime Aspects are also addressed. Developments in Maritime Transportation and Exploitation of Sea Resources is intended for academics and professionals involved in the development of marine transportation and the exploitation of sea resources.

The River Thames above London underwent a dramatic transformation during the Victorian period, from a great commercial highway into a vast conduit of pleasure. Pleasure Boating on the Thames traces these changes through the history of the firm that did more than any other on the waterway to popularise recreational boating. Salter Bros began as a small boat-building enterprise in Oxford and went on to gain worldwide fame, not only as the leading racing boat constructor, but also as one of the largest rental craft and passenger boat operators in the country. Simon Wenham's illustrated history sheds light on over 150 years of social change, how leisure developed on the waterway (including the rise of camping), as well as how a family firm coped with the changes brought about by industrialisation - a business that, today, still carries thousands of passengers a year.

In its heyday Spalding was a busy commercial port, with a shipping industry that affected a large majority of the local population. But today that rich history is almost forgotten and the town is known mainly for its agricultural produce. Keith Seaton nostalgically seeks to recover that lost past, beginning with the River Welland of Roman times and traversing history up to the early twentieth century, when river traffic began to decline. The Industrial Revolution was a boom period for the waterway, and as such special attention is given to the master mariners of this important period. Using key sources such as census and shipping records, local family history records, maps and fascinating illustrations, The River Welland: Shipping & Mariners of Spalding creates a rich tapestry of the heritage of this once-thriving shipping area.

From modest beginnings, Britain rose throughout the nineteenth century to become the greatest shipbuilding nation in the world, yet by the end of the following century the British merchant fleet ranked just 38 in the world. The glory days of sail had given way to the introduction of the steam age. Traditional shipwrights had railed against new industrial methods resulting in the infamous demarcation disputes. Talented men, like Brunel and Armstrong, had always sought change and development, but too many shipbuilders were relying on old technologies. From building mighty battleships and extravagant ocean liners, the nation became complacent and its yards were eventually no longer as innovative as their foreign competitors. In the twenty-first century, British shipbuilding has shrunk to a mere fraction of its former size and has become almost totally dependent on government contracts. The popularity of and fascination with this subject has prompted a new edition of Anthony Burton's successful book. With fresh images and a new, final chapter, the story of the rise and cataclysmic fall of British shipbuilding has been brought right up to date.

The Black Country has more miles of canal than Venice. During the industrial revolution this transport system developed to serve the steel, coal, lime and glass industries that grew up so extensively. Now much of the area’s heavy industry has disappeared, but many of the canals remain – to be utilised as an integral part of the Black Country’s thriving tourist industry. Black Country Canals includes a wide range of photographs, many previously unpublished, and is accompanied by fascinating and informative captions which combine to illustrate the canals in their heyday and more recently. The book is sure to appeal to all who live in or visit the Black Country, and to transport historians everywhere.

When it was completed in 1825, the Erie Canal caused a great sensation. Though plans for an artificial waterway to link the Great Lakes with the eastern seaboard were underway as early as 1783, supporters of the project experienced difficulties in finding federal funding. With New York State footing the bill, construction finally began on the canal on July 4, 1817, following the inauguration of DeWitt Clinton, the canal's biggest advocate, as governor of New York. The Erie Canal's completion brought an increase in goods and capital, making New York the leading financial and commercial center in the nation, surpassing Boston and Philadelphia. For many years, the Erie Canal served as the chief traffic artery for both passengers and freight, and population increased in large numbers throughout the state.However, the middle of 19th century brought steady competition from the railroads, and the canal's commercial importance was greatly reduced. Today, the Erie Canal is a branch of the New York State Canal System and is considered a relatively minor commercial waterway. In ""The Erie Canal"", read how this manmade waterway that extends from Lake Erie in Buffalo, New York, to the Hudson River in Albany helped shape the future of the Empire State.

Commencement of Laytime is the only in-depth examination and discussion concerning the most important financial aspect of laytime which can affect all voyage charter parties and international contracts for the sale of goods. The information is presented in a style which is readable by ship operators, traders and other lay persons as well as legal professionals.

Edwin Dunbaugh's newest book, combining 49 nostalgic period photographs of steamships and in-depth historical research, will appeal to enthusiasts of maritime history and to students of New England business and maritime developments. Overnight steamboats between New York and ports in southern New England reached its zenith in the early years of the 20th century. This book presents the definitive account of the steamboats of that era, 1907 to 1942, when parades of beautiful steamers departed from their piers in Manhattan in the early evening and proceeded overnight through Long Island Sound to New England ports as far away as Boston and Portland. The New England Steamship Company, the New Haven Railroad's primary marine subsidiary, was the dominant operator of these steamer lines. Its famous Fall River Line, running from New York to Fall River, Massachusetts, was by far the most famous and prestigious, featuring large and opulent steamers that could carry at least a thousand passengers in each direction every night. The same company's steamers to Providence were somewhat smaller, and those running to the ports of New Bedford, New London, Hartford, or New Haven were even smaller, but all were similarly elegant. These overnight boats were the first reliable and consistent form of transportation in the area for commuters, tourists, and business travelers. As the steamers carried tons of cargo as well as travelers, their services were essential to manufacturers in the industrial communities of central New England. A decline in steamboat travel began in the 1930s as a result both of the Depression and of competition from automobiles and trucks. By 1942, when the few steamers still inoperation were requisitioned for service in World War II, the era of this elegant and comfortable mode of intercity transportation had ended. Using research from maritime journals of the time and contemporary newspapers from port cities, Dunbaugh puts the economic rise and decline of steamship services into perspective, describing the impact of technology, competition, and natural disasters. His notes on each steamer and his comprehensive roster of all Long Island Sound vessels add especially valuable contributions to an authoritative history. ""

Cammell Laird's shipyard has brought tremendous benefit to the social and economic fabric of the area. For Ian Collard, who grew up in the Wirrall, it was a place he always imagined being there. However, severe competition from European and Far Eastern shipyards and the move to 'high technology' employment threatened its future. Furthermore, yards like Cammell Laird suffered when the size, type and numbers of naval ships were reduced. Ian Collard's interest in ships and shipping developed over the years as he witnessed the launch of many famous, illustrious ships, such as the Mauretania. He takes us on a voyage of discovery with absorbing captions to over 100 photographs of the vessels at Cammell Laird and the yard itself, which will appeal to ship enthusiasts and local people alike.