This book considers the efficacy of transitional justice mechanisms in response to corporate human rights abuses. Corporations and other business enterprises often operate in countries affected by conflict or repressive regimes. As such, they may become involved in human rights violations and crimes under international law - either as the main perpetrators or as accomplices by aiding and abetting government actors. Transitional justice mechanisms, such as trials, truth commissions, and reparations, have usually focused on abuses by state authorities or by non-state actors directly connected to the state, such as paramilitary groups. Innovative transitional justice mechanisms have, however, now started to address corporate accountability for human rights abuses and crimes under international law and have attempted to provide redress for victims. This book analyzes this development, assessing how transitional justice can provide remedies for corporate human rights abuses and crimes under international law. Canvassing a broad range of literature relating to international criminal law mechanisms, regional human rights systems, domestic courts, truth and reconciliation commissions, and land restitution programmes, this book evaluates the limitations and potential of each mechanism. Acknowledging the limited extent to which transitional justice has been able to effectively tackle the role of corporations in human rights violations and international crimes, this book nevertheless points the way towards greater engagement with corporate accountability as part of transitional justice. A valuable contribution to the literature on transitional justice and on business and human rights, this book will appeal to scholars, researchers and PhD students in these areas, as well as lawyers and other practitioners working on corporate accountability and transitional justice.

The Fintech Entrepreneur's Guide to Regulation and Regulatory Strategy Fintech has been growing dramatically over the last few years, and it is now an important sector in its own right. This means that Fintech companies, who could so far often rely on a comparatively lenient regulatory regime, will now have to give serious thoughts on compliance with applicable regulatory rules. Operating in a highly regulated environment is tedious, but not all bad--companies that can play the regulatory game well have a strategic advantage, especially with regard to time-to-market and scaling. Nothing spells missed opportunity like a competitor building market share with a copycat product whilst you are still waiting for your license! Written for professionals, this book helps anyone whose job has to do with formulating or executing a Fintech startup strategy or whose job touches financial services regulation, or anyone who simply wants an easy- to-read introduction to financial services and their regulation. Describes the purpose of and principle behind modern financial services regulation Explains how to include regulation into a startup's strategic planning to optimize time-to-market and scaling Gives an overview of the entire financial services space, and which regulations apply where Gives detailed references to 20 key regulations in the EU regulatory system, including PSD, GDPR, CRD, AMLD, MiFID, UCITSD, AIFMD The first part introduces financial services regulation, its purpose, how it is created (especially in the EU and in the US), and it develops a framework for including regulations into the strategic planning of a company. It also gives a rundown of the current financial services space--players and products--and its key regulations. The second part describes a regulatory system in more detail. The system chosen is the EU because it is more consistent and unified than the US system where a lot of the regulation still is created at the state-level. However, as most financial regulation nowadays is determined at the global level, the principles found in EU regulation will be by and large also be found the US and other systems.

There are many books covering Fibonacci from an artistic and historical point of view and almost as many suggesting that Fibonacci retracements and numbers can be successfully applied to financial market time series. What is missing is a book that addresses the common errors in using screen based Fibonacci (and Gann and other tools).

The book is a critical exploration of Fibonacci numbers, retracements, projections, timeframes and fanlines and their current usage within the financial markets by technical analysts. Although they can be extremely effective analytical tools when used appropriately, mistakes in usage can be extremely costly from a financial and credibility viewpoint. George MacLean takes a brief look at the history of Fibonacci and Gann, before providing a full account of their applications in financial markets, including fixed income, equity, foreign exchange, commodities and indexes. In particular, he draws attention to the overuse and misuse of easily applied computer packages available to professional and amateur traders.

The Blackstone's Guide Series delivers concise and accessible books covering the latest legislative changes and amendments. Published soon after enactment, they offer expert commentary by leading names on the scope, extent, and effects of the legislation, plus a copy of the Act itself. They offer a cost-effective solution to key information needs and are the perfect companion for any practitioner needing to get up to speed with the latest changes. Following the UK withdrawal from the European Union, the Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act 2018 was enacted to enable the UK to continue to implement a regime originating in the EU. This book covers the implementation of a new system for the enforcement of sanctions, including a new mechanism for an appropriate minister to review listings of designated persons and a mechanism for review of that ministerial decision by the High Court. This guide covers the background and Parliamentary scrutiny through to enactment. It offers an approachable commentary to the statute, enabling practitioners to get to grips with the key provisions and the implications for practice. As with all Blackstone's Guides, this book will be in two parts; the first providing detailed commentary on the effects and scope of the Act and the second providing a full copy of the Act itself.

A distinguished Yale economist and legal scholar's argument that law, of all things, has the potential to rescue us from the next economic crisis. After the economic crisis of 2008, private-sector spending took nearly a decade to recover. Yair Listokin thinks we can respond more quickly to the next meltdown by reviving and refashioning a policy approach whose proven success is too rarely acknowledged. Harking back to New Deal regulatory agencies, Listokin proposes that we take seriously law's ability to function as a macroeconomic tool, capable of stimulating demand when needed and relieving demand when it threatens to overheat economies. Listokin makes his case by looking at both positive and cautionary examples, going back to the New Deal and including the Keystone Pipeline, the constitutionally fraught bond-buying program unveiled by the European Central Bank at the nadir of the Eurozone crisis, the ongoing Greek crisis, and the experience of U.S. price controls in the 1970s. History has taught us that law is an unwieldy instrument of macroeconomic policy, but Listokin argues that under certain conditions it offers a vital alternative to the monetary and fiscal policy tools that stretch the legitimacy of technocratic central banks near their breaking point while leaving the rest of us waiting and wallowing.

Effectively implement comprehensive anti-money laundering regulations Handbook of Anti-Money Laundering details the most up-to-date regulations and provides practical guidance toward implementation. While most books focus on the regulations themselves, this useful guide goes further by explaining their meaning to bank operations, and how the rules apply to real-life scenarios. The international perspective provides a broader understanding of the anti-money laundering controls that are in place worldwide, with certain country-specific details discussed in-depth. Coverage includes the Wolfsberg Principles, Financial Action Task Force guidance, the U.S. Patriot Act, and the latest from both the EU and Bank for International Settlements. The IMF estimates that two to five per cent of the global GDP $590 billion to $1.5 trillion is laundered every year. Globally, banks and other financial institutions have been required to put in place specific arrangements to prevent and detect money laundering and the criminal activity that underlies it. This book provides the latest regulations and guidance toward application. * Understand what money laundering regulations mean in practice * Reference international and country-specific rules and regulations * Get up to speed on the most current regulations and practices * Implement the most effective anti-money laundering measures In response to the increased monitoring and regulation, money launderers have become more sophisticated at disguising the source of their funds. Financial institutions' employees must be ever more aware of what they're facing, and how to deal with it, making actionable guidance a critical companion to any regulatory information. For financial institutions seeking more thorough understanding and practical advice, the Handbook of Anti-Money Laundering is a comprehensive guide.

The long-awaited guide for modern hedge fund compliance program development Hedge Fund Compliance + Website provides straightforward, practical guidance toward developing a hedge fund compliance program, drawn from the author's experience training financial regulators, consulting with government entities, and analyzing hedge fund compliance structures across the globe. In-depth explanations of compliance principles are backed by illustrative case studies and examples. Highly in-demand templates of popular hedge fund compliance documentation provide actionable illustrations of key compliance policies. Designed to assist investors, fund managers, service providers, and compliance job seekers directly, this book describes the fundamental building blocks of the hedge fund compliance function. Compliance is one of the fastest growing areas in the hedge fund space. This reference book provides an essential foundation in modern hedge fund compliance, reflecting the recent changes of this dynamic field. * Design and run a hedge fund compliance program * Access templates of core compliance documentation and checklists * Discover how investors can evaluate and monitor compliance programs * Interviews with hedge fund compliance practitioners A steady stream of regulatory changes, combined with the enhanced enforcement efforts of regulators, ensure that hedge funds' compliance-related expenditures will continue to grow. While hedge fund compliance legislation continues to evolve globally, little practical guidance exists for those tasked with the boots-on-the-ground aspects of developing an actual compliance program to comply with best practices and regulatory guidance from leading hedge fund regulators including the US Securities and Exchange Commission, the National Futures Association, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and the United Kingdom's Financial Conduct Authority. Hedge fund professionals and investors need a fundamental framework for establishing and evaluating an effective program, and when compliance is the issue, trial and error carries too much risk. Hedge Fund Compliance + Website provides clear guidance and practical tools to meet today's compliance professional needs.

The problem of corruption, however described, dates back thousands of years. Professionals working in areas such as development studies, economics and political studies, were the first to most actively analyse and publish on the topic of corruption and its negative impacts on economies, societies and politics. There was, at that time, minimal literature available on corruption and the law. The literature and discussion on bribery and corruption, as well as on the negative impact of each and what is required to address them, particularly in the legal context, are now considerable. Corruption and anti-corruption are multifaceted and multi-disciplinary. The focus now on the law and compliance, and perhaps commercial incentives, is relatively easy. However, corruption, anti-corruption and the motivations for them are complex. If we continue to discuss, debate, engage, address corruption and anti-corruption in our own disciplinary silos, we are unlikely to significantly progress the fight against corruption. What do terms such as 'culture of integrity', 'demand accountability', 'transparency and accountability' and 'ethical corporate culture' dominating the anti-corruption discourse mean, if anything, in other disciplines? If they are meaningless, what approach would practitioners in those other disciplines suggest be adopted to address corruption. What has their experience been in the field? How can the work of each discipline contribute to the work of whole and, as such, improve our work in and understanding of anti-corruption? This book seeks to answer these questions and to understand the phenomenon more comprehensively. It will be of value to researchers, academics, lawyers, legislators and students in the fields of law, anthropology, sociology, international affairs, and business.

Devise an organized, proactive approach to financial compliance Financial Regulation and Compliance provides detailed, step-by-step guidance for the compliance professional seeking to manage overlapping and new regulatory responsibilities. Written by David Kotz, former Inspector General of the SEC with additional guidance provided by leading experts, this book is a one-stop resource for navigating the numerous regulations that have been enacted in response to the financial crisis. You'll learn how best to defend your organization from SEC, CFTC, FINRA, and NFA Enforcement actions, how to prepare for SEC, FINRA, and NFA regulatory examinations, how to manage the increasing volume of whistleblower complaints, how to efficiently and effectively investigate these complaints, and more. Detailed discussion of the regulatory process explains how aggressive you should be in confronting federal agencies and self-regulatory organizations and describes how commenting on issues that affect your business area can be productive or not. The companion website includes a glossary of terms, regulations and government guidance, relevant case law, research databases, and FAQs about various topics, giving you a complete solution for keeping abreast of evolving compliance issues. These days, compliance professionals are faced with a myriad of often overlapping regulatory challenges. Increased aggressiveness on the part of regulators has led to increased demand on financial firms, but this book provides clear insight into navigating the changes and building a more robust compliance function. * Strengthen internal compliance and governance programs * Manage whistleblower programs and conduct effective investigations * Understand how to minimize exposure and liability from Enforcement actions * Learn how to prepare for the different types of regulatory examinations * Minimize exposure from FCPA violations * Understand the pros and cons of commenting on regulations The volume and pace of regulatory change is causing new and diverse pressures on compliance professionals. Navigate the choppy waters successfully with the insider guidance in Financial Regulation and Compliance.

Written by two experts in the field, the Business Law LPC manual provides practical, up-to-date coverage of company, partnership, taxation, and insolvency law. The manual provides all of the required material students need to understand the latest legal developments affecting business law transactions, with a particular focus on relevant taxation law and business accounts. Examples are used throughout the manual to enable students to contextualize their learning effectively. Extensive and updated statutory references allow students both to cross-refer to appropriate primary sources, and to use the guide to interpret such sources. The book's depth of coverage, accessible format, and clear structure make it an ideal reference for students on the Legal Practice Course. Digital formats and resources This edition is available for students and institutions to purchase in a variety of formats. - Access to a digital version of this book comes with every purchase to enable a more flexible learning experience-12 months' access to this title on Oxford Learning Link will be available from 15 July 2022. Access must be redeemed by 1 August 2024.

This is the long-awaited third edition of this highly regarded comparative overview of corporate law. This edition has been comprehensively revised and updated to reflect the profound changes in corporate law and governance practices that have taken place since the previous edition. These include numerous regulatory changes following the financial crisis of 2007-09 and the changing landscape of governance, especially in the US, with the ever more central role of institutional investors as (active) owners of corporations. The geographic scope of the coverage has been broadened to include an important emerging economy, Brazil. In addition, the book now incorporates analysis of the burgeoning use of corporate law to protect the interests of "external constituencies" without any contractual relationship to a company, in an attempt to tackle broader social and economic problems. The authors start from the premise that corporations (or companies) in all jurisdictions share the same key legal attributes: legal personality, limited liability, delegated management, transferable shares, and investor ownership. Businesses using the corporate form give rise to three basic types of agency problems: those between managers and shareholders as a class; controlling shareholders and minority shareholders; and shareholders as a class and other corporate constituencies, such as corporate creditors and employees. After identifying the common set of legal strategies used to address these agency problems and discussing their interaction with enforcement institutions, The Anatomy of Corporate Law illustrates how a number of core jurisdictions around the world deploy such strategies. In so doing, the book highlights the many commonalities across jurisdictions and reflects on the reasons why they may differ on specific issues. The analysis covers the basic governance structure of the corporation, including the powers of the board of directors and the shareholder meeting, both when management and when a dominant shareholder is in control. It then analyses the role of corporate law in shaping labor relationships, protection of external stakeholders, relationships with creditors, related-party transactions, fundamental corporate actions such as mergers and charter amendments, takeovers, and the regulation of capital markets. The Anatomy of Corporate Law has established itself as the leading book in the field of comparative corporate law. Across the world, students and scholars at various stages in their careers, from undergraduate law students to well-established authorities in the field, routinely consult this book as a starting point for their inquiries.

Now in its third edition, The Law of Private Investment Funds provides the clearest and most concise dual US/UK and pan-asset analysis available on the legal and regulatory issues that arise in connection with private investment funds. The book advises legal practitioners on the structuring, formation, and operation of a range of asset classes, including hedge funds, private equity funds, real estate funds, and other non-retail collective investment vehicles. This edition has been thoroughly revised to reflect the numerous and significant developments in financial services regulation on both sides of the Atlantic since the publication of the second edition. More elements of the Dodd Frank financial regulatory reforms, which increased the scope and reach of regulation applicable to private funds, have been implemented and commented on in this edition. In relation to European regulation, the impact of the commencement of the Alternative Investment Fund Manager Directive (AIFMD) has also now been analysed. The US/UK approach is maintained, but this edition now also includes consideration of third countries, particularly the Middle East and Asia. An entirely new chapter is dedicated to litigation and regulatory enforcement, and significant treatment is given to the effects of the Global Financial Crisis, in particular the regulatory response and the changes to negotiating leverage of fund managers and fund investors. The potential impact of 'Brexit' on the United Kingdom private funds industry and the future of the AIMFD and European private funds is also examined.

International organizations and other global governance bodies often make rules and decisions without input from many of the individuals, groups, firms, and governments that are affected by them. The standards of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, for instance, developed by a small number of states, govern financial markets and the safety of bank deposits in over a hundred jurisdictions. Historically, the interests of developing countries, as well as non-commercial and diffuse interests within countries, have been excluded or disregarded in global governance. Scholars and practitioners have criticised this democratic deficit and called for greater participation of such marginalized stakeholders. Against this background, international institutions have introduced a variety of reforms with the goal of increasing and facilitating the participation of these excluded stakeholders. This book brings together an expert group of scholars and practitioners to investigate the consequences of stakeholder participation reforms in the global governance of health and finance: What reforms have been introduced? Have these reforms given previously marginalized stakeholders a voice in global governance bodies? What effect have these reforms had on the legitimacy and effectiveness of global governance? To answer these questions, the book examines treaty-based intergovernmental organizations alongside newer forms of global governance such as trans-governmental regulatory networks, multi-stakeholder partnerships, and private standard setting bodies. Through a series of paired comparative analyses, the book provides insights into the experiences of large emerging and smaller or lower income developing countries (Brazil v. Argentina, China v. Vietnam, India v. the Philippines) in a diverse set of organizations, including the World Bank and the World Health Organization, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the International Accounting Standards Board, Codex Alimentarius Commission and more.

This book is the first of its kind in focusing on the enforcement of corporate and securities laws, both public and private, which is a relatively understudied but critically important issue for the development and health of global capital markets. The book has a special focus on the young system coming into being in the People's Republic of China (PRC), but also examines the enforcement of corporate and securities laws across the globe and across different legal and political systems from an in-depth comparative perspective. This single volume assembles a veritable 'dream team' of contributors who are amongst the very best scholars and legal specialists in the many national jurisdictions covered in the book. Hence, it is of significant value to corporate and securities regulators, judicial officials, prosecutors, litigation specialists, corporate counsel, legal and economic policymakers, scholars, think tanks, students, and investors alike.

On 1 January 2016 the Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM) became fully operational. The SRM creates a framework for the uniform resolution of banks in the euro area and after the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM), it is the second pillar of the European Banking Union. Whereas the SSM aims to reduce the risk of bank failure by unifying the supervision of banks, the SRM's aim is to increase the likelihood that a bank has been made "safe to fail", if it is likely to fail; and to reduce the risk of a government having to bail out a bank, if it actually fails. The key actor in the framework of the SRM is the Single Resolution Board (SRB). The SRB is the European agency responsible for the effective and consistent functioning of the SRM. This entails a responsibility for drawing up resolution plans and adopting decisions relating to resolution for the institutions that are within its realm. The actual execution of the adopted resolution scheme must be closely monitored by the SRB, but is carried out by the national resolution authorities (NRA). For institutions that fall outside the scope of the SRB's powers, the national resolution authorities are competent to adopt resolution plans and to take resolution decisions, albeit under oversight of the SRB. The SRB will be in charge of the Single Resolution Fund, a European pool of money that is transferred from domestic resolution funds, financed by the banking sector and set up to ensure that medium-term funding support is available while a credit institution is being restructured. This book takes stock after a year of application of the SRM and examines the situation from various perspectives: the perspective of the SRB, the NRA, the supervised bank and judicial protection. Special attention is given to the division of power between the SRB and the NRA and the impact on the supervised bank, the relationship and links between the SRM and the SSM and the query whether the right balance between national and supranational powers has been struck, also in view of the principle of subsidiarity. With contributions from Pierre E. Berger, Rudi Bonte, Evy De Batselier, Hans Gilliams, Stijn Goovaerts, Yves Herinckx, David Vanderstraeten and Eddy Wymeersch.

The Bank of England and the Government Debt recounts the surprising history of the Bank of England's activities in the government securities market in the mid-twentieth century. The Bank's governor, Montagu Norman, had a decisive influence on government debt management policy until he retired in 1944, and established an auxiliary market in government securities outside the Stock Exchange during the Second World War. From the early 1950s, the Bank, concerned about inadequate market liquidity, became an increasingly active market-maker in government securities, rescuing the commercial market-makers in the Stock Exchange several times. The Bank's market-making activities often conflicted with its monetary policy objectives, and in 1971, it curtailed them substantially, while avoiding the damaging effects on liquidity in the government securities market that it had feared. Drawing heavily on archival research, William A. Allen sheds light on little-known aspects of central banking and monetary policy.

No single-volume publication brings together as many diverse and stimulating perspectives on secured financing law as does this EE Research Handbook. Its great strengths are asking hard questions and recognizing how difficult reform is. Contributors report on what works (and what doesn't), drawing on evidence from legal systems less often studied in this context (e.g., Brazil, Morocco). I cannot imagine a researcher in the field who would not be intrigued by analysis of such issues as access of women to secured financing, constraints Shari ah places on use of security devices, and reasons for Russia's meandering path to modernization.' - Peter Winship, SMU Dedman School of Law, USThis cutting-edge Handbook presents an overview of research and thinking in the field of secured financing, examining international standards and best practices of secured transactions law reform and its economic impact. Expert contributors explore the breadth and depth of the subject matter across diverse sectors, and illustrate the choices and trade-offs that policy makers face via a number of illuminating case studies. The book explores groundbreaking research across a comprehensive range of sectors and countries, including new, original analysis of Shari'ah compliant collateral regimes and improved access to finance for women. A diverse group of experts offer cutting-edge points of view as well as case studies from England and Wales, Morocco, Russia and Romania. The result is a unique and wide-ranging examination of secured transactions reform across the world and a valuable resource for researchers, government and development agencies, banks, and law firms. Contributors: J. Armour, S. Bazinas, N. Budd, A. Burtoiu, R. Calnan, F. Dahan, M. Dubovec, L. Gullifer, I. Istuk, T. Johnson, O. Lemseffer, C. de Lima Ramos, J. Lymar, C. Manuel, M.J.T. McMillen, A.P. Menezes, M. Mourahib, E. Murray, N. Nikitina, V. Padurari, J.-H. Roever, M. Uttamchandani, K. van Zwieten, P.R. Wood

The past two decades has witnessed unprecedented changes in the corporate governance landscape in Europe, the US and Asia. Across many countries, activist investors have pursued engagements with management of target companies. More recently, the role of the hostile activist shareholder has been taken up by a set of hedge funds. Hedge fund activism is characterized by mergers and corporate restructuring, replacement of management and board members, proxy voting, and lobbying of management. These investors target and research companies, take large positions in `their stock, criticize their business plans and governance practices, and confront their managers, demanding action enhancing shareholder value. This book analyses the impact of activists on the companies that they invest, the effects on shareholders and on activists funds themselves. Chapters examine such topic as investors' strategic approaches, the financial returns they produce, and the regulatory frameworks within which they operate. The chapters also provide historical context, both of activist investment and institutional shareholder passivity. The volume facilitates a comparison between the US and the EU, juxtaposing not only regulatory patterns but investment styles.

Contemporary Issues in Economic and Financial Analysis 99 includes fourteen studies on contemporary issues within governance and regulations by authors invited from various universities and institutions. The chapters are a mix of discussion-based studies and empirical research studies aimed at understanding particular aspects of governance and regulations. Some refer to a particular country-specifically Malta, Indonesia, and India-and others are more generic and/or European-focused. These chapters include studies of the following: the challenges of corporate governance in small family-owned firms; a credit institution's perspective for managing conduct risk in the boardroom; the implications of the regulation and governance of financial advice in Europe for the retail financial advice sector and its consumers; the barriers to the development of Maltese cooperatives; corporate governance and cash holdings in Indian firms; whether good governance fosters trust in the government; the impact of takeover bids on European law and corporate governance; the developments and outcomes of the reform of the doctrine of "utmost good faith" in the UK; whether corporate decisions in Indonesia are a result of corporate governance requirements; earning management and audit reports; the European deposit insurance scheme; product intervention of supervisory authorities in financial services; the teaching of financial services regulation; how to link the human element to the risk management process, which is one of the internal control processes in governance of an organisation; and whether the transparency regime on the financial institutions market really works.

This book is about fiduciary law's influence on the financial economy's environmental performance, focusing on how the law affects responsible investing and considering possible legal reforms to shift financial markets closer towards sustainability. Fiduciary law governs how trustees, fund managers or other custodians administer the investment portfolios owned by beneficiaries. Written for a diverse audience, not just legal scholars, the book examines in a multi-jurisdictional context an array of philosophical, institutional and economic issues that have shaped the movement for responsible investing and its legal framework. Fiduciary law has acquired greater influence in the financial economy in tandem with the extraordinary recent growth of institutional funds such as pension plans and insurance company portfolios. While the fiduciary prejudice against responsible investing has somewhat waned in recent years, owing mainly to reinterpretations of fiduciary and trust law, significant barriers remain. This book advances the notion of 'nature's trust' to metaphorically signal how fiduciary responsibility should accommodate society's dependence on long-term environmental well-being. Financial institutions, managing vast investment portfolios on behalf of millions of beneficiaries, should manage those investments with regard to the broader social interest in sustaining ecological health. Even for their own financial self-interest, investors over the long-term should benefit from maintaining nature's capital. We should expect everyone to act in nature's trust, from individual funds to market regulators. The ancient public trust doctrine could be refashioned for stimulating this change, and sovereign wealth funds should take the lead in pioneering best practices for environmentally responsible investing.

This book is a leading authority on central banking and financial regulation, including detailed legal and policy analysis of the institutions that safeguard monetary stability and financial stability nationally, at the EU level and globally. The new edition has been renamed (previously 'Legal Foundations of International Monetary Stability') to better reflect the book's breadth of coverage, which includes an in-depth study of central banking, a fresh look at supervision, regulation and crisis management after the global financial crisis. It also includes updated material on the law of the European Central Bank and banking union, the law of the IMF and work undertaken by international standard-setters, in particular the FSB and the Basel Committee. Part I focuses on national developments, Part II deals with EU developments and Part III examines international developments. Each of these sections commences with a historical chapter, then analyses the framework of the 'monetary architecture'. Finally, each part considers the 'financial architecture' with regard to the functions of financial supervision (micro and macro) and surveillance, regulation and crisis management, including lender of last resort and resolution.